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iq¿ yd uOHu m%udKfha jHjidhlhskai|yd ldrAusl ie,iqï wdrlaIKhms<sn| ye|skajSula
jjHHddmmddrr ii||yydd nn qq oo aaêêuuhh ffoo aamm,,
uuddrr AAff..`̀mmffoo aaYY uudd,,ddjj
ksrAudKYS,s Tng m%;srEmk wdrlaIKh
wxl: 4
fuu .%ka:h jHdmdr i|yd nqoaêuh foam, i|yd jk udrAf.damfoaY
.%ka: fm<l y;rjekakhs' fuh jHdmdrhkays l<uKdlrejkag
iy jHjidhlhag m%;srEmk whs;sh iy Bg iïnkaê; ysñlu
(Related rights) ms<n| ye¢kaùula imhhs' fuu .%ka:h u.ska
m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;s jHdmdrhkays úúO mdrAYjhkag
n,mdk whqre ,sys,a niska meyeos,s lrkq ,nhs'
fndfyda úg jHdmdr wdh;k m%;srEmk whs;sh iy iïnkaê;
ysñlï u; mokï jQ uqøK lghq;=" m%ldYk lghq;=" ix.S;h iy
Y%jH oDYH ksrAudK ^Ñ;%mg iy rEmjdysks& fj<| m%pdrk lghq;="
oDYH iy bosrsm;a lsrSï ^Performance) ie,iqï iy ú,dis;d iy
.=jka ú?,s úldYk wdos lghq;= j, fhfoa' miq.sh oYl fol
uq:Z,af,a uD\qldx." nyqúO udOH iy ixLHdxl wka;rA.;hka u;
r|d mj;sk ish¨ lrAudka;hka wka;rAcd,fha mej;sh;a ke;;a
M,odhS f,i m%;srEmk whs;sh iq/lSu ms<sn| úYajdih ;nd
we;af;a úfYaIfhkau äcsg,a wf,úlrKfha iy úfkdaodYajdoh
imhk wdh;kj, we;sfúñka mj;sk úma,ùh fjki ksidh' fuys
m%;sM,hla f,i fndfyda jHdmdr ysñlrejka iy fiajlhsska
m%;srEmk whs;sh yd iïnkaê; ysñlï u.ska wdrCId l, oE
ksmojSug iy Ndú;d lsrÍug fm<ö isá;s'
fuu udrAf.damfoaY .%ka:h u.ska úfYaIfhka iq:Z yd uOH mrßudK
jHdmr j,g my; lrKq i|yd w;aje,la imhhs'
– tu jHdmdrhka i;= ysñlï fudkjdo hkak iy Tjqkaf.a
ksrAudKhka wdrCId lrkafka flfia ±hs jgyd .ekSug
– Tjqkaf.a m%;srEmk whs;sh iy $ fyda iïnkaê; ysñlïj,ska
Wmrßu m%fhdack ,eîug
– wkHhkaf.a m%;srEmk whs;sh iy iïnkaê; ysñlï
W,a,x>kfhka je,lSug
foaYSh wdh;k iy foaYSh mdrAYjhkaf.a iyfhda.fhka fuu.%ka:fha foaYsh;ajhg wkql+,j ieliQ msgm;a iïmdokh lr .;yels w;r tfia wjYH wdldrhg .%ka:h iïmdokh i|yd wjYHudrAf.damfoaYkh fkdñf,a wm fj;ska ,nd .; yelsh'
yeoskaùu
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jjHHddmmddrr ii||yydd nnqqooaaêêuuhh ffooaamm,, uuddrrAAff..`̀mmffooaaYY uudd,,ddjj
1. §Tng;a ,l=Kla§ - fj<| ,l=Kq wdrlaIKh( iq¿ yd uOHu m%udKfha jHjidhlhska
i|yd fj<| ,l=Kq ms<sn| ye|skajSula' ^nqoaOsuh foam, ms<sn| f,dal ixúOdkh - 900 jeks
m%ldYkh&
2. §fyd| fmkqula§ - ldrAusl ie,iqï wdrlaIKh( iq¿ yd uOHu m%udKfha jHjidhlhska
i|yd ldrAusl ie,iqï ms<sn| ye|skajSulaX ^nqoaOsuh foam, ms<sn| f,dal ixúOdkh - 498
jeks m%ldYkh&
3. §iqrCIs; wkd.;hla§ - fmagkaÜ wdrlaIKh( iq¿ yd uOHu m%udKfha jHjidhlhska
i|yd fm%agkÜ n,m;% ms<sn| ye|skajSulaX ^nqoaOsuh foam, ms<sn| f,dal ixúOdkh - 917
jeks m%ldYkh&
4. §ksrAudKYS,s Tng m%;srEmk wdrlaIKh§( iq¿ yd uOHu m%udKfha jHjidhlhska i|yd
m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| ye|skajSulaX ^nqoaOsuh foam, ms<sn| f,dal ixúOdkh - 918 jeks
m%ldYkh&
by; ishq¿ m%ldYk my; i|yka fjí wvjsfhka ,nd .; yel(
www.wipo.int/ebookshop
iq¿ yd uOHu mrsudK jHjidh ixjrAOk jHdmD;sh ^m%;srEmk whs;sh 2010& bx.%sis wkqjdofha
m%;srEmk whs;sh nqoaOsuh foam, ms<sn| f,dal ixúOdkh (WIPO) ^m%;srEmk whs;sh 2006&
fuu m%ldYkfha wvx.= lreKq iïmqrAKfhkau fyda fldgia jYfhka fyda jsoaHq;a uÕska fyda
hdka;%sl udrA.hlska fyda fjk;a lsisu whqrlska m%;siïmdokh lsrSu fyda iïfm%aIKh lsrSu fyda
Y%S ,xldj ;=< fnod yerSu ysñ iq¿ yd uOHu mrsudK jHjidh ixjrAOk jHdmD;sfha (Project SMED)mqrAj wkque;shlska f;drj is\q fkdl, hq;=h’
úússsshhddppkkhh(( fuu fmdf;ys wvx.= f;dr;=re jD;a;Sh kS;s Wmfoia i|yd wdfoaYlhla fkdjk njie,lsh hq;=h’ fuys wvx.= jkafka jsIhh ms<sn| uq,sl f;dr;=re muKsX
fuu m%ldYkh nqoaOsuh foam, ms<sn| f,dal ixúOdkfha (WIPO) mQrAj wkque;sh iys;j mrsjrA;kh
lr m%;siïmdokh lrk ,o’S fuys uq,a bx.%sis wkqjdofha m%;srEmk whs;sh nqoaOsuh foam, ms<sn|
f,dal ixúOdkh (WIPO) i;= jk w;r tu m%ldYkh www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/guides/ fjnz
wvjsfhys olajd we;’ mrsjrA;kh lrk ,o fmdf;ys wvx.= f;dr;=re j, ksj/os Ndjh ms<sn|j
mQrAK j.lSu Y%S ,xldfjz iq¿ yd uOHu mrsudK jHjidh ixjrAOk jHdmD;sh (Project SMED) i;= jk
w;r ta ms,sn|j nqoaOsuh foam, ms<sn| f,dal ixúOdkfha j.lSula fkdue;s nj ie,lsh hq;=h’
2
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mgqk
msgqj
m%;srEmk whs;sh yd iïnkaê; ysñlï hkq l=ulao@ 3
wdrCIs; ld, iSudj iy úIh m:h 8
kjuq ksrAudK wdrlaId lsrSu 24
m%;srEmk whs;sfha ysñldrS;ajh 31
m%;srEmk whs;sh yd iïnkaê; ysñlï j, m%;s,dN 35
fjk;a mdrAYj j,g ysus ksrAudK Ndjs;d lsrSu 44
m%;srEmk whs;sh n, .ekaajSu 52
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1. mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh yyddiiïïnnkkaaêê;; yyssññllïï hhkkqqll==uullaaoo@@
m%;srEmk whs;sh (Copy Right) hkq l=ulao@m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sh u.ska .%ka:
l;=jrekag" rplhskag" mrs.Kl m%luk
ksrAudK Ys,amSkag" fjí wvú
ksrAudKlrejkag iy fjk;a ksrAudK
lrejkag Tjqkaf.a ksrAudK f,i idudkHfhka
y¥kajk idys;H" Ñ;%" kdgHuh iy fjk;a
wdldrj, ksrAudK lD;s i|yd kS;suh
wdrCIdjla imhkq ,efnz'
m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sh u.ska" fmd;a"
iÛrd" mqj;am;a" ix.s; ksrAudK" Ñ;%"
PdhdrEm" uQrA;s" .Dy ksrAudK" Ñ;%má"
mrß.Kl jevigyka" ùäfhda lS%vd iy o;a;
iuqodhka jeks úYd, mrdihl ksrAudK j,
uq,a lD;Skag wdrCIdj imhhs'
m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sh u.ska hïksrAudKhl ksrAudmlhdg Tyqf.a ksrAudKi|yd iSudiys; jQ kuq;a oSrA> ld,hla i|ydúúOdldrjQ;a mrujQ;a ysñlï f.dkaklaimhkq ,nhs' fuu ysñlï u.ska l;D fj;;u ksrAudKfha wdrA:luh Ndú;d md,khi|yd l%u .Kkdjla imhkq ,nk w;rlD;sh i|yd jk f.úï ,eîug bv i,ihs'm%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sh u.ska lsishïksrAudmlhl=f.a lSrA;su;a kduh iqrlsk
wkaofï iodpdruh ysñlïo iq/fla'
mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh iiyy jjHHddmmddrr
fndfyda iud.ï j, Tjqkaf.a jHdmdr j,
iuyr wxY m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska wdrCId
fldg we;' Wod (- mrß.Kl jevigyka iy
uD\qldx." fjâ wvúj, wka;rA.;h”
ksIamdokh ms<sn| kdudj,s" mqj;a ,sms" Wmfoia
m;s%ld fyda mdrßfNda.sl øjH hka;%" iQ;%
ls%hdlrùu" iïnkao w;afmd;a úúOdldr
WmlrK iïnkaOfhka jQ Ndú;d" w:Z;ajeähd
iy kv;a;= ms<sn| w;afmd;a" úúO ksIamdok
i|yd jQ úia;r m;%ld j, wlaIr" Ñ;%" f,an,
fyda weiqreï" mqj;am;a j, ±kaùï” ±kaùï
mqjre" fjí wäú j, we;s wf,úlrK yd
fj<| m%pdrl m;%sld wdosh ±laúh yelsh'
fndfyda rg j, m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska
ksIamdok i|yd jQ o< igyka Ñ;% fyda ie<iqï
wdosh wdrCId lrhs'
iiïïnnkkaaêê;; yy ssññllïï (Related Rights) hhkkqq ll ==uullaaoo @@
.S;" krA;k wdosh bosrsm;a lrkakka" Yío
jdyskS ksmojkakka iy .=jka ú\q,s jevigyka
m%pdrh lrkakka jeks mqoa.,hka i|yd jQ
ysñlï iuznkaOs; ysusluz f,i ye|skafõ'
tlai;a ckmoh iy tlai;a rdcOdksh jeks
iuyr rgj, fuu ysñlï o m%;srEmk whs;sh
hgf;au kS;s .; fldg we;' crAuksh iy
m%xYh jeks wfkl=;a rgj,a fuu ysñlï
''Neighbouring rights'' kï jQ fjk;a m%fNaohla
hgf;a wdrCId lr we;'
kv;a;= w;afmd;a yd bosrsm;a lsrSuz m%;smdokwhs;sh hgf;a wdrlaId l< yelsh’
iïnkaê; ysñlï fldgia ;=klg fnfoa'
.S;" krA;k wdosh bosrsm;a lrkakka i|yd
Tjqkaf.a bossrsm;a lsrÍï i|yd jQ ysñlï
^Wod(- k:Zjka iy ix.S;{hska& fuhg
merKs kdgHuh fyda ix.S;uh lD;shl
icSù bosrßm;a lsrÍula fyda merKs
idys;Huh lD;shl icSù lshùula jeks
foa wh;a fõ' fuu bosrßm;a lsrÍï mQj_
jYfhka lskï fyda udOHhl igyka lr
;eîu" fmd\q ck m%orAYkhg bosrßm;a lr
;eîu fyda m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska wdrCId
lr ;sîu wjYH fkdfõ' ;jo fuu
bosrsm;a lsrÍï kj;u ksrAudKhla fyda
merKs ksrAudKhla u; mokïj ilid
.;a tajd fyda úh yelsh'
Yío jdyskS ;eá ksIamdolhkag Tjqkaf.a
má.; lsrÍï i|yd jQ ysñlï ^Wod (-
ixhqla; .S; ;eá&
.=jkaú\q,s iïfma %IK wdh;k i|yd
Tjqkaf.a frAäfhda iy rEmjdyks
jevigyka iïfmaIKh i|ydo iuyr
rgj, flan,a moaO;shla u.ska ksrAudK
iïfma%IKh i|ydo jk ysñlï'
m%;srEmk whs;sh yd iïnkaê; ysñlï úúO
wxYhkays ysñlï j,g whs;sh orkakkaf.a
lD;S;a i|yd wdrCIdj imhhs' m%;srEmk
whs;sh yd iïnkaê; ysñlï m%odkh lrkq
,nkafka m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska iqrCIs; fyda
iqrCIs; fkdjk fuu ksrAudK ck;dj w;rg
f.khdug" ikaksfõokhg iy bosrsm;a lsrÍug
jeo.;a ldrAHhla bgq lrk úúO wxYj,g
wh;a mqoa.,hskag iy jHdmdr j,gh'
WWoo ddyyrrKKhh :.S;hla i,ld neÆ úg m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska
ix.S; ksrAudmlhdf.a ix.S; ksrAudKh iy
mo rplhdf.a mo ud,dj iqrCIs; w;r
iïnkaê; ysñlï my; tajd i|yd fhfoa'
.S;h bosrsm;alrk .dhlhka f.a iy
jdolhkaf.a bosrsm;a lsrÍï'
.S; iys;j ;egs.; lrkakka
ksYamdolhdf.a wdo, .S;h wvx.=
jevigyk ksIamdokh lrk iy úldYh
lrk wdh;kh u.ska m%pdrh lrk
jevigyk'
4
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m %; s r E mk w h s; s h iy iïnk aê;
y sñlï Tfí j H dm drhg w o d, jk a fk a
flfi ao @m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska lsishï fiajdjla fydaksIamdokhl we;s idys;Huh" fi!kaorAhd;aul"kdgHuh fyda fjk;a wdldrhlksrAudKd;aul wx. iqrlsk w;r tu.skam%;srEmk whs;sh orkakdg tu uq,a ksrAudKwkHhka úiska Ndú;d lsrÍu j<lajd,Sugyelshdj ,nd fohss' m%;srEmk whs;sh ydiïnkaê; ysñlï u.ska jHdmdrhg jdis/ila ysuslr .; yelsh'
u q, a ksr AudK jdKscuh f,i
Wmfhdackh md,kh lsrSu( fmd;a"
ix.S; ksrAudK" Ñ;%mg" mrß.Kl
m%luk" o;a; iuqodhkays uq,a msgm;a"
fj<| ±kaùï" fjí wvú j, wvx.= oE"
ùäfhd a lS %vd " má.; l, Ynzo"
frAäfhda " rEmjdyskS jevigyka fyda
fjk;a ´kEu ksrAudKd;aul ldrAhhka
fuhg wh;a fõ' m%;srEmk whs;sh iy
iïnkaê; ysñlï u.ska wdrCIs;
ksrAudK kS;suh ysñlref.a mQr Aj
wjirhlska f;drj msgm;a lsrßu iy
jdKscuh Wmfhdackh l, fkdyelsh'
m%;srEmk whs;sh iy iïnkaê; ysñlï
u.ska wdrCIs; ksrAudK i|yd mj;sk
úfYaIs; nj fj<|mf,ys ksis
;r.ZldrS;ajhla mj;ajd .ekSug
jHdmdrhkg bjy,a fõ'
wodhï bmhSu (foam,l ysñlrefjl=
fukau m%;srEmk whs;sh fyda iïnkaê;
ysñlï orkafkl=g tu ysuslu Ndú;d
lsrÍug" úlsKSug fyda ;E.s oSug;a
Wreuhla f,i mjrd oSug;a yelsh'
m%;srEmk whs;sh iy iïnkaê; ysñlï
jdKscuh jYfhka fhdod .; yels
wdldr lsysmhla we;' tkuz m%;srEmk
whs;sh fyda iïnkaê; ysñlï u.ska
wdrCIs; ksrAudKj, msgm;a idod
wf,ú lsrÍu ^Wod(- PdhdrEmhl
msgm;a& ” Tnf.a m%;srEmk whs;sh
fjk;a mqoa.,fhl=g fyda iud.ulg
úlsKSu” fomdrAYajh tl.Z jQ lreKq
u; uqo,ska f.ùula u; m%;srEmk
whs;sh fjk;a mqo a.,fhl=g fyd a
wdh;khlg Ndú;d lsrÍug wjir oSu
hkqfjks' fuh n,m;%hla ,nd oSu
u.ska lrekq ,nhs'
^msgqj 36 n,kak&
wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSu(
m%;srEmk whs;sh iy iïnkaê; ysñlï
j;alï f,i wh;a wdh;k j,g tu
ysñlï Ndú;d fldg uQ,Huh wdh;k
j,ska Kh uqo,a ,nd.; yelsh' tysoS
tu ysñlu wdfhdaclhka iy Kh
fokakka Tjqkaf.a uqo,a i|yd
wdrCIKhla f,i i,lkq ,nhs'
ysñlï W,a,x>kh lrkakkag tfrysj
mshjr .ekSu( m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska
ysñlï orkakdf.a iqúfYaI
whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh lrk ´kEu
wfhlag tfrysj kS;suh mshjr .ekSug
bv i,id fohs' fuysoS uQ,Huh iyk
,nd.ekSu lD;Ska wmyrKh je,elaùu
yd ffk;sl lghq;= i|yd jeh jQ uqo,a
wdmiq whlr .ekSu wdosh l, yelsh'
iuyr rgj, m%;srEmk whs;sh
wNsm%dhslj W,a,x>kh lrkakkag
tfrysj wmrdO kS;shg wod, ovZ qjï
,ndoSu lrkq ,nhs'
wkHhkag wh;a ksrAudK Ndú;d lsrSu(
fjk;a whg wh;a m%;srEmk whs;sh iy
iïnkaê; ysñlï u.ska wdrCIs;
5
ksrAudK jdKscuh wruqKq i|yd
Ndú;d lsrÍu ksid Tnf.a jHdmdrfha
w.h iy ldrAhlaIu;djh o tys fj<|
w.ho jeä úh yel' WodyrK jYfhka
wjkay,l" îu y,l" is,a,r lvhl
fyda .=jka hdkhl ix.S; ksrAudKhla
jdokh lsrÍu u.ska tu wdh;khg
meñfKk mdrßfNd a.slhdg wu;r
;Dma;su;a Ndjhla w;alr foa' fndfyda
rg j, fujeks wdldrfha ix.S;
ksrAudK Ndú;d lsrÍu i|yd tys
m%;srEmk whs;sh yd iïnkaê; ysñlï
orkakkaf.ka n,m;%hla u.ska ksYaÑ;
ldrAhh i|yd tu ix.S;h Ndú;d
lsrÍug mQrAj wjirhla ,nd .; hq;=h'
m%;srEmk whs;sh iy iïnkaê; ysñlï
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu u.ska
l=uk wjia:djl flfia wjir
,nd.ekSu l, hq;=o hkak ms<sn|j Tn
±kqj;a fõ'
wêl f,i ld,h jeh jk wdrjq,a iy
wêl úhoï ±rÍug is\qjk ffk;sl
ls%hd udrA. wdosfhka je,lSug .;
yels fyd|u ls %hdudrA.h jkafka
ksYaÑ; ldrAhhla i|yd ksrAudKhla
Ndú;h i|yd m%;srEmk whs;sh iy
iïnkaê; ysñlï orkakkaf.ka
n,m;%hla ,nd .ekSuhs'
m %; srEmk wh s; sh iy iïnk aê; y sñlï
,nd.k afk a flfi ao@
m%dfhda.sl jYfhka f,dj mqrd ish:Z rgj,a
i;=j m%;srEmk whs;sh iy iïnkaê;
ysñlï i|yd jk foaYSh kS;s tlla fyda
lsysmhla mj;S' úúO rgj, fuu kS;s w;r
jeo.;a fjkialï rdYshla mj;sk ksid
fuu m%;srEmk whs;sh yd iïnkaê;
ysñlï iïnkaO jk lsishï jQ jHdmdr
;SrK .ekSug fmr wod, foaYSh kS;s
Wmfoia i,ld ne,Su fyd a m%ùk
jD;a;slfhl=f.ka kS;s Wmfoia a ,nd.ekSu
fyda wksjdrAhfhka l< hq;=h'
m%;srEmk whs;sh iy iïnkaê; ysñlï
wdrCIdj ms<sn| úúO rgj,a w;r we;s
uÜgu ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhlg iuj ;nd
.ekSu i|yd Woõjk jeo.;a wka;rA
cd;sl .súiqï lsysmhlg rgj,a úYd,
m%udKhla w;aika ;nd we;' fuu.ska tu
rgj,a úYd, ixLHdj;a ;=, lsis\q kshuhla
fyda ,shdmosxÑ lsrÍfï wjYH;d fkdue;sj
m%;srEmk whs;sh wdrCIdj ms<sn| lghq;=
lr.; yelsj ;sfí' m%Odk wka;rAcd;sl
.súiqu ms<sn|j ,hsia;=jla weuqKqqï wxl
(iii) we;'
6
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fndfyduhla jHdmdr w;am;%sld yd fj<|oekajSuz mjd m%;srEmk wdrlaIKh u.skawdjrKh lsrSu ms<sn|j jsYajdi lr;s’
kkjjuuqq kkssrrAAuuddKK llDD;;ss iiqq//llSSuu ii||yydd ;;jj;;aakkSS;;ssuuhh llss%%hhdd uuddrrAA.. ;;ssffííoo@@ksrAudKfha iajNdjh wkqj Tnf.a jHdmdr
whs;Ska wdrCId lsrÍug my; ±lafjk nqoaêuh
foam, ysñlï wdldr j,ska tlla fyda
lsysmhla Ndú;d l, yelsh'
fj<| ,l=Kq(- fj<| ,l=Kla u.ska
lsishï ixfla;hlg ^jpkhla" ,dxPkhla
fyda jrAKhla fyda fïjdfha ixl,khla&
úYsIaG;djhla ,nd foa' tu.ska tu
ksIamdokh wfkla tajdfhka fjkalr
y\qZkd.ekSug WmldrÍ fõ'
ldrAusl ie,iqï(- ldrAusl ie,iqï
wdrCIdj u.ska hï ksIamdokhl
w,xldrj;a iy fi!kaorAhd;aul ,CIK
j,g úYsIaG;djhla ,nd.; yelsh'
iuyr rg j, fuh ie,iqï ms<sn|
fmagkaÜ n,m;% f,i y\qZkajhs' (DesignPatents)fmagkaÜ n,m;%h(- fmagkaÜ n,m;%h u.ska
kj ksmehqï tys kj;djh" ksmehqï mshjr
iy lrAudka;uh Ndú;d wdoS ksrAkdhl
j,g wod,j wdrCId lrkq ,nhs'
ryiH jHdmdr f;dr;=re(- jdKscuh
jákdlula we;s ryiH jHdmdr f;dr;=re
tys whs;slrejka úiska wod, f;dr;=re j,
fm!oa.,sl iy ryis.;Ndjh iq/lSug
mshjr .kakd ;dla l, fj<| ryia f,i
/lsh yelsh'
widOdrK ;rÛh ms<n| kS;s( jHdmdrßl
;rÛlrejkaf.a whq;= ls%hdldrlï j,g
tfrysj mshjr .ekSug fuu.ska bvlv
,efí' hï ksIamdokhl úúO wxY msgm;a
lsrÍu fyda widOdrK Ndú;hkag tfrysj
úúOdldrj nqoaêuh foam, ms<sn| ysñlï
j,ska ,efnk wdrCIdjg Tífnka jQ
wdrCIdjla fuu widOdrK ;rÛh ms<sn|
kS;s u.ska ,efí' tfia jqjo idukHfhka
widOdrK ;rÛhg tfrysj úúO úfYaIs;
jrA. j, nqoaêuh foam, ysñlï j,ska
,efnk wdrCIdj rgl idudkH kS;sh
u.ska ,efnk wdrCIdjg jvd Yla;su;ah'
7
iuyrúg ksrudKYS,s lD;s iq/lSug nqoaêuh
foam, ysñlï jrA. lsysmhla iuld,slj fyda
wkql%uslj Ndú;d flfrA' WodyrK f,i
m%;srEmk whs;sh fukau fj<| ,l=K kS;sh
u.skao ñlS ujqia wdrCIs;h' ©Disney Enterprises,Inc. fjda,sgz vziaks iud.fuz wkque;sh iys;j
Ndjs;d lrk ,os'
2. wwddrrCCIIss;; lldd,, iiSSuuddjj iiyyúúIIhh mm::hh
mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh uu..sskkaa iiqqrrllsskkqq ,,nnkkaaffkkaall==uukk jjrrAA..ffhhaa ffyyddaa ll==uukk wwddllrrffhhaakkssrrAAuuddKKoo @@fnfyda rgj, m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn|j
b;sydih th úiska wdrCId lrkq ,nk
ksrAudK jrA. j, mrdih l%ufhka
mq:Z,aùfuka we;s jqjls' m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn|
foaYSh kS;s idudkHfhka thska wdjrKh
flfrk ksrAudK j, oSrA> ,hsia;= bosrsm;a
fkdlrk kuq\q mq:Z,a iy b;d ksrAudKYS,s
lafIa;% .Kkdjla boSrsm;a lrhs' fndfyda
rgj,a u.ska wdrCIdj ,ndfok ksrAudK
lafIa;% iy jrA. j,g my; tajd wvx.= fõ'
idys;Huh ksrAudK( ^Wod(- fmd;a" iÛrd"
mqj;am;a" ;dCIKsl ,sms f,aLK" Wmfoia
w;afmd;a" kdudj,s" idys;H ksrAudK
ix.%y&
ix.S; ksrAudK$ rpkd" ksrAudK ix.%y
kdgHuh ksrAudK ^fuhg kdgH muKla
fkdj ;j;a fndfyda foa Wod' f,i ùäfhda
mghl igyka jQ wf<ú mqyqKq
jevigykla jeks fohla jqjo wod, fõ&
fi!kaorAhd;aul ksrAudk ^ldgqka" Ñ;%"
uQrA;s iy mß.Kl ksrAudK wdosh&
PdhdrEmuh ksrAudK ^uqøs; iy äcsh,a
wdldr folu&
mrß.Kl m%luk iy uD\qldx.
iuyr jrA.j, o;a; iuqodh ^jevs jsia;r
i|yd msgq wxl 11 n,kak&
is;shï" f.da,dldr mD:Sú is;shï" lgq
igyka" rEm igyka" ie,iqï iy
;dCIKsl Ñ;% igyka
fj<| ±kaùï" jdKcuh uqøs; iy f,an,a
iskud ksrAudk (- p,k Ñ;%" rEmjdyskS
jevigyka" fjí wvú j, úldYkh j,
jevigyka wdosh fuhg wh;ah'
nyqúO udOH ksIamdok ^jevs jsia;r i|yd
msgq wxl 24 n,kak&
iuyr rgj, m%dfhda.sl Ñ;% ksrAudKo
ie,fla ^ksrAudKYS,S wdNrK" ì;a;s
ieris,s iy nquq;=reKq wdosh&^jevs jsia;r
i|yd msgq wxl 14 n,kak&
m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska uqøs; ksrAudK fukau
bf,lafg%dksl iy äcsg,a udOHkays ksrAudKh
lr .nvd fldg we;s ksrAudKo wdrCId
flfrA' äcsg,a udOHkays we;s ksrAudK
mrß.Klhlska muKla ne,Sug yels jSu tys
m%;srEmk whs;shfha wdrCIdjg n,mEula we;s
fkdlrhs'
8
ww
w.wipo.int/sme/
is;shuz ix.S; yd jSvsfhda
mmrrss..KKll jjeevviiggyykkaa iiyy uuDD\\qqllddxx.. jj,,wwddrrCCIIddjj ixLHdxl wdldrfhka i,ld neÆ úg äcsg,a
udOHhka ys we;s wCIr" Yío" rEm" PdhdrEm"
ix.S;h" icSúlrKh" ùäfhda jeks oE iy
uD\qldx. w;r we;a; jYfhkau fjkila ke;'
kuq;a tla m%Odk fjkila u.ska by; ish,a,
mrß.Kl m%lukhkaf.ka fjka fldg olajhs'
wlaIr" Yío" rEm wosh idudkHfhka wlS%h
iajNdjhla orK w;r mrß.Kl jevigyka
w;HjYHfhkau ils%h iajrEmhla olajhs' tu
ksid m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn|j kS;s u.ska
mrß.Kl jevigyka j,g wdrCIdjla iemhSu
ms<sn|j u; fnzohla mj;S'
m%dfhda.sl jYfhka mrß.Kl jevigyklúúO wxYj, wdrCIdj i|yd fndfyda udrA.we;'
m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska mrß.Kl
m%lukhl ksrAudmlfhl=f.a uq,a wdlD;sh
§idys;Huh ksrAudKhla§ f,i iqrlS' m%Nj
fla;h (Source Code) th ksmojQ mrß.Kl
bxcsfkarejkaf.a woyia ms<sUsnq lrk w;r
idudkH jHjydrsl niska ,shd we;s idys;H
lD;shla f,i lshúh yelsh' idudkH
jHjydrsl niska we;s Wmfoia (Source Code)
muKla fkdj oaú.+K hdka;%sl niska
lD;sfha we;s Wmfoia (Object Code) hk folu
idys;H f,i i,ld m%;srEmk whs;sh
u.ska iqrCIs; fldg we;' flfia fj;;a
m%;dYk whs;sh u.ska wdrlaId l, m%Nj
fla;hka (Source code) ys wdrA:sl jgskdlu
iuzmQrAKfhkau ,efnkafka tu
uDoqldx.fha wjika ls%hdldrs;ajfhaoSh'
us<oS .; yels uD\qldx.hla f,i
uyck;djg ,nd fok m%lukh
mrs.Klh ls%hd lrjk m%Nj fla;hhs'
meflacA f,i ieliQ uD\qldx. mss<sn|
fj<|fmd< fmrgq fjz,d wdprKh (Lead TimeEffect) olajhs' fuhska woyia jkafka ;u
lr.Zlrejkag jvd jevs jdis iy.;
;;ajhla ,nd .ekSug ksIamdolhka i;=j
ld, mrdihla mj;sk njhs' jHq;amkak
ksrAudK ksmojSug jsYsIag ysuslu
iemhSfuka kS;suh wdrlaIdj ,nk ld,h
we;=<; m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;s
fmrgq ld, wdprK ld<h f;la jsysfoa'
iuyr rgj, mrs.Kl jevigyka j,
ls%hdldrs wx. fmagkagz n,m;% u.ska
wdrlaId fldg we;s w;r wfkl=;a rgj,
ishMu jrA.j, uD\qldx. fmagkagz
wdrlaIdfjz iSudfjka meyeos,sju
bj;afldg we;'
mrs.Kl jevigyka j, m%Nj fla;
m%;srEmk whs;sfha wdrlaIKhg wu;rj
fj<| ryila f,i ;nd .ekSu idudkH
jdKscuh ls%hdudrA.hls'
iuyr rgj, oS mrs.Kl ;srfha
iqrejula jeks mrs.Kl jevigyka u.ska
ksrAudKh l, iuyr wx. ldrAusl
ie,iquz f,i wdrlaId lr ;snsh yelsh'
.sjsiquz kS;sh u.ska md,kh flfrk
.sjsiqula kS;suh wdrlaIdfjz flakaøh f,i
mj;sk w;r iuyr jsg nqoaOsuh foam,
ysusluz fjkqjg o fhfoa' fldka;%d;a $
n,m;% .sjsiqula u.ska flfrk tjeks
w;sfrAl wdrlaIdjl §iqmsrs m%;srEmk
whs;sh§ f,i y|qkajhz' tjeks w;sfrAl
wdrlaIdjla ksrka;rfhka >DKd;aul
wjOdkhla ysuslr .ekSu mq\quhla
fkdjkafka th m%Odk ia:dkfha
wjNdjs;hla f,i ie,lsh yels ksidh'
9
uE; wjqreoq j,oS fndfyda rgj,a jsiska
uDoqldx. o we;=ZMj f;dr;=re
;dlaIKhkag msjsiSu md,kh i|yd
wmrdO kS;sh fhdod .ekSu jevsfjuska
mj;S'
uDoqldx. j, wdrlaIdj iuznkaOfhka
kS;suh iqrlaIs;;djhg Tnzfnka jQ kj
uqyqK;la ;dlaIKh u.ska imhhs'
WodyrKhla f,i w.=ZM oeush yels
jevigyka iy jpk lshjsh fkdyels
fla; njg m;alrk Encryption l%u Ndjs;h
oelajsh yelsh' fufia ;dlaIKh u.ska
nqoaOsu;a ksIamdolhskag ;udf.au jk
wu;r kS;suh wdrlaIdjla ksrAudKhg
wjia:dj i,ihs'Wod( jSvsfhda lS%vdjl
ksIamdolfhl= tys jia;= fla; ( Object code)
iq/lSu i|yd w.=ZM oeuSfuz' ;dlaIKh
iy$fyda m%;srEmk whs;sh flfrys
jsYajdih ;nkq we;'
fuz iu.u ie,lsh hq;= jkafka uDoqldx. j,
iuyr wxY j,g ir, f,i m%;srEmk whs;sh
,nd.; fkdyels jSuhs' b;d by< uÜgfï'a
fm!oa.,sl fyda fi!kaorAhd;aul wx. fkdue;s
ku ls%hdldrlu lrk jsOs l%u ^Wod - fukq
jsOdk& wdoshg idudkHfhka m%;srEmk whs;sh
,nd.; fkdyelsh' ta wdldrfhkau ienE
f,iu jsYsIg jQ wx. fkdue;s ku' ps;%l
mrsYS,l w;=re uqyqK;la (Graphical user interface)
i|ydo m%;srEmk whs;sh ,o fkdyelsh'
m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska mrs.Kl
uDoqldx.hl wrA:dkajs; wx. j,g ,nd fok
wdrlaIdj i|yd
,shdmosxps jSu wjYH ke;(msgqj24 n,kak);
tu ksid ,nd .ekSu us< wOsl fkdfjz
fndfyda ld,hla mj;S ^msgqj 23 n,kak&
iSus; wdrlaIdjla ,ndfoa ' tkuz huz
uDoqldx.hl wvx.= jQ woyia" moaO;s iy
ls%hdudrA. wod, jevigyfka oS m%ldYs; jQ
jsfYaI wdldrh muKla wdjrKh lrk
fyhskah (msgqj13 n,kak);
woyila" moaO;s fyda ls%hdudrA.
tmrsoafokau wdrlaId lrkq fkd,nhs'
fjk;a f,ilska olajf;d;a mrsYs,l
w;afmd;a" w;=re uqyqK;a" ls%hd;aul l<
yels l%uf,aL" m%Nj fla; iy jia;= fla;
wkjirfhka msgm;a lsrSug tfrysj
m%;srEmk whs;sh wdrlaIdj imhhs' kuq;a
uDoqldx.hla ;=< wvx.= jk ls%hdldrluz"
woyia" ls%hdudrA." ieliSuz" we,af.drsou
ls%hd;aul lrk jsOs wdosh wdrlaId
fkdlrhs' fu'jd iuyr jsg fmagkagz
n,m;% u.ska fyda l%uf,aL fj<| ryila
f,i ;nd .ekSfuka wdrlaId flfrA'
hfula kS;suh fyda ;dlaIKsl Wmdh udrA.
ie,ls,a,g .;a;;a ke;;a uD\qldx.
ksIamdolhska jHdmdr Wmdhka ys fuzjd
10
ww
w.wipo.int/sme/
Ndjs;d lrkafka kuz wo mj;sk ;;ajh u.ska
Tjqkg ;u ksmehquz i|yd fmr fkdjQ jsrE
wdrlaIdjla ,efnz oS we;' kuq;a uSg iu.duSj
wNsfhda.hla o fuys we;' tkuz' vscsg,a
ksrAudKhl ir jiu msgm;la iEosh yels
jSu iy mqoa.,sl mrs.Klhla yd wka;rAcd,
iuznkaOhla we;skï tu msgm;a yqfola we.Zs,s
oo;;aa;; ..nnvvddjjkkaa yyss wwddrrllaaIIddjjo;a; .nvdjlaa hkq jsOsu;a f,i ixjsOdkh
l< myiqfjka m%fõY jSu iy jsYaf,aIKh l<
yels f;dr;=re tl;=jls' th uqøs; fyda
bf,lafg%dksl wdldrfha tlla jsh yelsh'
m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sh o;a; .nvdjka
kS;suh jYfhka wdrlaId lrk m%d:usl jsOs
l%uh fõ' flfia kuq¥ m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska
ish:Z o;a; .nvd wdrlaId lrkq fkd,nk
w;r wdrlaIdj ,efnk tajdg o ,efnkqfha
iSus; wdrlaIdjls'
iuyr rgj, ^Wod - weursld tlai;a
ckmoh & m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska o;a;
iuqodhla wdjrKh lrkq ,nkafka tu
o;a; iuqodh m%udKj;a f,i kjuq tlla
f,i fmfkk wdldrhlska ieliS fyda
ms<sfh, jS ;snqKfyd;a muKs' flfia jqj;a
b;d oSrA> f,i ms<sfh, lr we;s o;a;
iuqodh iy uqQ,sl kS;s j,g ^Wod -
wldrdos ms<sfj, tkï ¥rl;k
kdudj,shl jeks& o;a; fm< .iajd we;s
o;a; iuqodh idudkHfhka tu rgj,
m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska iqrlskq fkd,efí'
^kuq;aa iuyr jsg fïjd widOdrK ;r.h
ms<Sn| kS;s u.ska iqrlskq ,nkjd jsh
yelsh'&
wfkl=;a rgj, jevs jYfhkau hqfrdamfha
kjuq tajd fkdjk o;a; .nvdjka o;a;
.nvd kS;s kuska ye|skafjk Sui generis
ysuslï u.ska wdrlaId lrkq ,nhs ' fuh
o;a; .nvdjka fj; jvd jevs wdrlaIdjla
imhhs' fuu ysuslï u.ska o;a; iuqodh
iïmdolhka fj; Tjqkaf.a ;r.lrejka
o;a; .nvdjkaf.a m%udKj;a fldgia
Wmqgd .ekSfuka fyda kej; Ndjs;fhka
o;a; j, wvx.= foa ,ndf.k fyda bosrsm;a
fldg ie,lsh hq;= wdfhdackhla l<fyd;a
Tjqkg jsreoaOj kvq u.g neiSfï
yelshdj ,ndfoa' o;a; iuqodhla i;=j tys
jHqyfha m%udKj;a uÜgul kj;djhla
we;skï tho m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska
wdrlaId lrkq ,efí'
o;a; iuqodhla m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska
wdrlaId flfrk jsg fuu wdrlaIdj
,efnkafka tys wvx.= fohg fkdj o;a;
iuqodh f;arSfï iy bosrsm;a lsrSfï jsOs
l%uhg muKs'
11
;=vl l%shdlrS;jh u.ska fyda h;=re ,shkh
Ndjs;fhka f,dj T'kEu ;eklg hejsh yels
jSuhs'
wo mj;sk ixlSrAK mrs.Kl jevigykafya;=fjka fndfyda m%;srEmk whs;sh lvlsrSïlsis¥ fjkila rys;j mrs.Kl jevigykamsgm;a lsrSu iy wkjir fnodyerSï j,skaiukajs; nj i|yka lsrSu jeo.;ah'
wwddrrllaaIIKKhhllaa ii||yydd iiqq¥¥iiqqllïï ,,eennSSuuggkkssrrAAuuddKKhhllaa wwkkqqll++,, jjsshh hhqq;;== kkssrrAAkkddhhllffuuddkkjjddoo @@ m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska ,efnk wdrlaIdj
i|yd iq¥iqlï ,enSug hï ksrAudKhla kjuq
tlla jsh hq;=h' kjuq ksrAudKhla hkq tys
m%ldYkh l;Df.ka uq,skau yg.;a tlls'
tkï iajdOSkj ksrAudKh jQ wka flfkl=f.ka
fyda fmd¥ iajduS;ajfha (Public domain) mj;sk
f;dr;=re j,ska msgm;a l< tlla fkdjsh
hq;=h' m%;srEmk whs;fha ms<sn| kS;sh hgf;a
kjuqNdjh hkakg kshu f;areu rgska rgg
fjkia fõ' flfia fj;;a kjuqNdjh wod,
jkafka m%ldYkfha wdldrhg jk w;r hgs
wre;g fkdfõ'
iuyr rgj,oS ksrAudKh hus øjHuh
wdldrhglg ;sr lr ;snsh hq;=h' ;sr lssrSug
Wod( ksrAudKh lvodishl ,shd ;snSu "
;egshl .nvd lr ;enSu " lekajihla u;
mska;dre lr ;enSu fyda mgshl mgs.; lr
;enSu wdosh we;=<;ah' tu ksid mgs.;
fkdl< krA;k ksrAudK" laIKsl l:d fyda
m%ia:dr fyda mgs.; fkdl< ix.S;
ksrAudKhka i|yd wdrlaIdj fkd,efí' ;sr
lsrSu ms<sn| wrA: oelajSu u.ska idudkHfhka
;srhla u; flgsld,Skj m%lafIamkh lrk
foaj,a rEmjdyskshl fyda iudk WmlrKhl
bf,lafg%daksl wdldrfhka fmkajk foaj,a fyda
mrs.Klhl u;lfha b;d flgs,Skj igyka
jQ foaj,a jeks jyd we;s jS ke;sjk wdldrfha
oE bj;a fldg we;' ksrAudKhla ;sr lsrSu
l;D u.ska fyda l;D jsiska n,h mejrE
wOsldrshla u.ska l< yelsh' Yío yd rEm
wvx.= ksssrAudKhla iïfma%Ikh ;sr lsrSula
f,i i,lkq ,nkafka iïfm%aIkhg iudka;rj
th ;sr (Fix) lr ;snqfKa kïh' tjeks
ksrAudKhla øjHuh jia;= wdldr foll ;sr
lr ;snSug yelsh' tkï Yío jdysks ;egs iy
msgm;ah' msgm;a fN!;sl ^uqo%s; fyda mrs.Kl
psmhl jeks uqo%s; fkdjk udOHl& fyda
ixLHdxl ^mrs.Kl jevigyka iy o;a;
iuqodh ix.%yl & jsh yelsh'
m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska m%ldYhg m;a l< iy
fkdl< fojrA.fhau ksrAudK wdrlaId lrhs
fjfyi jS jev lsrSu" l=i,;d" ld,h"
olaI;djh f;arSu fyda udkisl W;aidyh
kjuq lD;shla ksrAudKh yd iïnkaO fõ'
tfia jQjo hï ksrAudKhg tys ksrAudKYS,s
wx. ie,lSulska f;drj m%;srEmk whs;sh
wdrlaIdj N=la;s jsosh yelsh' ;jo fï i|yd
thg lsishï idys;Huh fyda fi!kaorAhd;aul
.=Khla ;snSu wjYH ke;' m%;srEmk whs;sh
WodyrKhla f,i NdKav wiqrk f,an,a"
jÜfgdare" ;kslru ;dlaIKsl udrAf.damfoaY
Wmfoia w;afmd;a fyda bxcsfkareuh rEm
igyka muKla fkdj wjqre¥ 3 l <ufhl=f.a
ps;% i|yd mjd fhfoa'
12
ww
w.wipo.int/sme/
iels,s rE igyka” .Dy ksrAudK yd bxcsfkareuh
lghq;= j,g wod, ;dlaIKsl rEm igyka hka;%”
we.:Zuz fi,a,uz nvq wdoshg wod, igyka
m%;srEmk whs;sh wdrlaIKh hgf;a wdrlaIKh
flfrA’
kkssrrAAuuddKKhhll ll==uukk mmee;;ss mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshhuu..sskkaa iiqqrrllsskkqq ffkkdd,,nnhhss oo @@
woyia fyda ixl,am( m%;srEmk whs;sh
wdrlaIdj imhkafka hus jsfYaIS;
ksrAudKhl m%ldYs; woyia iy ixl,am
bosrsm;a lrk js,dYhghs' ksrAudKh ;=<
flfia .eíjS fyda jsia;r flrS ;snqK;a ta
ms<sn| ;elSulska f;drj ksrAudKfha hgs
wre; ixl,am fidhd.ekSu
ls%hdldrs;ajfha wdldr" uQ,OrAu"
ls%hdudrA. ieliSu fyda moaO;s hk tajd
m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska iqrlskq fkd,nhs'
hula lsrSfï l%uh ixl,amh fyda
m%;srEmk whs;sh hg;g fkdjegqk;a l%uh
fyda ixl,amh jsia;r flfrk fyda
meyeos,s flfrk ,sLs; Wmfoia iy ,qyqvq
igyka m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska iq/fla'
WodyrK - Tnf.a iud.u i;=j nSr ksmojSu
i|yd l%ufõohla jsia;r flfrk Wmfoia
w;afmd;la i|yd m%;srEmk whs;sh we;'
w;afmd; i|yd m%;srEmk whs;sh" Tn w;afmd;
,shQ wdldrh" Tn Ndjs;d l< jdlH LKv iy
meyeos,s lsrSï wkHhka jsiska msgm;a lsrSu
je<elajSug Tng bv lv i,id fohs' flfia
fj;;a tu.ska Tng ;r.lrejka jsiska " a)w;afmdf;a i|yka hka;% iQ;% ls%hdudrA. iy
fj<odu msKsi NdKav bosrsm;a lsrSfï l%u
(Merchandising) Ndjs;d lsrSu b) nSr ksmojSu
iïnkaOfhka fjk;a w;afmd;la ,sjSu hk tajd
lsrSu je<elajSug whs;shla ,nd fkdfohs'
o;a; fyda f;dr;=re ( m%;srEmk whs;sh
jsoHd;aul" ft;sydisl cSjk prs;" fyda
m%jD;a;s wdYs%; o;a; fyda f;dr;=re
13
wdrlaId fkdl,;a tu f;dr;=re m%ldYs;"
f;dard.;a fyda ms<sfh, lr.;a l%ufõoh
wdrlaId lrhs' ^11 msgqj n,kAk&
WodyrK( mqoa.,fhl=f.a cSjs;h ms<sn|
fndfyda lreKq cSjk prs;dmodkhl wvx.=h'
uska fmr oek fkdisgs foa fidhuska .%ka:fha
l;D ie,lsh hq;= ld,hla jeh lr ;snsh
yelsh' tfy;a fuu lreKq m%ldYhg m;a lr
we;s wdldrh msgm;a lrkafka fkdue;s kï tu
lreKqQ Ndjs;d lsrSfï ksoyi wkakHhkag we;'
uSg iudk wdldrfhka hful=g wdydr
jÜfgdarejl we;s f;dr;=re Ndjs;d fldg tu
wdydrh ms<sfh, l< yels jqj;a wkjirfhka
tu jÜfgdarefõ msgm;a ilia l< fkdyelsh'
mqoa., kdu" mojs kdu" Woafhda. jdlH iy
fjk;a flgs jdlH LKav idudkHfhka
m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska wdrlaIdj
fkd,nhs' kuq;a tajd by< ksrAudKYS,s
njlska hqla; kï iuyr rgj,a j, tajd
i|yd wdrlaIdjg bv i,ihs'
ksIamdokhl ku fyda fj<| m%pdrk jdlH
m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska idudkHfhka
wdrlaId fkdlrk kuq¥ tajd fj<| ,l=Kq
kS;sh u.ska fyda widOrK ;r.h ms<sn|
kS;s u.ska iqrlshs' wfkla w;g wod,
wjYH;d imqrd we;akï lsishï ,dxPkhla
m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska fukau fj<|
,l=Kq ms<sn| kS;s u.ska o wdrlaId flfrA' wdKavqfõ rdcldrsuh lD;s j,g^jHjia:djkays fyda wOslrKfha u; wdoshjeks& m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| wdrlaIdjiuyr rgj, oS fkdue;' ^11 msgqjn,kAk&
jHjydrsl l,djg wod, ksrAudK ’iuyr
rgj, jHjydrsl l,djg wod, ksrAudK
m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska wdrlaId fkdflfrA'
tjeks rgj, tu ksrAudK j, w,xldrj;a
wx. ldrAusl ie,iqï f,i ldrAusl ie,iqï
kS;sh hgf;a wdrlaId l< yelsh' ^my;
fldgqj n,kak& flfia fj;;a tu
NdKavfha §Wmfhda.s;d wx. j,ska fjka
fldg y|qkd.;a rEmuh ps;% fyda uqrA;suh
,laIK muKla m%;srEmk whs;sfha
wdrlaIdj u.ska wdjrKh jkq we;'
mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;ssffhhaa wwddrrllaaIIddjj uu..sskkaa ,,nnddffookkyyssuussllïï ffuuddkkjjddoo @@ m%;srEmk whs;sh ysuslus lÜg, fyda f.dkq
folla ,ndfohs' wdrA:sl ysuslï l;Df.a fyda
whs;slref.a jdKscuh ,dN f,i ,ensh yels
wdrA:sluh whs;Ska iqrlshs' iodpdruh ysuslï
u.ska ksrAudKh u.ska m%ldYs; l;Df.a
ksrAudKd;aul wjxlNdjh iy lSrA;sh
iqrlshs'
wwddrrAA::ssll yyssuusslluuzz hhkkqq ffuuddkkjjddoo @@wdrA:sl ysuslï m%;srEmk whs;sh orkakdg
$whs;slreg ksrAudKfha ksYaps; Ndjs;d
n,.ekajSu fyda ;ykï lsrSu i|yd jQ jsYsIag
ysuslï ,ndfoa ' jsYsIag hkqfjka ye|skafjkafka
m%;srEmk whs;sh ysuslref.a mQrAj wjirhlska
f;drj lsisfjl=g fuu ysuslï mdjspzps l<
fkdyels njhs' fuu ysuslï j, mrdih"
tajdfha iSud iy tajd u.ska wdjrKh
fkdlrk foa i,lkq ,nk ksrAudKfha jrA.h
iy uSg wod, m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| foaYSh
kS;sh u; fjkia fõ' wdrA:Sl ysuslï hkq ir,
jYfhka - §msgm;a lsrSu i|yd jQ whs;sh ka
Tíng .sh tajd fõ' fuysoS wjOdrKh
iïmQrAKfhkau msgm;a lsrSu ms<sn| ysuslï
j,g muKla whOdkh fhduqlr fkdue;s
w;r m%;srEmk whs;sfha uq,a ysuslref.a
ksrAudKfhka wh:d jdis ,nd .ekSug
j,lajd,Sug yels fjkia wdldrfha ysuslï
flfrys o wjOdrKh lr we;' idudkHfhka
wdrA:sl ysuslï j, my; oelafjk jsYsIag
ysuslï wvx.=h'
14
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jHjydrsl l,djg wod, ksrAudK - m%;srEmk
whs;sh iy ie,iquz ysusluz w;r w;spzfPAokhjHjydrsl l,djg wod, ksrAudK hkq tosfkod
Ndjs;d jk ksIamdok hg;g we;=<;a lsrSfuka
ldrAusl wruqKq i|yd Ndjs;d lrk
fi!kaorAhd;aul ksrAudK fõ' wdNrK" ,dïmq
iy .Dy NdKav fïjdg WodyrK fõ
jHjydrsl l,d ksrAudK j,g oajs;aj
iajdNdjhla we;' tajd fi!kaorAhd;aul
ksrAudK f,i ie,lsh yelsh' fïjdfha Ndjs;d
fukau Wmfhdack o jsfYaIs; ixialD;sl fj<|
fmd,j,a j, is¥ fkdjqj o fndfyda jsg idudkH
ksIamdok i|yd jk fj<|fmfd,aoS is¥fõ' fuh
fuu ksrAudK ldrAusl ie,iqï wdrlaIdj iy
m%;srEmk whs;sh w;r iSud frALdjl msysgqjhs'
jHjydrsl l,d ksrAudK j,g fokq ,nk
wdrlaIdj rgska rgg jsYd, jYfhka fjkia
fjhs ' iuyr rgj, fohdldrhl wdrlaIdjg
tlaj mej;sh yels w;r iEu rglgu fuh
wod, fkdjk ksid hï jsfYaIs; rgl ;;ajh
ms<sn| iEySulg m;a jSug foaYSh nqoaOsuh
foam, ms<sn| jsfYaI{hl=f.a Wmfoia me;Su
kqjKg yqreh'
jsjsOdldrfha ksrAudKhka ys msgm;a
m%;sksIamdokh lsrSu( WodyrK f,i
ixhqla; ;egshla msgm;a lsrSu" fmd;l
Pdhdmsgm;a .ekSu" mrs.Kl jevigykla
nd.ekSu (Download) PdhdrEmhla
vscsg,alrKh fldg oDv ;egshl ;ekam;a
lsrSu " fPaohla mrsf,dalkh (Scan) lsrSu
ldgqka prs;hla gS IrAghl uq¥Kh lsrSu
fyda .S;hl fldgila ;j .S;hlg
we;=<;a lsrSu oelajsh yelsh' fuh
m%;srEmk whs;sh ,ndfok ysuslï w;rska
b;d jeo.;a tlls'
ksrAudKhl msgm;a uyck;dj w;r fnod
yerSu( m%;srEmk whs;sh tys ysuslreg
wkHhka jsiska ksrAudKfha wkjir msgm;a
jslsKsSu l=,shg oSu fyda tu msgm;a i|yd
n,m;% ,ndoSu ;ykï lsrSug bv i,id
fohs' kuq;a fuhska wdjrKh fkdlrk
jeo.;a lreKla we;' fndfyda rgj,
fnod yerSu ms<sn| ysuslu m%:u
jslsKsSfuka fyda hus msgm;l whs;sh
mejrE miq wjika fõ' ljo m%;srEmk
whs;sh i;= wfhl=g ksrAudKhl tys ld,
ksYaph fldkafoais iy ;;ajhka we;=`Mj
tys §m<uq jslsKSu muKla md,kh l<
yelsh' kuq;a hï msgm;la jslsKqkq miq
m%;srEmk whs;h ysuslreg tu msgm;
wod, rfgys n, m%foaY j, ;j¥rg;a fnod
yerSu ms<sn| ls%hd l< fkdyelsh'
.eKqïlreg msgm; kej; jslsKSug fyda
mjrd oSug yelsh' kuq;a kj msgm;a iEoSu
fyda ksrAudKh u; mokï jQ jHq;amkak
ksrAudK iEoSu l< fkdyelsh'
ksrAudKhl msgm;a l=,shg oSu’fuu
ysuslu idudkHfhka fhfokafka iskud
ksrAudK" ix.S;uh ksrAudK fyda
mrs.Kl jevgyka jeks jsfYaIS; jrA.j,
ksrAudK i|yd muKs' flfia fj;;a fuu
whs;sh ldrAusl ksIamdokhl fldgila
jk mrs.Kl m%luk j,g fkdfhfoa'
WodyrKhla f,i l=,S ldrhl caj,kh
md,kh lrk mrs.Kl m%luk oelajsh
yelsh'
ksrAudKhl mrsjrA;k fyda Wmhqla; idod
.ekSu’ fujeks ksrAudK tkï wdrlaIs;
ksrAudKhla u; mokï jQ kj ksrAudK
jHq;amkak ksrAudK f,i o y|qkajhs' Wod(
bx.S%isfhka we;s Wmfoia w;a fmd;la fjk;a
NdIdjkag mrsjrA;kh lsrSu " kjl:djla
ps;%mghlg yerjSu" mrs.Kl
jevigykla fjkia mrs.Kl NdIdjlska
kej; ,sjSu" fjkia ix.S; ixfhdack
ieliSu fyda ldgqka rEmhla weiqfrka
fi,a,ï nvqjla iEoSu oelajsh yelsh' flfia
fj;;a fndfyda rgj, jsYsIag ysuslï j,ska
wdjrKh fkdjk jeo.;a lreKq
jHq;amkak ksrAudK lsrSu i|yd we;'
WodyrK f,i Tng mrs.Kl
jevigykl msgm;la kS;Hdkql+, f,i ysus
kï tys jsOsu;a Ndjs;h i|yd muKla th
kjSlrKh fyda ilid .ekSu l< yelsh'
"ksrAudKhla uyck;djg m%isoaOsfha
bosrsm;a lsrsu iy ikafksfjokh lsrSï(
fuhg ksrAudKhla ck;djg bosrsm;a
lsrSu lshjSu fyda frAvsfhdaj " flan,a "
pkaos%ld" rEmjdysksh u.ska iïfm%aYkhg
wod, jsYsIag ysuslï wh;a fõ' mjqf,a
iuSm;uhka iy us;=rka g jvd msrsila
/iaj isgsk ia:dkhl fyda uyck;djg
jsjD; ia:dkhl ksrAudKhla bosrsm;a l<
jsg th m%isoaOsfha bosrsm;a l<
ksrAudKhla njg m;afõ'
15
ksrAudKhla kej; jslsKSl oS jsl=Kqua
usf,ka m%;sY;hla ysusjSï( fuh kej;
jslsKqï kS;sh fyda droit de suite f,i
y|qkajhs' fuu iuyr rgj,a j, muKla
oelsh yels w;r ksrka;rfhka ksYaps;
jrA.j, ksrAudK j,g iSud fõ ^WodyrK
- mska;dre" ps;%" uqøK" fld,dca ksrAudK"
uqrA;s" leghï" jsps;% f.;a;us j,ska ieliqQ
;sr" uegs NdKav" jS¥re NdKav uq,a
w;amsgm;a wdosh& hï kshu l<
wdldrhlg kej; jslsKsSu is¥jqjfyd;a
ksrAudKhl kej; jslsKSuloS ,efnk
,dNfhka fldgila fuu kej;s jslsKsSu
ms<sn| kS;s u.ska ksrAudmlhg ,nd fohs'
idudkHfhka fuu fldgi uq`M jsl=Kqï
usf<ka 2 ] isg 5 ] olajd jsp,kh fõ'
ksrAudK wka;rAcd, .; lsrsSSu u.ska
wjYH TzkEu jsgl uyck;djg thg
m%fõY jsh yels w;r tu.ska mqoa.,fhl=g
Tyq fyda weh jsiska f;drd.kakd TzkEu
ia:dkhl fõ,djl ksrAudKhg m%fõY jsh
yelsh'
by; i|yka l, TzkEu wjYH;djhla i|yd
wdrlaIs; ksrAudK Ndjs;d lsrSug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk TzkEu mqoa.,fhl= fyda
iud.ula idudkHfhka m%;srEmk whs;sh
ysuslre $ lrejka f.a mQrAj wjirh ,nd.;
hq;=h' m%;srEmk whs;sh ysuslref.a ysuslï
jsYsIag jQ tjd jqjo tajd ld,fhka iSud jk
w;r iuyr jeo.;a iSud iy ysuslï j,g
wh;a fkdjk foa j,ska hqla;h'
iiooddppddrr yyssuussllïï hhkkqq ffuuddkkjjddoo @@fïjd nqoaOsuh ksrAudK" ksrAudmlhdf.a
wd;aufha fyda m%dKfha uqrA;shla f,i i,lk
m%xYfha droit d auteur iïm%odh u; mokï
j we;' weka.af,da - ielaika jHjydr kS;sh
m%;srEmk whs;sh iy iïnkaê; ysuslï ir,
jYfhka foam, ysuslï f,i i,lk w;r
TzkEu ksrAudKhla wYajfhl= fyda ldrhla
wdldrfhka u us<oS .ekSu jslsKsSu fyda l=,shg
oSu l< yels f,i i,lhs'
fndfyda rgj, iodpdr ysuslï ms<s.kakd
kuq;a fuu ysuslï j, jsIh m:h mq:Z,a f,i
fjkia jk w;r ish`Mu rgj,a j,ska fïjdg
m%;srEmk whs;sh ,nd oSu is¥fkdlrhs' wvqu
jYfhka fndfyda rgj,a my; oelafjk
iodpdr ysuslï jrA. fol ms<s.kS'
ksrAudKfha l;D f,i kï lrkq ,enSug
we;s ysuslu ^l;D;aj ysuslu fyda mS;D;aj
ysuslu& l;Djrfhl=f.a ksrAudKhla
m%;sksIamdokh l< jsg m%ldYkhg m;a
l< jsg uyckhdg ,nd.; yels njg m;a
l< jsg fyda ikaksfõokh l< jsg fyda
uyckhdg m%orAYkh l< jsg tfia lsrSu
i|yd j.lsj hq;= mqoa.,hd jsiska fya;=
iy.; TzkEu jsgl ksrAudKfha fyda
ksrAudKhg iïnkaO j l;D f.a ku
i|yka jSu .ek iy;sl jsh hq;=h'
ksrAudKfha iuia;h iq/lsSug we;s
16
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ysuslu l;Df.a f.!rjh fyda lSrA;skduh
m:Z¥ lrk wdldrfha lsis¥ fjkialula
ksrAudKh lsrSu fuu.ska ;ykï lrhs'
ksrAudmlhdg fm!oa.,sl jk ksid wdrA:sl
ysuslï fuka fkdj iodpdr ysuslï fjk;a
flfkl=g mejrsh fkdyelsh' ^kuq;a fïjd
ksrAudmlhdf.a Wreulalrejkag ,ensh yelsh
& ksrAudKhla i;= wdrA:sl ysuslï fjk;a
flfkl=g jsl=Kq miqj mjd ksrAudKfha
iodpdrh ysuslï ksrAudmlhd i;=ju mj;S '
flfia fj;;a iuyr rgj, l;D g fyda
ksrAudmlhdg Tyq$ weh f.a iodpdruh ysuslï
,sLs; .sjsiqula u.ska w;ay, yels w;r u.ska
Tyq$ weh f.a iuyr fyda ish:Z iodpdruh
ysuslï fhdod.ekSfuka je<lSug Tyq$ weh
tlZ. fõ'
.Kkska jevs fjuska mj;sk kuq¥ rgj,a
iq:ZixLHdjla fuu iodpddruh ysuslï .S;
krA;k wdosh bossrsm;a lrkakka fj; Tjqkaf.a
bosrsm;a lsrSï i|yd ,ndoS we;' Yío jdysksS
;egsj, mgs.; fyda icSjS bosrsm;a lsrSï
iïnkaOfhka bosrsm;a lrkakka f.a
iodpdruh ysuslï tu bosrsm;a lsrSï j,
wdrA:sl ysuslï mejrSfuka miqj o mj;sk
w;r tajdfha my; lreKq wvx.= fõ'
bosrsm;a lsrSu (Performance) Ndjs;d lrk
wdldrh u.ska wK lsrSulska bj;a fldg
fkdue;s jsgl bosrsm;a lsrSug wod,
bosrsm;a lrkakd (Performer) f,i ye|skajSug
we;s whs;sjdislu b,a,d isgsSfï ysuslï
lSrA;shg ydkslr jsh yels jslD;s lsrSï
fldgia lmd oeuSï fyda fjk;a TzkEu
wdldrhl fjkia lsrSuglg tfrys jSug
we;s ysuslï
iiïïnnkkaaêê;; yyssuussllïï uu..sskkaa mm%%ooddkkhh ffllffrrkkyyssuussllïï ffuuddkkjjddoo @@bosrsm;a lrkakka (Performers) ^ Wod - k:Zjka"
ix.S; Ys,amSka" kegqï Ys,amSka & i;=j Tjqkaf.a
icSjS bosrsm;a lsrSï (Live Performance) fyda
tajdfhka lsishï ie,lsh hq;= fldgila fyda
lsishï udOHhl ;sr lsrSu ^mgs.; lsrSu&
uyckhdg ikaksfõokh lsrSu fyda .=jka js¥,s
m%pdrkh fyda flan,a u.ska iïfm%aIKh lsrSu
fukau Tjqkaf.a icSjS bosrsm;a lsrSï j,
mgs.; lsrSu ksIamdokh i|yd wjir oSug
fyda ;ykï lsrSug jsYsaIag ysuslï we;'
hqfrdamSh tluq;=fõ idudcsl rgj,a jeks
iuyr rgj,a icSjS bosrsm;a lsrSï we;=<;a jk
Y%jH oDIH ksrAudK iy Yí'o mgs.; lsrSuz
l=,shg fyda Khg oSu i|yd wjir oSug fyda
;ykï lsrSug bosrsm;a lrkakka i|yd
jsYsIag ysuslï imhd we;'
fndfyda rgj, YíojdyskS ;egshla .=jka js¥,s
m%pdrkh fyda uyckhd fj; ikaksfjzokh
i|yd fyda fhdod .;a jsg tys ksIamdolhkag
fyda bosrsm;a lrkakkag fyda tu mdrAYj
folgu fyda tla idOdrK .dia;=jla f.jsh
hq;=j we;'
17
fndfyduhla rgj,oS bosrsm;a lrkakkaf.a
ysuslï iuia;hu fyda fldgila fjk;a
flfkl=g mejrsh yelsh' tjeks mejrSulska
miq mjd foaYSh kS;h u; r|d mj;sk whqrska
Tyq $ weh icSjS bosrsm;a lsrSï j, mgs.;
lsrSï iEoSu " jslsKSu " fnodyerSu iy rg
;=<g wdkhkh lsrSu ;ykï lsrSug bosrsm;a
lrkafkl=g yelsh'
YíojdyskS ;egs ksIamdolhska ^;egs
ksmojkakka iy ksrAudK Ys,amSka & i;=j
Tjqkaf.a mgs.; lsrSï j, m%;sksIamdok
Ndjs;djka fyda fnodyerSï j,g wjir oSug
fyda ;ykï lsrSug jsYsIag ysuslï we;'
b;du;a jeo.;a ysuslu jkqfha Yío jdyskS
;egs kej; ksIamdokh md,kh lsrSug we;s
ysusluhs' wfkla ysuslï w;r YíojdyskS ;egs
.=jka js¥,s m%pdrkfhaoS idOdrK .dia;=jla
,enSu ck;dj w;rska ;ks idudcslfhla
mgs.; lsrSu b,a,k wjia:djl ,ndosh yel
sjSu ms<sn| ysuslu fyda ck;dj fj;
ikaksfõokh lsrSfï ysuslu oelajsh yelsh'
fndfyda rgj, ksIamdolhkag Tjqkaf.a
YíojdyskS ;egs wdkhkh iy fnodyerSu o
;ykï l< yelsh' iuyr rgj, Tjqyq ;ud
ysuslu orK Yío mgs.; lsrSï uyckhd
bosrsfha bosrsm;a lsrSu fyda ikaksfõokh
fjkqfjka .dia;=fjka yrs wvla i|yd ysuslu
,n;s'
.=jka js¥,s m%pdrlhka ix{dj kej;
m%pdrkh lsrSu ix{dj ;sr lsrSu fyda
m%pdrlhka f.a wkque;sh rys;j ;sr lrk
,oaola mjd m%;sksrAudKh lsrSu wdos Tjqkaf.a
/yeka rys; ikaksfõok ix{j ms<sn| mru
ysuslï j,ska m%fhdack ,nhs'
iuyr rgj, .=jka js¥,s m%pdrlhka yg ;ks
;ks fiajdodhlhka b,a,d isgs jsg ;sr lrk
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YYííoo ;;eeggssssss kkssIIaammddoollhhsskkaa ii;;== yyssuussllïïfndfyduhla rgj, Yío ;egs ksIamdolhskag
;u mgs.; lsrSï .=jka js¥,s m%pdrkh ;ykï
lsrSug fkdyels kuq;a .=jka js¥,s m%pdrk
wdh;k j,ska l;D Nd.h ,nd.ekSfï ysuslu
we;'
fuu ysuslu ms<s.kakd rgj, oS .=jka js¥,s
m%pdrk wdh;k u.ska fuu f.jSu l< hq;af;a
ix.S; ksrAudKhla m%pdrkh i|yd tys ysuslu
wh;a ix.S; rplhdg iy mgs.; lsrSu us<oS
.ekSu i|yd Yío mgs.; l< iud.ug
muKla fkdj mgs.; lsrSu m%pdrkh i|yd
ysuslu fjkqfjkao Yío mgs.; l< iud.ug
f.jSu l< hq;=h’
rgla frdau iïuq;shg WTO (TRIPS .sjsiqug &
fyda WIPO bosrsm;a lsrSï iy Yío jdyskS ;egs
.sjsiqug iïnkaO jQ jsg tu.ska tu rfÜ .=jka
js¥,s m%pdrlhka yg ;egs ksIamdolhka fj;
l;DNd.h f.jSug we;s ne|su ke;s jk whqrska
bv lv idokq we;'
,o m%pdrkhka iïfm%aIKhg iy mrs.Kl
o;a; .nvdjkag iïnkaO lr we;s ;sr lrk
,o .=jka js¥,s m%pdrkhkag udrA. .; cd,hla
Tiafia uyck;djg m%fõY jSu i,id oSug
wjir oSu fyda ;ykï lsrSug ysuslï we;'
kuq;a fjk;a fndfyda rgj,a wka;rAcd, Y%jH
oDYH kd,sld Tjqkaf.a m%;srEmk whs;sh iy
iïnkaê; ysuslu ms<sn| kS;s j, we;s j.ka;s
j,g wkql+,j .=jka js¥,s m%pdrk fiajd f,i
fkdi,lhs iuyr rgj, .=jka js¥,s
m%pdrlhskag Tjqkaf.a m%pdrkhka flan,a
iïfm%IKh i|yd wjir oSug fyda ;ykï
lsrSug o ysuslï we;' kuq;a iuyr fjk;a
rgj, flan,a ls%hdlrejkag wjirhlska fyda
f.jSulska f;drj .=jka js¥,s m%dpdrlhkaf.a
ix{d kej; iïfm%aIKhg ;ju;a yelshdj
we;
fndfyda rgj, rEmjdysksS ikaksfjzok
ix{djl m%pdrlhdg uyck;dj fj;
ikaksfjzokhg wjir oS fyda ;ykï lsrSu
i|yd mru ysuslu we;' th uyckhdj jsjD;
ia:dkhl we;+,qjSfï .dia;=jla u; bosrsm;a
lsrSu WodyrKhls'
.=jka js¥,s m%pdrkhla flan,a u.ska kej;
iïfm%aIKhg wjir oSu fyda ;ykï lsrSu
i|yd jk ysuslï .=jka js¥,s m%pdrk
ixjsOdkhla ;udf.a iïfm%aIKhka ms<sn|j
fhdod.kakd jsg yer wfkla wjia:dj,oS
ls%hdfjz fhdojkafka iduqysl md,k
ixjsOdkhla yrydhs'
udrA. .; (on line) j wvx.= foa ksmojSu yd
.,d hEug ie,eiajSu iïnkaOfhka ie,lsh
hq;= lreKla kï fuh is.%fhka mrsKduh jk
flaI;%hla ksid m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn|
jsfYaIfhl=f.a Wmfoia me;Su iq¥iq njhs '
wka;rA cd,h ;=< bosrsm;a lrk mgs.; l<
fyda m%pdrKh l< ksrAudKhla i|yd
m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska ,efnk wdrlaIdjla
we;akï iïnkaê; ysuslï j, fhoSu i|yd n,
fkdmdhs'
19
.=jka js¥,s m%pdrkhkag wod, ysusluz ps;%mg”
ix.S;h yd wfkl=;a iïfm%aIK lghq;= i|yd
,efnk m%;srEmk whs;shg jvd fjkia fjz’
iixx..SS;;hh ii||yydd jjkk mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh iiyyiiïïnnkkaaêê;; yyssuussllïïjHdmdrhla ;u mdrsfNda.slhka ;=< Okd;aul
n,mEula we;s lsrSu mdrsfNda.slhka
wdlrAIKh lsrSu fyda ;u fiajlhkaf.a iqN
isoaOsh i|yd jeks jsjsO fya;= i|yd ix.S;h
Ndjs;d l< yelsh' fuh hï jHdmdrhlg tys
lr.lrejkag jvd ;rla jdishla
(Competitive edge) ,nd.ekSug bv ,nd oSu"
fiajlhkag jvd fyd| jev mrsirhla ,ndoSu"
jsYajdijka; mrsfNda.sl msrsila idod .ekSug
Woj' jSu iy uq:Z iud.u ms<sn| fyda tys
fj<|kduh ms<sn| ck;djf.a wdl,amh
jrAOkh lsrSug mjd Wmldrs fjz'
m%Odk rEmjdyskS kd,sld cd," m%dfoaYSh
rEmjdysks iy frAvsfhda fiajd wdh;k" flan,a
iy pkaøsld cd, iy moaO;s" uyck .=jka
js¥,s m%pdrlhka wka;rA cd, fjí wvjs" jsoHd,
jsYaj jsoHd, " rd;S% iudc Yd,d" wdmk Yd,d"
miqnsï ix.S; fiajd" fi!LH yd YdrSrsl
jrAOk uOHia:dk" fydag," fj<| m%orAYk"
ix.S; ixorAYk bosrsm;a lrkakka" wf,js
uOHia:dk" jsfkdao Whka" .=jka fiajd"
¥rl;k iud.ï we;=,q mq:Z,a mrdihl me;srS
we;s fjk;a lrAudka;hka ys ix.S;h
mrsYS,kh lrkakka tu ix.S;hka Ndjs;d
lsrSug fyda wjir iys;j uyck;djg
bosrsm;a lsrSu i|yd f.jSula lrkq ,efí'
ix.S;h i|yd jk m%;srEmk whs;sh iy
iïnkaê; ysuslï wdrlaIdj jsjsO ;,hkays
ysuslï iy mo rplhka" ix.S; ksrAudmlhka
uqos%; ix.S; rpkd m%ldYlhka" ;egs iud.ï"
.=jka js¥,s m%pdrlhska" m%;srEmk whs;sh tl;=
lrk ix.ï jeks mq:Z,a mrdihl ysuslrejka
$ mrsmd,lhska yd iïnkaO fjz'
ix.S;h ksrAudKh lsrSu iy mo rpkh
mqoa.,hka fofofkla jsiska lr ;snqKfyd;a
fndfyda jsg foaYSh kS;shla u.ska fuh
ksrAudK folla f,i tkï ix.S;uh
ksrAudKhla iy idys;Huh ksrAudKhla f,i
i,ld lghq;= lrhs'
flfia fj;;a fndfyda wjia:dj, tla iduqysl
md,k ixjsOdkhla u.ska iuia; .S;h
m%pdrKh lsrSu i|yd n,m;%hla ,nd .;
yelsh'
ix.S; m%;srEmk ysuslï j,g mgs.; lsrSfï
ysuslu bosrsm;a lsrSfï ysuslu" msgm;a iEoSfï
ysuslu wod, ksrAudKh kj fyda fjk;a
ksrAudKhla ;=< wvx.= lsrSfï ^iuyr jsg
jHq;amkak ksrAudK f,i yeoskafõ& ysuslu hk
tajd wvx.= fjz' jdKscuh Wmfhdackh i|yd
20
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w.wipo.int/sme/
bv ie,iSu i|yd fndfyda .S; rplhkaZ
m%ldYlhd Z kuska ye|skafjk Ndjhlg ;u
m%;srEmk whs;Ska mejrSug jevs leue;a;la
olajk w;r ix.S; m%;srEmk .sjsiqulska miqj
tu.ska m%;srEmk whs;sh fyda m%;srEmk whs;sh
md,kh lsrSfï whs;sh m%ldYlhdg mejfrA'
ix.S;uh ksrAudKhka wod, jk jsjsO
jrA.fha ysuslï w;r bosrsm;a lsrSï ms<sn|
ysuslï" uqøKh ms<sn| ysuslï" hdka;%sl
ysuslï iy iuld,Sk;d ysuslï wdosh fjz'
fïjd my; flgsfhka jsia;r flfrA'
uyckhd bosrsfha bosrsm;a lsrSfï ysuslu
(Public Performance Right) idudkHfhka .S;
rplhka fj; wdodhï ,ndfok jvd;au
jdisodhl m%Njh fjz' iuyr rgj, fuu
ysuslu Yío mgs.; lsrSï i|yd ysus fkdjqj
o ixLHdxl Y%jH iïfm%aIKh i|yd ysush'
jsfYaIfhka weursld tlai;a ckmoh jeks
rgj, ixLHdxl fkdjk Yío mgs.; lsrSula
bosrsm;a lsrSug n,m;%hla wjYH fkdjk kuq¥
mgs.; lsrSfï wvx.= mdol .S;h i|yd wjYH
fjz'
tla .S;hla iy .S; iuQyhla fyda ix.S;uh
rpkdjka ys msgm;a uqøKhg iy wf,jshg
we;s ysuslu uqøK ysuslu (Print Right) jk w;r
fuh m%ldYlhd u.ska n,.kajkq ,nhs'
hdka;%sl ysuslula (Mechanical Right) jsiska Yío
;egs ^yvZ mg" ixhqla; ;egs iy p,k ps;% fyda
fjk;a Y%jH oDYH ksrAudK j,g iïnkaO lr
fkdue;s fjk;a TzkEu wdldrhl Yíoh wvx.=
foaj,a& j, we;s m%;srEmk whs;sh iys; ix.S;
ksrAudKhka mgs.; lsrSug" m%;sksIamdokhg
fyda fnod yerSug we;s ysuslu olajhs' hdka;%sl
ysuslu Wmfhdackh lsrsu i|yd ,nd fok
n,m;% hdka;%sl n,m;% (Mechanical License) kï
fjz '
p,k ps;%hla rEmjdysks jevigykla"
rEmjdyskS fj<| oekajSula fyda jSvsfhda
ksIamdokhla jeks tll rEm rduq fyda mska;+r
iu. tl jsg ix.S; ksrAudKhla mgs.;
lsrSu i|yd we;s ysuslu iuld,Sl;d ysuslu
(Synchronization - “synch”) kï fõ ' Y%jH oDYH
mgs.; lsrSul ix.S;h ;sr lsrSu i|yd
wjir .ekSug iuld,Sl;d n,m;%hla
(Synchronization License) wjYH fjz' fuu n,m;%h
,nd oSu u.ska ksIamdolhdg lsishï jsfYaIS;
ix.S; LKavhla Y%jH oDYH ksrAudKhlg
iïnkaO lr .ekSug wjir foa' idïm%odhsl
jYfhka fuu n,m;%h m%ldYlhd iu.
rEmjdysks ksIamdolhd jsiska ix.S;
ksrAudKlre iy mo rplhd iu. fyda
fndfyda jsg m%ldYlhd iu. Rcq
.kqfokqjlaska miq ,nd .efka'
21
Y%jH oDYH mgs.; lsrSul we;s ix.S;h
Ndjs;d lsrsug ix.S; ksrAudKlref.ka
,nd.; hq;= wjirhg wu;rj wod, ix.S;
ksrAudKh we;=<;a ;egsh mgs.; l<
ysuslref.ka fjku "Sync " n,m;%hla ,nd.;
hq;=h'
mgs.; lsrSfï ksIamdolhka fyda Ys,amsSka
uyckhdg wf,js lrk ix.; ;egs fyda yvZ
mgs iEoSug fhdod.kakd yvZ mgs fyda fjk;a
wdphk udOHhl .nvd l< uq,skau ksmo jQ
yvZ mgs.; lsrSï udiagrA frfldavska.a f,i
y|qkajhs' hï jsfYaIs; l,dlrejl=f.a ix.S;
ksrAudKhl huz jsfYaIs; bosrsm;a lsrSula
we;=<;a jk yvZ mgs.; lsrSï ysuslï fyda
udiagrA Ndjs;d ysuslï wjYH fjz'
ix.S;h Ndjs;d lrk flaIa;% w;rska b;d
is>%fhka jrAOkh jk flaIa;%hla f,i cx.u
¥rl:k kdo rgd i|yd ix.S; ksrAudK
fhdod.eksu oelajsh yelsh' cx.u ¥rl;kfha
mqoa.,sl;djh we;s lsrSfï jsfkdaod;aul iy
jsYd, jYfhka ckm%sh udrA.hla njg th
m;aj we;' ¥rl:k kdo rgd j, ckm%sh;dj
uq,ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQjdg jvd jvd;a mq:Z,a
me;ssrSula iy l,ameje;aula iys; nj Tmamq
lr we;s w;r tys ckms%h;dj" kj wdldrfha
ix.S; Ndjs;dj" cx.u ¥rl:k j, myiqlï
i|yd f.jd ,nd .; hq;=Z wdldrfha myiqlï
w;r m%uqLia:dkhl ;nd we;' ¥rl:k kdo
rgdjla hkq SMS fyda WAP u.ska cx.u
¥rl:khlg hjk oajsuh fla; f.dkqjls'
kdo rgd ms<sn| n,m;%h idudkHfhka
¥rl:k kdo rgd j, taal;d, kdo rgd iy
nyq;d, kdo rgd hk fojrA.hu ksrAudKfha
iy fnod yerSu wdjrKh lrhs'
Zvscsg,a ysuslï mrsmd,khZ 1™ Digital RightsManagement (DRM) ys fud,ï iy l%ufj'ohka
udrA. .; (Online) ix.S; wf,jshka
mrsmd,kh u.ska kS;s jsfrdaOS Wmqgd .ekSï
je,elajSu i|yd jeo.;a fufyhla bgq lrhs'
WodyrKhla f,I wem,a iud.fï f*hdmaf,a
;dlaIKh yd uhsfl%dfid*aÜ ys jskafvdaia
uSvshd u.ska vscsg,a ix.S;h i|yd ndOl
fhoSfuka m%;srEmk whs;sh ysuslrejka i|yd
Tjqkff.a ksrAudK wf,jsfhaoS jkaos ,enSug
ie,eiajSu u.ska tajdfha vsscsg,a msgm;a iEoSu
wvqfldg we;'
22
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w.wipo.int/sme/
fkdlshd iud.fuz wkque;sh iys;j Ndjs; lrk,oS’
mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh iiyy iiïïnnkkaaêê;; yyssuussllïïfflldd;;rrïï ll,,llaa mmjj;;SS oo @@fndfyda ksrAudK i|yd fndfyduhla rgj,
wdrA:sl ysuslï u.ska ,efnk wdrlaIdj l;D
f.a cSjs; ld,hg iy wvqu jYfhka wjqre¥ 50
l wu;r ld,hla mj;S' ;j;a rgj,a
.Kkdjl fuu ld,h by; ld,hg;a jvd
jevsh ^WodyrKhla f,i hqfrdamfha" weursld
tlai;a ckmofha iy fjk;a rgj,a lsysmhl
fuh l;D f.a urKfhka miq wjqre¥ 70 la
fjz'& tu ksid fuhska l;D muKla fkdj
Tyqf.a Wreulrejka o m%fhdackh ,nhs'
l;Dka lsysmfofkla ksrAudKhg iïnkaO kï
^noaO l;D;ajhla we;s ksrAudK & wdrlaIdj
ms<sn| ld,h .Kkh lrkafka wka;sug cSj;a
jQ l;D f.a urKfhka miqjh' ksrAudKhl
m%;srEmk whs;sfha wdrlaIdj wjidk jQ miq
tu ksrAudKh fmd¥ iajdus;ajfha (Public
Domain) we;s ksrAudKhla njg i,lkq ,efí'
iuyr jrA.j, ksrAudK i|yd foaYSh kS;sh
u; mokï jQ jsfYaIs; fldkafoais Ndjs;d jsh
yelsh' jsfYaIfhka"
fiajlhka jsiska l< ksrAudK iy jsfYaI
kshufhka l< ksrAudK ^WodyrK f,i
ld, iSudj m%ldYkfhka wjqre¥ 95 la
olajd fyda ksrAudKfhka wjqre¥ 120 la
olajd jsh yelsh & ;
noaO l;D;ajfhka hq;a ksrAudK;
p,k ps;% ksrAudK;
ksrAKdusl fyda jHdc kï orK ksrAudK;
PdhdrEmuh ksrAudK iy jHjydrsl
l,dj ms<sn| ksrAudK ^iuyr jsg fïjdg
jvd flgs ld,Sk wdrlaIdjla we;&
rch u.ska l< ksrAudK ^iuyrla fyda
ish,a,u m%;srEmk whs;sfha wdrlaIdfjka
f;dr jsh yelsh&
l;Df.a urKfhka miq m%ldYkhg m;a
l< ksrAudK ;
uq¥K Ys,amSuh ilia lsrSï
iodpdruh ysuslï i|yd jk wdrlaIs; ld,h
fjkia fjz' iuyr rgj, iodpdruh ysuslï
iodl,ays mj;S' wfkla rgj, tajdfha
meje;au wdrA:sl ysuslï j, mj;sk ld,hg
fyda l;D f.a urKh f;la mj;S'
iïnkaê; ysuslï j, wdrlaIdj mj;sk ld,
iSudj idudkHfhka m%;srEmk whs;sfha ld,
iSudjg jvd wvqh' iuyr rgj, iïnkaê;
ysuslï ksrAudKh ;sr lsrsu" bosrsm;a lsrSu
fyda .=jka js¥,s m%pdrKh is¥jQ le,ekavrA
jrAIfha wjidkfha isg wjqre¥ 20 l ld,hla
olajd wdrlaId fjz' flfia fj;;a fndfyda
rgj, fuu ld,iSudj ksrAudKh t< oelajSu
;sr lsrSu fyda m%pdrKh l, le,ekavrA
jrAIfha wjidkfha isg wjqre¥ 50 la olajd
jsh yelsh'
23
iuyr rgj, PdhdrEm j, wdrlaIdj
mj;skafka m%ldYkhg m;a l< oskfha isg
wjqre¥ 5 la fyda 15 la olajd muKs'
3. uuqq,,aa kkssrrAAuuddKK wwddrrllaaIIdd llssrrSSuu
mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;ssffhhaa iiyy iiïïnnkkaaêê;; yyssuussllïï jj,,
wwddrrllaaIIddjj ,,nndd ..eekkssssuugg TTnn ll<< hhqq;;aaff;;aa
ffuuddkkjjddoo @@
m%;srEmk whs;sh iy iïnkaê; ysuslï j,ska
,efnk wdrlaIdj lsis¥ kS;suh
ls%hdudrA.hlska f;drju ,efí' lsishï
ksrAudKhla tys meje;au wdrïN jQ js.iu
lsis¥ jsfYaI ,shdmosxpshlska " ;ekam;=jlska"
.dia;=jla f.jSulska fyda lsis¥ jsOsu;a
kshuhkaf.ka f;drj kssrdhdifhkau wdrlaId
fjz' tfia jQjo iuyr rgj,oS ksrAudKh hï
øjHuh wdldrhlg ;sr lsrSu wjYH fjz'
mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh yyssuussllrree TTnn nnjj TTmmaammqqllrrkkaaffkkaa ffllffiiaaoo @@ jsOsu;a kshuhka=f.ka f;drjQ wdrlaIs;
l%ufjzohla yryd lsishï wdrjq,l oS Tnf.a
whs;Ska j, j,x.=Ndjh ;yjqre lsrSug hdfïoS
jsjsO wmyiq;d u;=jsh yelsh' we;a; jYfhkau
hfula Tyq $ weh f.a ksrAudKhla wkqlrKh
l< njg fpdaokd lrk jsg Tn uq,a
ksrAudKlre nj Tmamq lrkafka flfia o @ fï
i|yd kshus; fj',djg iuyr mQrAfjdamhka
.ekSfuka ksrAudKfha l;D Tn nj oelafjk
idlaaIs f.dvk.d .; yelsh' WodyrK f,i"
iuyr rgj, .dia;=jla wh lsrsulska
Tnf.a ksrAudKh cd;sl m%;srEmk whs;sh
ms<sn| ldrAhd,hl ;ekam;a lsrsu iy $
fyda ,shdmosxps lsrsu wjia:djla imhhs’
^cd;sl m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| ldrAhd,
j, fjí wvjs kdudj,shla i|yd
Wm.%ka:h 11 n,kak& fuf,i lsrsfuka
m%;srEmkwhs ;sfha wdrlaIdj ,nd .ekSug
j,x.= idlaIshl meje;au ;yjqre lrhs'
tajdys iuyr rgj, Tnf.a ksrAudKh
24
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w.wipo.int/sme/
nnyyqquuddOOHH kkssmmeehhqquuzz iiooZZyydd mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshhnyqudOH ksmehqula idudkaHfhka mrs.Kl
;egshla fyda ix.; ;egshla jeks ia:djr
udOHhl .nvd l< jsjsO jrA. j, ksrAudK
j,ska hqla; fjz' nyqudOH ksmehqï j,g
WodyrK f,i jSvsfhda lS%vd" f;dr;=re l=gs iy
jsjsO wka;rA ls%hdldrs fjí msgq oelajsh yelsh'
nyqudOH ksmehqulg wvx.= l< yels wx. w;r
ix.S;h" wlaIr" PdhdrEm" l=vd ps;%" ps;%"
uD¥ldx. iy iïmQrAK p,k jSvsfhda wdosh fjz
fï tla tla wx. tajdfha ysuslï i|yd jk
m%;srEmk whs;sh i|yd fjka fjka jYfhka
iq¥iqlï ,nhs' ;jo fuu ksrAudKhka
iïmdokh fyda noaO lsrSfï ls%hdj,sh ksid th
kjuq ksrAudKhla f,i ie,flhs kï fuu
nyqudOH ksmehqï i|yd thgu ysus m%;srEmk
whs;sh ,nd .; yelsh'
cd;sl m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn|
ldrAhd,hl ,shdmosxps lr we;akï
m%;srEmk whs;sh W,a,x>kh ms<sn| kvq
b;d ldrAhlaIuj mj;ajdf.k hd yelsh'
tjeks rgj, mQrAjfhka ,shdmosxps jS isgSSu
jvd;a iq¥iqh'
Tnf.a ksrAudKfha msgm;la nexl=jl fyda
ksS;s{fhl= <.Z ;ekam;a l< yelsh' jsl,am
mshjrla f,iska Tnf.a ksrAudKfha
msgm;la Tn jsiskau uqos%; ljrhl nyd
jsfYaI ;eme,a fiajdjla u.ska hejsh yels
w;r fnodyerSfï osS ljrh jsjD; fkdjS
;snsh hq;=h' ^ljrh u; meyeos,s osk
uqo%%djla ;snsh hq;=h'& flfia kuq¥ fuu
ls%hdudrA.h j,x.= idlaIShla f,i ish:Z
rgj,a ms<s.kafka ke;'
m%ldYhg m;al, ksrAudK u; m%;srEmk
whs;sh ms<sn| igykla ;ensh hq;=h'
ksrAudKh jsfYaIS; iïu; y|qkd.ekSfï
wxlk l%u fjzohla Ndjs;d fldg i<l=Kq
lsrSu o iq¥iqh' fujeks l%ufjzo j,g Wod(
fmd;a i|yd wka;rA cd;sl iïu; fmd;a
wxlh (International Standad Book Number - ISBN) ;Yío mgs.; lsrsï i|yd wka;rA cd;sl
iïu; mgs.; lsrSfï fla;h (InternationalStandard Recording Code - ISRC) uqo%s; ix.S;
m%;srEmk i|yd wka;rA cd;sl ix.S;
wxlh (International Standard Music Number - ISMN);iduqysl mrsmd,k ixjsOdk u.ska md,kh
lrk ix.S; iuQyhka ys wvx.= ix.S;
ksrAudKhka i|yd wka;rA cd;sl iïu;
ix.S; ksrAudK fla;h (International StandardMusical Work Code - ISWC) ; Y%jH oDYH
ksrAudK i|yd wka;rA cd;sl iïu; Y%jH
oDIH wxlh (International Standard AudiovisualNumber - ISAN)
bbff,,llaaffgg%%ddkkssll ffyyddaa vvssccssgg,,aa wwddllddrrffhhkkaa wwee;;sskkssrrAAuuddKK wwddrrllaaIIdd llrrkkaaffkkaa ffllffiiaaoo @@ bf,lafg%dksl fyda ixLHdxl (Digital)wdldrfhka we;s ksrAudK ^Wod - CD , DVD,udrA..; (On line) wlaIr" ix.S;h" ps;%mg&
fndfyda jsg .=Kd;aul Ndjfha ie,lsh hq;=
ydkshla fkdue;sj msgm;a lsrsu iy
wka;rAcd,h yryd iïfm%aIKh b;d myiq
ksid jsfYaIfhkau ysuslï W,a,x.khg
myiqfjka f.d¥re fjz' cd;sl m%;srEmk
whs;sh ms<sn| ldrAhd,hl ,shdmosxps jSu jeks
by; i|yka l< ls%hdudrA. fujeks ksrAudK
i|ydo Ndjs;d fjz'
jHdmdrhka m%;srEmk whs;sfhka iq/ls
udrA..; (On line) ksrAudK imhk jsg
idudkHfhka th ksrAudKfha wvx.= oE iu.
Ndjs;d lrkakdg l< yels foa iSud lsrSfuz
.sjsiqula (Mouse Click Contract) wkqj is\qfjz' tjeks
iSudlsrsï u.ska idudkHfhka Ndjs;h ;ks
mqoa.,fhl=g iSud lrk w;r ksrAudKfha ;ks
msgm;la tla jrla lshjSug $ weiSug i,iajhs'
kej; fnodyersu fyda kej; Ndjs;h
idudkHfhka ;ykï flfrA'
;jo fndfyda jHdmdrhka ixLHdxluh
wka;r.;hka i|yd jk Tjqkaf.a m%;srEmk
whs;sh wdrlaId lsrSug ;dlaIKsl Wml%u
fhdod .kS' tjeks Wml%u idudkHfhka
ixLHdxl ysuslï l<ukdlrK (Digital RightManagement - DRM) fuj,ï iy l%u f,i
ye|skafjz' fïjd ksrAudKhka mj;sk ;dla l,a
tajd i|yd jk wjirhka yd ;;ajhka
bf,lafg%dksl wdldrfhka wrA: oelajSug"
ksrSlaIKhg iy n,.ekajSug Ndjs;d flfrA' 25
ixLHdxl ksrAudK i|yd jk m%;srEmk whs;sh
md,kh i|yd ixLHdxl ysuslï l<ukdlrK
fuj,ï iy l%u Wojzjk wdldr folla we;'
“ysuslï l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re” f,i
ye|skafjk m%;srEmk whs;sh ksrAudKfha
ysuslre wdosh ms<sn| f;dr;=re ixLHdxl
(Digital) ksrAudKhka ys i|yka lsrSï
ixLHdxl ksrAudK j,g m%fjzYh fyda
Ndjs;h md,khg ^wjir oSug fyda
m%;slafIam lsrSug& Wmldr jk ;dlaIKsl
wdrlaIl jsOsl%uZ (Technical Protection Measures(TPMS) ) Ndjs;d lsrSu fuu jsOsl%u (TPMS)
jsjsO wdldrfha m%;srEmk whs;ss Ska
iïnkaOfhka fhdod .eksu u.ska wod,
m%;srEmk whs;sSka fyda iïnkaê; ysuslu
kS;s j,g wkql+,j ksrAudKh ne,Su " weiSu
jevs oshqKq lsrSu" mgs.; lsrSu" Wmqgd
.ekSu " mrsjrA;kh" kshus; ld, iSudjla
;nd.ekSu" fjk;a flfkl=g hejSu" msgm;a
lsrSu" uqøKh wdosh i|yd Ndjs;d lrkakg
we;s yelshdj md,khg Wojz fohs' fuu
jsOsl%u (TPMS) fm!oa.,sNdjh wdrlaIdj iy
wka;r.;fha wLKav;djh o iy;sl lrhs'
yyssuussllïï ll<<uukkddllrrKK ff;;ddrr;;==rreeTnf.a m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska wdrlaIs; oE
y|qkd .ekSug jsjsO udrA. we;' yelsh
ixLHdxl wka;r.;hka m%;srEmk whs;sh
ms<sn| oekajSulska fyda wjjdohla oelafjk
ZjdKscuh fkdjk lghq;= i|yd muKla
m%;sksIamdokh l< yelshZ jeks f,an,hlska
f,an,a l< yelsh' Tnf.a jHdmdrsl fjí
wvjsfha iEu msgqjlu wka;rA.;hka
Ndjs;d lsrSu ms<sn| fldkafoais iy
kshuhka oelafjk m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn|
j.ka;shla we;=<;a lsrSu o iq¥iq
ls%hdudrA.hla fjz
ixLHdxl jia;+ka y|qkd.kq ,nkakd (Digitalobject indentifier (DOI) ) vscsg,a jgmsgdjla ;=<
m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| ls%hd y|qkd.ekSu
i|yd jQ l%ufjzohls' (DOI) hkq wka;rA
cd,fha Ndjs;h i|yd vscsg,a wdldrfha
ksrAudKhkag fokq ,nk ye\qkqï
ixfla;hkls' tajd ksrAudKh wka;rA
cd,fha fidhd .; yels ;eka we;=<;aj
ksrAudKh ms<sn| jrA;udk f;dr;=re
iemhSug Ndjs;d flfrA' vscsg,a
ksrAudKhla fidhd .; yels ;eka we;=:Z
tu ksrAudKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re ld,h
iu. Fjkia jsh yels jqj;a tys (DOI)kduh fjkia fkdfj''
ld, uqo%djla (Time Stamp) hkq ixLHdxl
ksrAudK j,g fhdokq ,nk f,an,hla jk
;wr thg hï wjia:djl ksrAudKfha
wka;rA.;fha ;;ajh l=ula o hkak Tmamq
l< yelsh' hï jsfYaIS; jsoHq;a ,smshla
hejSfïoS" fldka;%d;a;=jla i|yd tl.Z
jSul oS" hï nqoaOsuh foam,la ksrAudKfha
oS fyda kjSlrKfhaoS fyda ixLHdxl26
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w.wipo.int/sme/
iiqq¥¥iiqq (DRM) ffuujj,,ïï ff;;ddaarrdd ..eekkSSuu m%;srEmk whs;sh W,a,x>kh (DRM) fuj,ï
iy jsOsl%u Ndjs;h ;=<ska wju lsrSug
fndfyda ;dlaIKsl jsOs we;' ta tlfkflys
fjkiq jQ YlH;d iy ¥rAj,;d fukau ,dN
iy kv;a;= jshoï we;' ksrAudKh Ndjs;h
yd iïnkaOs; wjOdku ms<Sn| Tnf.a
;lafiarej u; jsfYaIs; ;dlaIKsl l%uhla
f;dard .ekSu ;sSrKh fjz
idlaIshla .ekSfï oS is¥jk m%;srEmk
whs;sh W,a,x.khla Tmamq lsrSfï oS ld,h
;SrKd;aul idOlhls'
ixLHdxl osh igyka (Digital Water Mark)
ixLHdxl ksrAudK ;=<u m%;srEmk whs;sh
ms<sn| f;dr;=re .eí lrjSug uD¥ldx.
Ndjs;d lrhs' ixLHdxl osh igyka
PdhdrEmhl fl<jrl oelsh yels
m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<Sn| igykla jeks
Rcqju orAYkh jk wdldrfha fyda osh
igyka iys; lvodis j, uqøs; ,shjs,s
fuka ,shjs,a, mqrd Tínjd we;s fia fyda
jsh yelsh' fndfyda jsg fïjd ksrAudK ;=<
.s,ajd fuka we;s w;r tu ksid idudkH
Ndjs;fha oS t;rï fkdfmfka' oDYHudk
osh igyka m%;srEmk whs;sh Ndjs;fha
wlghq;=lï j<lajd,Su i|yd m%fhdackj;a
w;r woDYHudk osh igyka fidrlï iy
udrA. .; msgm;a lsrSï (On line tracing )
Tmamq lsrSu i|yd m%fhdackj;a fjz'
;;ddllaaIIKKSSll wwddrrllaaIIKK WWmmll%%uu(Technological Protection Measures (TPMs)
iuyr ksrAudK ;u ksrAudKhkag m%fjzY
jSu tu ksrAudKhka ys Ndjs;d i|yd jk
fldkafoais iy kshuhka ms<s.kakd
mdrsfNda.slhka yg muKla iSud lsrSu i|yd
;dlaIKh Ndjs;hg jvd leue;a;la olajhs'
tjeks l%u ;=< my; oE wvx.= jsh yelsh'
uD¥ldx. ksIamdok Yío jdysks iy Y%jH
oDYH ksrAudK jeks tajdfha wkjir
Ndjs;d wdrlaId lsrSu i|yd fndfyda jsg
wlaIr fla;hka njg yerjSu (Encryption)Ndjs;d fjz' WodyrKhla f,i
mdrsfNda.slfhla ksrAudKhla
wka;rAcd,fhka ,nd .kakd jsg
mdrsfNda.slhd yg tys wka;rA.;h
kerUSug fyda ijkaoSu i|yd wjYH jk
f.jSï ms<Sfh, lsrSug f.dkqj kej;
lshjsh yels fia bosrsm;a lsrSug (Decrypt)iy uqrmohla jeks fohla ,ndoSug
27
;dlaIKsl wdrlaIl Wml%u Ndjs;fhaos ie<lsh hq;= lreKqm%;sksIamdokh iy fnodyerSug tfrysj
wdrlaIdjl wjYH;dj we;s kï tjeks
ksrAudK bosrsm;a lrkq ,nk jHdmdrhka
;dlaIKsl wdrlaIl Wml%u (TechnologicalProtection Measures - TPMs ) Ndjs;h ms<n| i,ld
n,kq we;' flfia kuq¥ fïjdfha Ndjs;h
wfkl=;a ldrKd iu. iunr jsh hq;=h'
WodyrKhla f,i mqoa.,slNdjh ms<sn| kS;s"
mdrsfNda.sl wdrlaIK kS;s" fyda m%;slr`.
l%shdldrlï j,g tfrys kS;s jeks Ndjs;fha
mj;sk kS;s W,a,x.kh jk wdldrhg
;dlaIKsl wdrlaIl Wml%u fhdod fkd.;
hq;=h'
wfkla mqoa.,hka f.a ixLHdxl wka;rA.;hka
;=<ska m%fhdack ,nk jHdmdrhka tu wod,
Ndjs;d i|yd wjYH ish:Z n,m;% fyda
wjirhka ,nd .; hq;=h' ula ksido h;a hï
mqoa.,fhl= fyda jHdmdrhla ;dlaIKsl
wdrlaIdl Wml%u j,ska fírS tu wdrlaIs;
ksrAudK Ndjs;d l<fyd;a th jxpdjg tfrys
kS;s lv lsrSug fukau m%;srEmk whs;sh
W,a,x>khg o wod, jk ksidh'
m%;srEmk whs;sh iy iïnkaê; ysuslï
md,kh lrk wdh;khlg Tyqj iïnkaO
lsrSug RM uD¥ldx. j,g yelsh
m%fjzY md,k fyda ;;ajdfrdams; m%fjzY
md,k moaO;shla u.ska hï ksrAudKhla
Ndjs;dlrkakdf.a wkkH;dj" wka;rA.;
f.dkq iy jrm%ido ^lshjSu" fjkia lsrSu"
iïmdokh wdosh& mrSlaId lr n,hs'
vscsg,a ksrAudKhl ysuslrefjl=g ta ioyd
we;s m%fjzYh fndfyda wdldr j,ska ielish
yelsh' WodyrKhla f,i f,aLkhla
kerUsh yels jQj o uqøKh l< fkdyels
jsh yels fyda Ndjs;h iSudiys; ld,hla
i|yd iSud l< yelsh'
.=Kd;aul njska ySk ixialrK muKla
m%pdrKh lsrSu WodyrKhla f,i
jHdmdrhla Tjqkaf.a fjí wvjs j,g
iZ.ZZrdjl m,lsrSug ;rï jsia;r iy
.=Kd;aul Ndjfhka hqla; fkdjqj;a tajd
m%fhdackj;a oehs ;SrKh lsrSug ;rï
m%udKj;a jsia;r iys;j PdhdrEm iy
fjk;a wkqrEm we;=<;a l< yelsh'
28
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w.wipo.int/sme/
iissooaaOOss wwOOHHhhkkhh – Memory Computación jir 2001 oS ksjzfhdarAla kqjroS uhsfl%dfid*agz
wdh;kh Office XP osh;a lroaoS Office XP j,g
tl;= lsrSug Memory Conty kï jHdmdrhka
i|yd jk .sKqïlrk uD¥ldx.hla o bosrsm;a
lf<ah' fï uD¥ldx.h ksrAudKh lf<a
Wre.=fjz ys l=vd uD¥ldx. iud.ula jk
fuurs fldïmshqfÜIka ( "Memory") jsisks'
Memory iud.u tys
whs;sh u.ska
w;alr .; yels fyd|u jdKscuh m%;sM, ,nd
.ekSu i|yd iud.fï ysuslï wdrlaIdjg"
mrsmd,khg iy n,.ekajSug wjYH
ls%hdudrA. l%udkql+,j ;lafiare lr n,hs'
Memory Conty uD\qldx.hkays iEu msgm;lu"
tys Ndú;hg bjy,a jk Wmia: msgm;a (Back-up copy) .ekSu yer lsisu fya;=jla i|yd
iuia;hu fyda fldgila msgm;a lsrsÍu fyda mz;s
ksIamdokh j,lajk" m%ldYk whs;sh u.ska
uDÿldx.h wdrCId lr we;s nj ±lafjk
whs;slref.a n,m;zhla wvx.= fõ' Memory
iud.u th lszhd;aul jk rgj,aj, we;s
m%ldYk whs;sh iafõÉPdfjka ,shdmosxÑhg bv
i,ik mzldYk whs;sh ms<sn| ldrAhd,hkays
;u uDÿldx. ,shdmosxÑ lf<ah'
Memory iud.u nqoaêuh foam, ysñlï
W,a,x>kh" úfYaIfhkau uDÿldx.
wkjirfhka msgm;a lsrsíu ms<sn| oekqj;a
ksid Bg iudka;rj Tjqkaf.a ksmehqïj,
wdrCIdjg Wmdh udrA. ilid we;' mz:ufhka
u tu iud.u uD\qldx. myiqfjka msgm;a
lsrsu je,elaùug ;dCIKsl hdka;zK iys;
uDÿldx. fm,la ixia:dms; lf<ah' fojkqj
Memory iud.u wjOdkh fhduq lf<a Tjqkaf.a
kS;Hdkql+, mdßfNda.slhka yg ,ndosSh hq;=
wf,úfhka miq fiajfha .=Kd;aul Ndjhg iy
kj ixialrKj, wLKav kfjda;amdokh
flfrys jQ w;r tuksid iud.fï
mdßfNda.slhka jHdc uD\qldx. j,g jvd
kS;sHdkql+, uD\qldx. m%szh lrk w;r tajd ñ,§
.ekSfï jákdlu o jgyd .kS'
úúffooaaYYhhllooss ,,eeffnnkkaaffkkaa ffllnn\\qqZZ wwddrrCCIIddjjllaa oo@@fndfyda rgj,aa tla rglg ksrAudKh jQ
m%ldYk whs;sh ysñ ksrAudKhla wka ish¨
idudcsl rgj,g o ksrdhdifhkau wdrCIs;
njg iy;sl jk wkaofï wka;rAcd;sl .súiqï
tll fyda lsysmhl idudcslfhda fj;s'
m%ldYk whs;sh ms<sn| b;du;a jeo.;a .súiqu
jkafka fi!kaorAhd;aul yd idys;Huh
ksrAudKj, wdrCIdj i|yd jQ nrAks (Berne)
.súiquhs' (Berne Congention for the Protection of Literary
and Artistic work) ^Wm.%ka:h III n,kak& Tn nrAks
.súiqfï idudcslfhl= jk rgl
iajfoaYslfhl= fyda mosxÑlrefjl= kï fyda
tu idudcsl rgl Tfí ksrAudKh m%ldYhg
m;a fldg we;akï fuu .súiqug iïnkaO
mdrAYajhka jk wfkla ish¨ rgj,a i|yd
nrAks .súiqfuka m%odkh fldg we;s uÜgfï
m%ldYk whs;shla Tfí ksrAudKh i|yd bfíu
ysñ fjz'
flfia fj;;a m%ldYk whs;sh ms<sn| wdrCIdj
tys iajdNdjh wkqj ksYaÑ; m%foaYhlg isud
fõ' tu ksid Tnf.a ksrAudKh wod< rfgys
m%ldYk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sfha kS;suh wjYH;d
imqrd we;akï muKla thg m%ldYk whs;sfha
wdrCIdj ,efí' tuksid Tnf.a ksrAudKh
fndfyda rgj,g bfígu mdfya m%ldYk
whs;sh u.ska iq/flk kuq;a ^wka;rAcd;sl
.súiqï ksid& ráka rgg ie,lsh hq;= whqßka
fjkia jk fjka jQ m%ldYk whs;shla iEu
rglgu we;'
mm%%llddYYkk wwhhss;;sshh mmss<<ssnn|| ±±kkaaùùuullaa kkssrrAAuuddKKhhuu;; ;;ssîîuu ww;;HHjjYYHHoo@@fndfyda rgj,oS wdrCIdj i|yd m%ldYk
whs;sh ±lafjk ±kaùula wjYH fkdfjz' flfia
jqjo ksrAudKh u; fyda Bg iïnkaê;j
m%ldYk whs;sh ms<sn| ±kaùula ;sîu w;HjYH
jkafka tu.ska ksrAudKh m%ldYk whs;sh
iys; tlla nj ck;djg u;la lsrSu;a"
m%ldYk whs;slrej yªkajd fok ksid;ah'
tjeks yªkajd oSula ksrAudKh Ndú;h i|yd
mQrAj wkque;shla ,nd .ekSug wjYH
mqoa.,hkag WmldÍ fõ' m%ldYk whs;sh ms<sn|
oekaùula fhgu b;d úhoï - iM, wdrCIK
;%uhls' thg ie,lsh hq;= wu;r úhoula
±Íug wjYH fkdjQjo tu.ska Tnf.a ksrAudKh
wkHhka úiska msgm;a lsrSu j<lajd ,Sfuka
msßjeh b;=re ùu fukau m%ldYk whs;sh
orkakd yªkd .ekSu myiq lsÍfuka mQrAj
wkque;sh ,nd .ekSfï l%shdj,shg bv i,ihs'
;jo iuyr wêlrK n, iSud ;=<"
úfYaIfhka u wefursßld tlai;a ckmofha
j,x.= ±kaùula we;=¨ lsrSu u ysñlï
W,a,x>kh lrkakd wod< ksrAudKfha m%ldYk
whs;sh ms<sn| ;;ajh ±k isá njg is;kq
,efí' tys m%;sM,hla f,i wêlrKhla úiska
tu mqoa.,hd is;du;d ysñlï W,a,x>kh
lsÍfï jrog j.lsh hq;= nj i,lkq ,nk
w;r wúysxidjdos ysñlï W,a,x>khlg jgd
fndfyda jeä ovqZjulg ,la fõ'
29
ksrAudKh u; ±kaùula fhdok úêu;a l%shd
ms,sfj<la fkdue;' th ,shk ,oaola" h;=re
,shkh lrk ,oaola" uqød ;eîula fyda w¢k
,oaola úh yels' m%ldYk whs;sh ms<sn|
±kaùul idudkHfhka my; tajd wvx.=h'
“m%ldYk whs;sh” hk jpkh fyda
m%ldYk whs;sh y.Zjk ixfla;h ©;
m<uqfjkau ksrAudKh m%ldYhg m;a l<
jrAIh
m%ldYk whs;slref.a ku
WWoodd ((- m%ldYk whs;sh 2006, ABC Ltd.
ksrAudKhla ie,lsh hq;= ;rï kùlrKhg
,la lrkafka kï iEu kùlrKhlg u wod<
jir tl;= lsÍfuka m%ldYk whs;sh ms<sn|
±kaùu hdj;ald,Sk l< hq;=h' WodyrKhla
f,i" "2000" 2002" 2004" hkafkka ksrAudKh
jir 2000 g ksrAudKh fldg 2002 iy 2004
oS kùlrKh fldg we;s nj lshfõ’
fjí wvúhl wka;rA.;h jeks ksrka;rfhka
hdj;ald,Sk jk ksrAudKhla i|yd tys m%:u
m%ldYkfha isg fï olajd ld,h jir u.ska
±laúh yelsh' Wod(- © 1998 - 2006" ABC Ltd.wjirfhka f;drj l< fkdyels l%shdjka
ms<sn| ,ehsia;=jla o fuu ±kaùu iu.Z fhgu
jvd iq\qiqh'
wdrCId l< Yío má.; lsrÍï i|yd
jD;a;hla ;=< jrykla we;s "P" wCIrh
Ndú;d flfrA' iuyr rgj,g tu i,l=K
hkq m<fjks m%ldYkfha jir YíojdyskS ;eá
msgm;aj, i|yka ùu wjYH fõ' ^Wod(- CDfyda Yío má u;&
30
ww
w.wipo.int/sme/ ffjjíí wwvvúú ii||yydd mm%%llddYYkk wwhhss;;sshh
fjí wvú rEml" wlaIr" ix.S;h" Ñ;z
ksrAudKh" PdhdrEm" o;a; iuqodh" ùäfhda"
mrs.Kl uD¥ldx." fjí wvú ksrAudKhg
fhdod .kakd HTML fla; wdoS úúO fjkia
wdldrfhka ksrAudKd;aul foaj, tl;=jls'
m%ldYk whs;sh u.ska fï wx. fjka jYfhka
wdrCId lrkq we;' WodyrK f,i fjí
wvúhl we;s ,smshlg thg ysñ m%ldYk
whs;shla ;sìh yelsh' m%ldYk whs;sh fuu
úúO wx. uq:Z fjí wvúh ksrAudKhg
f;dard.;a yd ms<sfh< lr we;s úfYaIs; wdl-
drh o wdrCId lrhs' jeä úia;r i|yd
www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/business_website.htm
4. mm%%llddYYkk wwhhss;;ssffhhaa yyssññlluu
kkssrrAAuuddKKhhll ll;;DD iieeuuúúgguu mm%%llddYYkk wwhhss;;ssffhhaayyssññllrreeoo@@l;D;ajh (Authorship) iy ysñlu (Ownership)
hk tajdfha wre;a ks;r jrojd jgyd .kshs'
ksrAudKhl l;D hkq th ksrAudKh l<
mqoa.,hdh' ksrAudKh is¥ lf<a tla
mqoa.,fhl=g jvd jeä fofkla kï ish¨
ksrAudKlrejka iu l;Djre fyda noaO
l;Dka f,i i,lkq ,nhs' l;D;ajh ms<sn|
lreK úfYaIfhkau iodpdr ysñlï j,g iy
m%ldYk whs;sh l,a bl=;ajk oskh ;SrKh
i|yd iïnkaO fõ'
m%ldYk whs;sh ms<sn| ysñlu fjkia lreKla
fõ' ksrAudKhl m%ldYk whs;sh ysñlre hkq
ksrAudKh Wmfhdackhg" ^Wod( Ndú;h"
msgm;a lsrSu" úlsKSu iy jHq;amkak ksrAudK
iEoSu wdosh& úYsIaG ysñlï we;s mqoa.,fhls'
idudkHfhka ksrAudKhl m%ldYk whs;sh th
uq,skau ksmehq mqoa.,hdg wh;a fõ’ tkï
l;Dg fõ' flfia fj;;a iEu rglu ;;a;ajh
fuh fkdjk w;r úfYaIfhkau my;
wjia:dj,oS ;;a;ajh fjkiah'
ksrAudKh lf<a Tyqf.a $ wehf.a /lshdfõ
fldgila f,i fiajlfhl= úiska kï;
úfYaIfhka kshu l< fyda weKjqï l<
ksrAudKhla kï
ksrAudKh lf<a mqoa.,hka lsysm fofkla
kï
fndfyda rgj,a j,g .súiqula ms<sn|
tl.Z;djhka j,g m%ldYk whs;sfha ysñlu g
wod<j kS;sh u.ska ia:dms; ;Ska¥ fjkia
lsrSug fyda meyeos,s lsrSug yelsh'
iiooddppddrruuhh yyssññllïï ii;;== llddggoo@@iodpdruh ysñlï ieuúgu ksrAudKfha ;ks
ksrAudmlhdg wh;a fõ' kuq;a by; i|yka l<
f,i iuyr rgj,g iodpdruh ysñlï
w;ay, yelsh'
iud.ï i;=j iodpdruh ysñlï fkdue;'
WodyrKhla f,i Ñ;%mghl ksIamdolhd
iud.ula kï wOHCI iy ;sr rplhdg
muKla iodpdruh ysñlï j, whs;sh ,efí'
ffiiaajjllffhhll== úúiisskkaa llrrkkqq ,,eennqq kkssrrAAuuddKKhhllmm%%llddYYkk wwhhss;;sshh yyssññ llddggoo@@rgj,a fndfydauhl fiajlfhl= úiska ;u
jD;a;sfha iSudj ;=< ksrAudKhla l< úg
fjk;a wdldrhl tlÛ;ajhlg meñK ke;s
kï ksrAudKfha m%ldYk whss;sh bfíu
fiajHhd i;= fjhs' kuq;a iEu úgu ;;a;ajh
fï wdldr fkdfõ' iuyr rgj, kS;shg wkqj
fiajHhd fj; ysñlï .,d hEu bfígu is¥
fkdjk w;r /lshd fldka;%d;=fõ th kshu
lr ;sìh hq;=h' we;a; jYfhka u iuyr
rgj, fï wdldrfhka lrk ,o iEu
ksrAudKhla i|ydu mejrÍu ms<sn| kshu
Tmamqj l%shdfõ fhoúh hq;= úh yelsh'
31
WodyrK (- iud.ula úiska mrs.Kl
l%uf,aL Ys,amsfhl= jevg fhdojd f.k we;'
Tyqf.a /lshdfõ fldgila f,i" idudkH jeg
lrk ld,h ;=< iud.u úiska iemhQ
WmlrK Ndú;fhka Tyq ùäfhda l%svd
ksrAudKh lrhs' fuu uD¥ldx. i|yd jk
wdrA:sl ysñlï fndfyda rgj,g iud.ug
ysñfõ' fiajlhdf.a idudkH /lshdfõ úIh
m:hg wh;a fkdjk ksrAudKhla Tyq úiska
l< úg fyda Tyqf.a ksjfiaoS fyda rdcldrÍuh
ld, fõ,dfjka miqj ksrAudKh l< úg oS hï
.eg:Z mek ke.sh yelsh' fujeks .eg:Z we;s
fkdùug .; yels iq¥iq l%shd ms<sfj;la
jkqfha fiajlhd iu.Z m%ldYk whs;sh ms<sn|
mek ke.sh yels ish¨ ;;a;ajhka wdjrKh
jk mrsos fldkafoais wka;rA.; ,sÅ;
.sjsiqulg t<USuhs'
úúffYYaaII llgghhqq;;aa;;llaa ii||yydd kksshhuu ll<< kkssrrAAuuddKKii||yydd mm%%llddYYkk wwhhss;;sshh oorrkkaaffkkaa lljjqqoo@@hï ksrAudKhla ndysr WmfoaYl fyda
ksrAudKYS,s fiajdjla u.ska lf,a kï" ^tkï
fldñia fldka;%d;a;=jla jeks& ta ms<sn|
mámdáh ;rula fjkia fõ' fndfyda rg j,oS
úfYaI lghq;a;la i|yd kshu l<
ksrAudKhl m%ldYk whs;sh ksrAudmlhd
i;=jk w;r ksrAudKh lsrSug úOdkh l<
;eke;a;dg kshu l< ldrAhh i|yd
ksrAudKh fhdod .ekSug muKla n,hla
,efí' fndfyda ix.S; ksrAudK lrejka"
PdhdrEm Ys,amSka iajdëkj f,aLkfha fhfok
udOHfõoSka" Ñ;%l ie,iqïlrejka (GraphicDesigners) mrß.Kl l%uf,aL Ys,amSka iy fjí
wvú ksrAudKlrejka fuu moku u; jev
lr;s' whs;sh ms<sn| m%Yak fndfyda úg u;=
jkafka hï úfYaIs; ldrAhhlg kshu l<
foaj,a th m%:ufhka Ndú;d l< ldrAhgu
fyda fjk;a ldrAhhla i|yd kej; Ndú;
lrk úgh'
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rrcchh ii||yydd ll<< kkssrrAAuuddKK......................iuyr rgj, rcfha u. fmkajSu iy md,kh hgf;a l<
ksrAudK fyda m%:ufhka m%ldYhg m;a l< ksrAudK i|yd
jk m%ldYk whs;sh ,sÅ; .súiqula u.ska fjk;a l%uhlg
tlÛ ù ke;akï tu rch i;= fõ' rcfha fomdrA;fïka;=
iy ksfhdacs; wdh;k i|yd ksrAudK lrk l=vd mrßudKfha
jHdmdrhka fuu kS;sh ms<sn| ±kqj;a úh hq;= w;r m%ldYk
whs;sfha ysñlu meyeoS,s lr .ekSug ,sÅ; .súiqulska
lghq;= iqodkï lr.; hq;=h'
ll==,,sshhgg ooSSuu ii||yydd jjkk kkssrrAAuuddKKwefurßld tlai;a ckmoh jeks iuyr rgj,m%ldYk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sh u.ska §l=,shg oSui|yd l< ksrAudK kï m%fNaohla wrA:l:khlrhs' l=,shg oSu i|yd l< ksrAudKhla hkqfiajlfhla úiska Tyqf.a /lshdfõ úIhm:hg wod<j fyda hï fldka;%d;a;=jla u.skakshu l< wdldrhg l< ksrAudKhls' l=,shgosu i|yd l< ksrAudKhla i|yd tysos f.jkq,nkafka th ksrAudKh l< mqoa.,hdg fkdjm%ldYk whs;sh ysñlregh' m%ldYk whs;shysñlre wdh;khla" ixúOdkhla fyda ;ksmqoa.,fhl= úh yelsh'
m%ldYk whs;s .; l< yels wdldrfha úIh
lreKla úh hq;= ùuh' iu l;DNdjh ms<sn|
ldrKfha oS idudkHfhka ysñlï l%shdfõ
fhdojkafka ish¨ iu l;Dka w;r
tlÛ;djhla u;h' tjeks tlÛ;djhla
fkdue;s wjia:djl idudkHfhka my; kS;s
Ndú;d fõ'
taldnoaO ksrAudK (Joint work) - l;Dka
fofofkl= fyda Bg jeä fofkla ;u
mqoa.,sl odhl;aj j, fjkia fkdl,els
fyda iajdëk tl;=jla i|yd Tjqkaf.a
odhl;ajhka tlg tl;= lsrSug tl.% jQ
úg noaO ksrAudKhla ìysfõ' noaO
ksrAudKhla i|yd WodyrKhla f,i mdG
.%ka:hla ±laúh yels w;r l;Dka
fofofkla fyda jeä fofkla tla ;ks
ksrAudKhlg leá lsrSug woyia l<
fjkia wxY odhl lrhs' noaO ksrAudKhl
odhl;ajh imhk l;Dka iuia;
ksrAudKfha noaO ysñlrejka njg m;afõ'
fndfyda rgj, m%ldYk whs;sh ms<sn|
kS;shg wkqj ish¨ noaO ysñlrejka m%ldY
whs;sh l%shdfõ fhoùug leu;s úh hq;=h'
wfkla rgj, noaO ysñlrejkaf.ka ´kEu
wfhl=g wfkla iul;Dkaf.a wjirhlska
f;drj Wmfhdackh l< yelsh' ^kuq;a
tjeks Ndú;hlska ,efnk ,dN fnod .;
hq;=h'& ysñlu iy Ndú;d wdldrfhka"
ksrAudK ixfYdaOkh i|yd jk ysñlï"
wf,úlrKh iy wdodhï fnod .ekSu iy
m%ldYk whs;sh W,a,x>khg tfrysj wem
33
WWooddyyrrKK : Tn Tnf.a iud.u i|yd jk
fjf<| ±kaùula ksrAudKhg wkq
fldka;%d;a;=jla ,ndfohs' ta iuÛu Tnf.a kj
ksIamdokh m%pdrKh i|yd tu ±kaùu fj<|
m%orAYkhloS Ndú;hg woyia lrhs' fndfyda
foaYSh kS;s hgf;a fjkia wdldrhlg
fldka;%d;a;=fõ tlÛ ù fkdue;s kï m%ldYk
whs;sh ysñ jkafka fj<| ±kaùï m%pdrl
wdh;khgh' hï ld,hg miqj fjf<|
±kaùfï fldgila ^Ñ;%l ie,iqula"
PdhdrEmhla fyda ,dxckhla& Tnf.a kj fjí
wvúh i|yd Ndú;d lsrSug Tng Wjukd fõ'
fuu kj wdldrhg m%ldYk whs;sh ysñ foaj,a
Ndú;d lsrSug Tn fj<| ±kaùï m%pdrl
wdh;kfhka wjir ,nd.; hq;=h' ula ksido
h;a wod< foh Tnf.a fjí wvúfha Ndú;h
uq,a fldka;%d;a;=fõ oS i,ld n,d ke;s ksidh'
tfia jqjo fuhg fjkia wdldrhl wjia:d
iuyrla o we;s w;r tajd f,i mqoa.,sl
ldrKd i|yd .;a PdhdrEm" wf,aLH Ñ;%
(Potraites) iy leghï" Yío má.; lsrSï" p,
Ñ;%má jeks tajd ±laúh yels w;r fjk;a
whqrlska tlÛ ù fkdue;s kï ksrAudKh
lsrSug kshu l< mdrAYajhg m%ldYk whs;sh
iuyr rgj,oS ysñfõ'
ll;;DDkkaa llssyyssmm ffooffkkllaa ll,, kkssrrAAuuddKKhhllmm%%llddYYkk wwhhss;;sshh yyssññ llddggoo@@iu - l;DNdjh i|yd uQ,sl wjYH;djhla
kï iEu iu l;Djrfhl=f.a u odhl;ajh
jeks ldrKd ksYaÑ;j ±lafjk l;Dka
fyda ysñlrejka w;r we;s lr .kakd
,sÅ; .súiqula idudkHfhka fyd|u l%shd
ms<sfj;la fõ'
iduqys; ksrAudK (Collective works) -
ksrAudKh noaO tlla fkdù ;u
odhl;ajhka fjkaj Ndú;d lsrSug l;Dka
leu;s jQ úg ksrAudKh iduqysl tlla
f,i i,lkq ,nhs' iduqysl ksrAudK j,g
WodyrK f,i úúO ix.S;{hkaf.a .S;
ix.%yhla we;=<;a ix.; ;eáhla fyda
iajdëk f,aLlhkaf.a ,sms j,ska iukaú;
iÛrdjla ±laúh yels w;r fuysoS tla
tla l;D ;ud ksrAudKh l< fldgi
i|yd m%;srEmk whs;sh orhs'
jHq;amkak ksrAudK (Derivative works) -
jHq;amkak ksrAudKhla hkq ñka fmr
mej;s ksrAudKhla fyda ksrAudK u;
mokï j l< mrßjrA;khla" ix.S;
ixfhdackhla" l,d m%;sksrAudKhla"
kdgHdldrfhka ±laùula fyda p,k Ñ;%
msgm;la jeks ksrAudKhls' jHq;amkak
ksrAudK lsrSu m%ldYk whs;sh ysñlref.a
mru ysñluls' flfia jqjo jHq;amkak
ksrAudKhlg fjku m%ldYk whs;shla
i|yd iq¥iqlï ,eìh yels kuq;a tu
m%ldYk whs;sh wod, jkafka jHq;amkak
ksrAudKhg kjuq jQ wx.j,g muKs'
m%dfhda.slj ieuúgu noaO ksrAudKhla
iduqysl fyda jHq;amkak ksrAudKhlska
fjka fldg ±laùu myiq fkdfõ' noaO
ksrAudKhl úúO lD;Ska ks;ru Tjqkaf.a
wod< odhl;ajhka iajdëkj iy fjkia
wjia:dj,oS lrk ksid §fmr fyda §miq
ksrAudK ;sìh yelsh'
fndfyda rgj, ksrAudKh noaO ksrAudKhla o"
iduqysl ksrAudKhla fyda jHq;amkak
ksrAudKhla o hkak ;SrKh lrkafka noaO
l;Dka jkjdo fyda ke;so hkak ms<sn| iu
l;Dkaf.a wNsm%dh wkqjhs' noaO l;D;ajh
i|yd tjeks wNsm%dhla wjYH fõ' noaO
ksrAudKhla lsrSfï wNsm%dhla fkdue;s l;Dka
fofofkla fyda jeä .Kkla fjka fkdl,els
fyda tlla wfklg neªkq ksrAudK l< úg
jHq;amkak fyda iduqysl ksrAudK ìysfõ'
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vd jskais fla; ps;% mgh vd jskais fla; .%ka:fha
jHq;amkak ksrAudKhls’ tu ksid fuu ps;% mgfha
ksIamdolhdg ps;% mgh ksIamdokh yd fnod
yerSu i|yd vEka n%jqkaf.a wkque;sh .ekSug
is\qjsh’
5. mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh iiyyiiuuzznnkkaaOOss;; yyssññllïï jj,,mm%%;;ss,,ddNN ,,eeîîuu
kkssrrAAuuddKKdd;;aauull llddrrAAhhhhkkaa ff..kkaa wwddooddhhuullaa,,nndd..kkaaffkkaa ffllffiiaaoo@@ksrAudKhl m%ldYk whs;sh Tfí iud.u i;=kï iïmQrAK mru ysñlï (Exclusive rights)f.dkakla bfíu Tn i;= fõ' fuhska woyiajkafka tu wdrCIs; ksrAudKh wf,ú lsrSufyda msgm;a l=,shg oSu" jHq;amkak ksrAudKlsrSu" ck;dj bossrsfha ksrAudKh bossrsm;alsrSu jeks l%shd i|yd ksrAudKhm%;sksIamdokh lsrSug Tn iud.ug yelsnjh' fjk;a mdrAYjhlg Tng m%ldYkwhs;sh ysñ foaj,a Ndú;hg fydajdKsclrKhg wjYH kï uqo,a f.ùula u;Tnf.a mru ysñlï ish,a, fyda tlla fydalsysmhla fldgia n,m;%hla u.ska mejrSugfyda úlsKSug yelsh' fuu uqo,a f.ùu tlajrla lrk tlla fyda kej; kej; is¥lrtlla úh yelsh' fuu.ska fndfyda úg Tnf.am%ldYk whs;sh l;D" ksrAudmlhd fydam%ldYk whs;sh ysñlre úiska fl,skauWmfhdackhg jvd jeä ,dNhla Tnf.ajHdmdrhg ,nd fohs'
fuu mru ysñlï wkHhkag fnoSu" wkqfnoSufyda n,h mejÍu fyda úlsKSu Tn is;kd´kEu wdldrhlg l< yelsh' fïjd fuf,iúlsKSu fyda n,h mejrSug m%foaYh" fõ,dj"fj<|m< fldgi" NdId udOH" fydawka;rA.;h u.ska iSudiys; fõ' WodyrKhlajYfhka m%ldYk whs;sh ysñlrefjl=gksrAudKhl m%ldYk whs;sh iïmQrAKfhka umejrSug fyda m%ldYk ysñlï fmd;am%ldYlfhl=g úlsKSu' Ñ;%mg ysñlu Ñ;%mgiud.ug úlsKSu" ksrAudKh .=jka ú¥,sm%pdrKhg we;s ysñlï .=jka ú¥,swdh;khlg úlsKSu" ksrAudKh kdgHhlgiq¥iq fia ilia lsrSug we;s ysñlï kdgH
ix.uhlg fyda rEmjdyskS iud.ulgúlsKSu fyda l< yelsh'ksrAudKd;aul ldrAhhka jdKsclrKhlsrSug fndfyda udrA. we;'
m%ldYk whs;sh u.ska wdrCIs; ksrAudK
úlsKSu fyda tajdfha msgm;a idod msgm;a
úlsKSu l< yelsh' fï wjia:d foflysoSu
m%ldYk whs;sfha ysñlï j,g msg;ska we;s
ish¨ fyda fndfyda ysñlï Tn fj; /f|a'
fjk;a flfkl=g ksrAudKh Ndú;d
lsrSug fyda m%;sksIamdokhg bvosh yelsh'
ksrAudKh i|yd jk wdrA:sl ysñlï j,
n,h mejrÍu u.ska fuh l< yelsh'
ksrAudKh i|yd jk m%ldYk whs;sh
iïmQrAKfhka u fyda thska fldgila
úlsKSug ^mejrSug& yelsh'
kkssrrAAuuddKKhh úúllssKKSSffuukkaa mmiiqq ttaa ii||yydd jjkkmm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh TTnnff..kkaa ..ss,,ssffyyaaoo@@
ksrAudKh wvx.= jk fN!;sl øjHfha whs;sfha
ms<sn| ysñlfu;a m%;srEmk whs;sh fjkia fõ'
m%;srEmk whs;sh iys; ksrAudKh yq¥
úlsKSula ^Wod( mrß.Kl m%lukhka fyda w;a
msgm;la& u.ska bfígu m%;srEmk whs;sh
.eKqïlreg mejfrkafka ke;' ksrAudKfha
.eKqïlre fj; ,sÅ; .súiqulska mjrkafka
fkdue;s kï idudkHfhka ksrAudKhl
m%;srEmk whs;sh l;D fj;u /f|a' flfia
fj;;a iuyr rgj,oS Tn ksrAudKfha
msgm;la fyda uq,a ksrAudKh wf,ú lrk úg
m%;srEmk whs;sh iu. iïnkaê; mru
ysñlï f.dkafkka lsysmhla Tng wysñ úh
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yelsh' WodyrKhla f,i msgm; ñ,oS .;a
.ekqïlreg tu msgm; iïnkaOfhka wNsu;
fia l%shd lsrSfï whs;sh" tkï th wf,ú lsrSu
fyda mejrSu jeks l%shdjkag whs;sh ysñjkq
we;' l=uk ysñlï ke;sfõo r|jd .;
yelsfõo hkak ráka rgg úYd, jYfhka
fjkia fõ' ;u rfÜoS fukau úfoaYSh fj<|
fmdf<oS o Tnf.a ksrAudKfha msgm;a wf,úhg
fmr wod< m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;s i,ld
ne,Su b;d iq¥iqh'
mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk yyssññllïï wwjjiirrhhllaa hhkkqq ll==uullaaoo@@m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska wdrCIs; ksrAudKhla
i;= wdrA:sl ysñlï tlla fyda lsysmhla
Ndú;d lsrSu i|yd wkHhkag ^mqoa.,hkag
fyda wdh;k j,g& fokq ,nk n,h n,
m;%.; wjirhla kï fõ' fujeks wjirhl
we;s jdisodhl ;;a;ajh jkqfha wkHhkag
ksrAudKfha msgm;a ieoSug" fnodyerÍug" ,nd
.ekSug (download) .=jka ú¥,s m%pdrKhg"
fjí wvúj, m%pdrKhg fyda jHq;amkak
ksrAudKh lsrSug bv i,ik w;ru Tng
m%;srEmk whs;sfha ysñlre f,i fmkS isàug
yelshdj ,eîuhs' n, .ekaùfï .súiqï wod,
mdrAYajhkaf.a úfYaI wjYH;dj,g wkql+, jk
mros ilid .; yelsh' fuf,i iuyr ysñlï
i|yd n,h mejrSug;a iuyr tajd i|yd tfia
fkdlr isàug;a yelsh' WodyrKhla f,i
mrs.Kl lS%vdjla Ndú;hg yd msgm;a
lsrSug we;s ysñlu i|yd n,h mejrej;a
tu.ska jHq;amkak ksrAudK lsrSu i|yd we;s
ysñlï Tn fj;u r|jd .; yelsh'
mmrruu wwhhss;;sshh (Exclusive Right) iiyy mmrruuffkkddjjQQ wwhhss;;sshh (Non Exclusive Right) ww;;rrffjjkkii ll==uullaaoo@@whs;sh hkak iSud lrk ,oaola fyda tfia
fkdlrk ,o tlla úh yelsh' Tn
ksrAudKhla i|yd iSudiys; ysuslulaa ,nd
fjk;a mdrAYjhlg ,nd ¥kafka kï ysusluz
,dNshdg ysuslu u.ska wdjrKh l<
wdldrj,g muKla ksrAudKh Ndú;d lsrSfï
ysñlu we;' fndfyda rgj, mru whs;sh
j,x.= ùu i|yd th ,sÅ; tlla úh hq;=h'
mru whs;shla úfYaIs; m%foaYhlg" ld,
iSudjlg" ksIps; ldrAhhlg Ndú;d lsrSu
i|yd iSud lrkq ,eîug fyda tys iSudiys;
Ndjfha mej;Su ksrAudKh u.ska bgq flfrk
wjYH;d u; r|d mj;skjd úh yelsh' Tnf.a
ksrAudKh i|yd Tn i;=j fyd| fj<|
fmd<la fkdue;s kï fuu iSudiys; wjirhka
m%;srEmk whs;sh iys; ksmehqï fjf<| fmdf<a
fnod yerÍug fyda wf,úhg iq¥iq fj<|
Wml%uhls'
wfkla w;g hï iud.ula i|yd iSud rys;
wjirhla Tn ,nd fokafka kï tu iud.ug
Tfí mru ysñlula fyda lsysmhla mdúÉÑ
lsrSu i|yd ysñlu Tn úiska ,ndfok kuq;a
tu.ska wkHhkag ^Tn we;=:Zj& tu ysñlï tu
ld,iSudfõoS mdúÉÑ lsrSug Tn úiska bv
ie,iSu j,lajkq fkd,nhs' tfiau ´kEu ;ks
mqoa.,hka .Kkdjlg fya idu.ï j,g
Tnf.a ksrAudKh Ndú;hg fyda fnod yerÍug
bv osh yelsh' iSudiys; wjirhka ysos fukau
iSudrys; wjirhka o iEu wdldrhlska u
iSud lsrSug yd wjysr lsrSug yelsh' fndfyda
rgj, iSudrys; wjirhka ,sÅ; fyda jdÑl
úh yelsh' flfia fj;;a ,sÅ; .súiqula jvd
fhda.H fõ'
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TTnnff..aa mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh wwff,,úú ll<< úúggll==uullaa iiss¥¥ffõõoo@@m%;srEmk whs;sh i|yd wjirhla oSu fjkqjg
úl,am l%shdudrA.hla jkqfha ksrAudKfha
m%;srEmk whs;sh fjk;a wfhl=g wf,ú lsrSu
jk w;r túg tu mqoa.,hd m%;srEmk
whs;sfha kj ysñlre njg m;a fõ' túg fï
i|yd Ndú;d lrk mdrßNdIsl jpkh jkqfha
§mejrÍu§ (Assignment) hkakhs' n,m;%hla
(License) u.ska n,m;% fkdue;sj lrk ,oaola
kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk njg b.Zs lrhs’mejrÍula
u.ska Tnf.a ysñlï j, iuia: whs;sh mjrd
fohs' Tng iïmQrAK ysñlï f.dkaku fyda
thska fldgila muKla mejrßh yelsh'
fndfyda rgj, mejrÍu ,shú,a,la úh hq;=
w;r th j,x.= ùu i|yd m%;srEmk whs;sh
ysñlre úiska w;aika l< hq;=h' rgj,a iq:Z
ixLHdjloS" m%;srEmk whs;sh lsis¥
wdldrhlska mejrÍu l< fkdyelsh' tfukau
u;l ;nd .; hq;af;a wdrA:sl ysñlu
muKla mejrßh yels w;r iodpdruh ysñlï
l;D fj;u /f|k njh'
mejrÍula fyda mru ysuslula ,shú,a,lska oshhq;=hs'
n,m;% ms<sn| l%fudamdhwjirhla m%odkh lsrSu u.ska wjir ,dNshdg
tjeks wjirhla rys;j l< fkdyels hula l<
yels fjz’ wjirh i|yd jk .súiqfï ksYaÑ;j
olajd we;s wdldrfha iuyr foaj,a lsrSug n,h
,ndfoa' tuksid wjir .súiqu u.ska n,h
,ndfok l%shdldrlï j, úIh m:h yels
Wmrßu f,i ksjeros;djfhka meyeos,ss wrA:
±laùu b;d jeo.;ah' idudkHfhka
wjir,dNshdf.a úfYaI wjYH;d iy
reÑl;ajhkaf.a úIh m:hg iSudjQ wjirhka
m%odkh lsrSu jvd iq\qiqh' iSudrys; wjirh
m%odkh u.ska wkkH fyda fjkia kshuhka iy
fldkafoais i|yd fyda wkkH yd fjkia wruqKq
i|yd Wkka¥j olajk ´kEu mrßYS,lhska
.Kklg wjir ,nd osh yelsh' flfia fj;;a
iuyr úgl ksrAudKhla ms<sn| iïmQrAK
md,kh wjir,dNshd i|yd fyda tys jHdmdr
l%fudamdfha w;HjYH fldgila fyda i|yd jk
jHdmdrßl /ljrKh úoyd olajhs' tjeks
wjia:dj,o ish¨ ysñlï i|yd iSudiys;
wjirhla fyda mejrÍula tla jrla muKla jk
.dia;=jla (one-time fee) i|yd yqjudrej fyd|u
.kqfokqj úh yelsh' kuq;a tjeks .kqfokq
i,ld ne,sh hq;af;a wfkla ish¨ úl,amhka
i,ld ne,Sfuka miq fï i|yd m%udKj;a
f.ùula ,nk nj iy;sl ùfuka wk;=rejh'
Tnf.a ksrAudKh i|yd jk m%ldYk whs;sh
tla jrla fyda mejrÍu u.ska ta i|yd jk ish¨
wkd.; wdodhï Wmhk úNjhka Tnf.ka
.s,sfya'
wwff,,úúllrrKKffhhaaooss NNddKKaavv bboossssrrssmm;;aa llssrrSSuu(Merchandising) hhkkqq ll==uullaaoo@@wf,úh i|yd NdKav bossrsm;a lsrSu
(Merchandising) hkq mdrßfNda.slhka bossrsfhaos
ksIamdokhla wdlrAIkh jeälsrSu i|yd
nqoaêuh foam, ysñlula ^fj<| ,l=Kla
ldrAñl ie,iqula fyda m%;srEmk whs;shla&
ksIamdokh u; fhdod .kakd wf,úlrK
l%uhls' ldgqka ;Sr" k:Zjka fmdma
ix.S;lrejka" lS%vdfõ lSrA;su;a mqoa.,hka
wdos prs; ckms%h Ñ;%" uQrA;s iy fjkia
fndfyda bfïc" à IrAÜ" fi,a,ï nvq" ,smsøjH"
fldams fcda.= iy fmdaiagr wdoS úYd, mrdihl
ksIamdok u; m%orAYkh lrhs' m%;srEmk
whs;sh u; úYajdih ;nd wf,úh i|yd
NdKav bossrsm;a lsrSu b;d ,dNodhs w;sfrAl
wdodhï udrA.hls'
m%;srEmk whs;sh we;s ksrAudK ^ldgqka Ñ;%
iy PdhdrEm jeks& i;= jHdmdrhkag ;u
m%;srEmk whs;sh Ndú;hg wjirh
yelshdfjka mQrAK wf,úh i|yd NdKav
bossrsm;a lrkakka (Merchandisers) fj;
,ndoSu u.ska ,dNodhs n,m;% .dia;= iy
l;DNd. bmhSu l< yelsh'
f;d. jYfhka ksmojk wvq ñ,e;s NdKav
jk fldams fcda.=" meKsri îu jrA. fyda
à IrAá jeks tajd ksIamdokh lrk
iud.ï Tjqkaf.a ksIamdok u; ckms%h
prß;hla" fi!kaorAhd;aul ksrAudKhka
fyda fjk;a is;a weo.kakd wx.hla
Ndú;fhka tu ksIamdok jvd;a
wdlrAYKSh njg m;a lrhs'
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wf,úlrKfhaos NdKv bossrsm;a lsrSfï
(Merchandising) l%shdj,sh i|yd tu NdKav
j,g wh;a úúO ysñlï ^m%;srEmk whs;sh ysñ
ksrAudKhla" lrAudka; ie,iqula fyda fj<|
,l=Kla jeks& Ndú;hg mQrAj wjirh ,nd
.; hq;=h' ckms%h mqoa.,hkaf.a rEm
mqoa.,sl;ajh iy m%isoaêh ms<sn| ysñlï
u.ska wdrCIs; ksid tajd by; l%shdj,s
(Merchandising) i|yd fhdod .ekSfïoS wu;r
wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;=h'
ffïïrrßß ttkkaa..,,aaffnn%%hhssÜÜ (( ll,,ddllrreeffjjllaa iiyyjjHHjjiiddhhllffhhllaa ff,,ii fïrß tka.,afn%hsÜ wehf.a jrAKj;a iy
ixlSrAK ie,iqï i|yd f,dj mqrd m%isoaêhla
ork w;r l,d ksrAudK i|yd wjir ,ndoSu
ms<sn| mqfrda.dó;ajhg m;aj we;' m%isoaO ldâ
l=Ügï ksmojk iud.ï lsysmhla wef.a ie,iqï
ñ,oS f.k we;s w;r ;j;a fndfyda iud.ï
le,ekavrA" à IrAÜ" fcda.=" ;E.s fmd;a" rnrA uqød"
ueáfhka ;ekQ l=vd m%;sud wdoS fjk;a fndfyda foa
we;=<;a mq:Z,a mrdihl ksIamdok i|yd fïrßf.a
úYsIaG ksrAudK fhdod .ekSfï wjirh ,nd
.ekSug fkdbjis,af,ka miqfjhs' wehf.a
jHdmdrh ms<sn| isoaê wOHhkhla my; fjí
wvúfhka lshúh yelsh'
http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/case_studies/engelbreit_licen
sing.htm.
TTnnff..aa kkssrrAAuuddKK NNddúú;;hh ii||yydd wwjjiirr ,,nnddffookkaaffkkaa ffllffiiaaoo@@m%;srEmk whs;sh fyda iïnkaê; ysñlï j,
whs;slre f,i flfia l=uk flfkl=g Tnf.a
ksrAudK Ndú;hg wjir fokafka ±hs ;SrKh
Tn i;=h' wjirh$n,h ,ndoSu m%;srEmk
whs;sh ysñlrejka úiska yiqrejk wdldr
fndfydauhla we;'
tla udrA.hla jkafka wjirh$n,h oSfï l%shd
udrA.fha ish¨u wx. Tn úiska u yiqrjkq
,eîuhs' iEu wjir,dNsfhl= iu.u
fm!oa.,slj idlÉPd fldg kshu iy
fldkafoais ;SrKh lr .ekSu fyda wfkla
mdrAYajh Tnf.a m%;srEmk whs;sh fyda
iuznkaOs; ysñlï Wmfhdackhg leu;s kï
Tjqka úiska ms<s.; hq;= iïu; kshu iy
fldkafoais bossrsm;a lsrSu l< yelsh'
Tn úiskau Tnf.a ish¨ ysñlï mrßmd,kh
lsrSu ksrka;rfhka u ie,lsh hq;=
mrßmd,kuh jev fldgila iy fjf<|fmd<
f;dr;=re" yelshdj iys; wjir,dNSka
fiùug iy .súiqï idlÉPd lr .ekSu wdoSh
iu. iïnkaO fõ' tu ksid Tnf.a ysñlï
ish,a, fyda lsysmhla mrßmd,kh fmd;a
m%ldYlfhl= fyda má.; lsrÍï ksIamdolfhl=
jeks Tn fjkqfjka n,h$ wjir ,ndoSfï
.súiqï j, meñfKk jD;a;Suh
ksfhdacs;fhl=g fyda tackaishlg Ndrosh
yelsh' fujeks ksfhdacs;hska ksrka;rfhka u
yelshdj iys; wjir,dNSka ±laùu" jvd fyd|
ñ, .Kka idlÉPd fldg kshu lr .ekSu
iy wjir ,ndoSfï j.ka;s wdosh ms<sn| ls%hd
lsrÍu jvd hym;a f,i lrkq ,nhs'
m%dfhda.slj m%;srEmk whs;sh fyda iuznkaOs;
ysñlï whs;slrejkag iy n,m;%
ksfhdacs;hskag mjd Tjqkaf.a ksrAudKj,
fjkia Ndú;d ish,a, mrÍCId lsrÍu wmyiqh'
iuyr úg frAäfhda iy rEmjdysks wdh;k
jeks mrßYS,lhkag o wjYH lrk wjirh
,nd.ekSu i|yd fm!oa.,slj tla tla l;D
fyda m%;srEmk whs;sh ysñlre uqK .eiSu b;d
¥Ialrh' mqoa.,slj wjir ,nd .ekSu wmyiq
fyda m%dfhda.sl fkdjk wjia:djkaysoS wod<
úfYaI jrA.fha ksrAudK i|yd wod< fõ kï
iduqysl l<uKdlrK ixúOdkhla
(Collective Management Organization) yd
iïnkaO ùu i¥iq mshjrla úh yelsh' fuu
ixúOdk ksYaÑ; jrA.fha ksrAudKj,
ksrAudmlhska fjkqfjka ksrAudKhka ys Ndú;d
mrÍCId lr n,k w;r wjirhka
iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsrÍfï iy uqo,a f.ùï
tl;= lsrÍu is¥lrhs' fujeks wod< ixúOdk
Tn rfÜ ;sfí kï tu ixúOdkhlg iy$fyda
fjk;a rgl ixúOdkhlg Tng iïnkaO úh
yelsh'
39
iidduuqqyyssll ll<<uukkddllrrKK iixxúúOOddkk ll%%%%sshhddllrrkkaaffkkaa ffllffiiaaoo@@ (Collective ManagementOrganization)fuu ixúOdk ;u idudcslhka jk m%;srEmk
whs;sh ysñlrejka iy mrßYS,lhka w;r
ueosy;alrejka f,i ls%hd lrhs' idudkHfhka
fuu ixúOdk mj;skafka tla rgl tl
ksrAudK jrA.hlg tla ixúOdkhla f,ih'
flfia kuq¥ Ñ;%mg" ix.S;h" PdhdrEm Ys,amh"
ish:Z wdldrfha uqøs; øjH" rEmjdysks iy
úäfhda iy oDYH l,d jeks iuyr ksrAudK
jrA. j,g muKla fuu ixúOdk mj;S'
fujeks ixúOdkhlg iïnkaO ùfuka tu
idudcslhska ;ud ksmehq fyda ;udg whs;s
ksrAudK ms<sn| ixúOdkh ±kqj;a lrhs'
fuu ixúOdkj, m%Odk l%%hdldrlï jkqfha
1& ixúOdkfha idudcslhkaf.a ksrAudK
f,aLK.; lsrÍu'
2& idudcslhka fjkqfjka l;DNd. tl;=
lsrSu yd wjir oSu'
3& ksrAudKfha Ndú;djka ms<sn| f;dr;=re
tl;= lsrSu iy jdrA;d lsrSu'
4& mrSCId lsrSu iy ú.Kkh
5& l;DNd. idudcslhkag fnod yerÍu'
iduqysl l<ukdlrK ixúOdkj,
NdKavd.dr j, we;s ksrAudK Ndú;h i|yd
wjir ,nd .ekSug leu;s mqoa.,hka fyda
iud.ï tu ksrAudK ms<sn| f;dr;=re
úuiSula lrhs' m%;srEmk whs;sh fyda ysñlï
orkakka wka;rAcd;slj ksfhdackh lrkq
,eîug yelshdj ,nd oSug fuu ixúOdk f,dj
mqrd mj;sk fujeks wfkl=;a ixúOdk yd
wfkHdakH .súiqï j,g t<fò' iduqysl
l<ukdlrK ixúOdk ;u idudcslhka
fjkqfjka wjir oSï ,ndoSu" f.ùï tl;=
lsrSu iy m%;srEmk whs;sh ysñlrejkag tl.%
jQ kshuhkag wkql+,j tl;= lr.;a uqo,a
kej; fnod yeÍu is¥ lrhs'
iduqysl l<ukdlrKfha m%dfhda.sl m%fhdack
my; mrßosS fõ'
iduqysl whs;sh mejrÍfuka (Collectivelicensing) mrßYS,lhkag iy ysñlï
orkakkag fndfyda jdis we;' tla ;eklska
ish,a, bgq lr .ekSug yels ùfuka
mrßYS,lhkag iy ysñlï orkakkag jk
mrßmd,kuh wjysr;d fndfyda fia wvqlr
.; yelsh' iduqysl l<uKdlrKh u.ska
ysñlï orkakka yg mrßmd,kuh úhoï
iïnkaOfhka mrßudKdl=, msrßueiqï
(Economics of scale) j,g m%fõYh i,ikjd
muKla fkdj wkjir Wmqgd .ekSï j,g
tfrysj ldrAhCIuj igka lsrSug bv
i,ik ixLHdxl moaO;s (Digital systems)ksrAudKh i|yd jk mrAfhaIK i|yd
wdfhdackhka o lrhs' ;jo iduqysl whs;sh
mejrÍu iu:lrefjl= f,io ls%%hd lrhs'
fujeks iduqysl moaO;shla fkdue;s kï
ish¨ fj<|fmd< l%shdlrejka iyNd.S jk
;ekl l=vd iy uOH mrßudKfha ysñlï
orkakka iy l=vd yd uOH mrßudK
mrßYS,lhka yg fj<| fmd<g we;=:Z úh
fkdyelsh’
fuu ixúOdk j,g jvd n,j;a iy wE;
úisrÍ isák mrßYS,l lKavdhï úYd,
ixLHdjla iu. jvd;a iunr f,i
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.kqfokq l< yels ksid wdrCIs; kssrAudK
ysñlrejkag jvd;a fyd| kshu yd
fldkafoaiS w;alr .ekSug iduqysl flaj,a
lsrSfuz (collective bargaining) n,h Ndú;d
lsrÍug bv i,ihs'
wkHhkaf.a m%;srEmk whs;sh fyda
iuznkaOs; ysñlï Ndú;hg wjYH
jHdmdrhkag lghq;= l< yelafla tla
ixúOdkhla iu. jk w;r í,ekalÜgq
wjirhla (Blanket license) ,nd .ekSug
yelsh' í,ekalÜgq wjirh wjir,dNshd
fj; fuu iduqysl ixúOdk j, kdudj,s
yd NdKavd.drj, we;s ´kEu whs;uhla
tla tla mqoa.,sl ksrAudKj, kshu iy
fldkafoaiS iu. .kqfokq lsrSfï
wjYH;djhla fkdue;sj ksYaÑ; ld,
iSudjla i|yd Ndú;hg bv i,ihs'
äcsg,a wdldrfha we;s ksrAudKj,g wjir
oSu wjYH jHdmdrhkag fuh m%fhdackj;a
fuj,ula imhk w;r tu ysñlï ,nd
.ekSu ir, fldg we;'
fndfyda iduqysl l<ukdlrK ixúOdk
wjirhka ,ndoSu jk Tjqkaf.a uq,sl
ldrAhhg msáka jQ jeo.;a ldrAhhla bgq
lrhs' WodyrKhla f,i n, .ekaùu"
^Wmqgd .ekSï j,g tfrys& wOHdmk iy
f;dr;=re fnod yerÍfï fiajd iemhSu" kS;s
iïmdolhka iu.Z .kqfokq lsrÍu"
ixialD;sl uq, msrÍï ;=<ska úúO
ixialD;Ska ;=< kj ksrAudKhka ys
jrAOkh W;af;ackh iy wkq.%yh lsrsfuzoa
oS ;u idudcslhkaf.a idudcsl iy
ffk;sl iqN idOkhg yjq,a ùu ±laúh
yelsh' uE; wjqre¥ j,oS fndfyda iduqysl
l<ukdlrK ixúOdk ysñlï
l<ukdlrKh i|yd ixLHdxl ysñlï
l<ukdlrK (Digital Right Management)ixrpl l%shdldrÍ f,i jeä oshqKq lsrSfï
fhoS isá' ;jo fndfyda iduqysl
l<ukdlrK ixúOdk Tjqka ksfhdackh
lrk ysñlï l<ukdlrKh" mrßmd,kh
iy n,.ekaùu i|yd jk Tjqkaf.a
wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk fmd¥" wka;rA
l%shdfõ fhoúh yels wdrCIdldrÍ
iïu;hka ixjrAOkh osrß .ekaùu i|yd
wka;rAcd;sl jYfhka l%%shdldrÍ f,i
iyNd.S fjñka isà'
hï rgl wod< iduqysl l<ukdlrK
ixúOdk ms<sn| úia;r fuu ixúOdk
i|yd jk wka;rAcd;sl iuq:Zjlska
^weuqkqï wxl I n,kak& fyda cd;sl
m%;srEmk whs;sh i|yd jk ldrAhd,hlska
^weuqkqï wxl II n,kak& fyda wod<
lrAudka; ix.ufhka fyda weuqkqï wxl I ys
i|yka jk wka;rAcd;sl rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkhlska ,nd .; yelsh'
41
m%;srEmk whs;sh yd iuznkaOs; ysusluzl<uKdlrKh
m%;srEmk whs;sh fyda iuznkaOs; ysñlï u.ska
,efnk whs;sjdisluz l>ukdlrKh ms<n|
my; lreKq jeo.;a fjz’
whs;sh fyda iuznkaOs; ysñlfï
ysusldrS;ajh;
m%ldYl” ksImdol fyda fnod
yrskakka;fyda
iduqysl l<uKdlrK ixúOdk(CMO).
iuyr wjia:d j,oS iduqysl l<uKdlrK
ixúOdk j, l<uKdldrS;ajh kS;sh u.ska
wksjdrAh lr we;’
iixx..SS;; llrrAAuuddkkaa;;ffhhaa iidduuqqyyssll ll<<uukkddllrrKKhhix.S; jHdmdr odufha we;s úúO jrA.fhaysñlï fya;=fjka ysñlï ms<sn| iduqysll<ukdlrKh ix.S; lrAudka;fha m%Odk;ekla .kS' tu úúO ysñlï jrA. w;r oelshyels m%Odk ysusluz my; mrsos fjz"
l;Dka" ix.S; ksrAudKlrejka ydm%ldYlhka fjkqfjka f.dkq l< ldrAñlysñlï (Mechanical rights); l;Dka" ix.S; ksrAudKlrejka ydm%ldYlhka fjkqfjka f.dkq l< bossrsm;alsrSï i|yd jk ysñlï (Performance rights);iy kegqï" .S; wdosh bossrsm;a lrkakka(Performers) iy YíojdyskS ;eá ksIamdolhkafjkqfjka f.dkq l< bossrsm;a lsrSï i|yd jkysñlï (Performance rights)
oyia ixLHd; l=vd iy uOH mrßudKfhamá.; lsrSfï iud.ï" ix.S; m%ldYlhka iyl,dlrejka Tjqkaf.a ksrAudKd;aull%shdldrlï i|yd m%udKj;a m%;s,dNhla,eîu iy;sl lr .ekSu i|yd tu ix.S;ksrAudKhka ys m%n, mrßYS,lhka ^úYd,ikaksfõok lKavdhï" .=jka ú¥,s" rEmjdyskS"ú¥,s ixfoaY lKvdhï" fyda flan,al%shdlrejka& iu.% .kqfokq lsrSug iy ;ureÑl;ajhka ksfhdackhg ;u rgj, m%dfoaYShfyda ¥ria: iduqysl wjir ,ndoSfï ixúOdk(Collective Licensing Organization) flfrysúYajdih ;eîu mq¥uhla fkdfõ' ta ydiu.dój ;rd;sru fkdi,ld ish¨uwjir,dNSkag úYd, ixLHdjla jQ ;ks ysñlïorkakka yd .kqfokq lsrSfuka f;drj ish:Z
ix.S; iuQyhla iys; NdKavd.dr(Repertoires) j,g m%fõYh ysñh' bossrsm;alrkakka i|yd jk iduqysl l<ukdlrKixúOdk wdrïNfha isgu wka;rAcd,fhaysñlï" l<ukdlrKh lrñka isg we;s w;r±ka ±ka §m%dfhdackfha fhoúh yels ysñlï§(Making available rights) flfrys fhduq fõ'
fndfyda rgj, .=jka ú¥,s m%pdrl ixia:d
ix.S; m%pdrKh i|yd jk ysñlï i|yd
f.úh hq;=h' idudkHfhka fuu f.ùu ix.S;
ksrAudmlhdg wkshï wdldrhlska lrkq ,nhs'
m%dfhda.slj ix.S; ksrAudKlre Tyqf.a fyda
wehf.a ysñlï ix.S;h m%isoaêfha bossrsm;a
lsrSug Wkka¥jla olajk ish,a,ka iu.
.kqqfokq lrk ixúOdkhlg (CMO) mjrhs'
ix.S; ksrAudKlrejka úYd, ixLHdjl
idudcsl;ajh ksfhdackh lrk iduqysl
l<ukdlrK ixúOdk" hï ksrAudKhla
m%isoaêfha bossrsm;a flfrk jdr .Kkg
wkql+,j l;DNd.h tys idudcslhkag f.jhs'
.=jka ú¥,s m%pdrl ixúOdk" iduqysl
l<ukdlrK ixúOdkj,g iuia: jdrAIsl
f.ùula u.ska .kqfokq lrk w;r hï
má.; lsrSula jdokh l< jdr .Kk wkqj
ix.S; ksrAudKlrejkag l;DNd.h f.ùfï
ldrAhh i|yd .Kkh lsrSug bv i,ik
ksheos jdrA;d (Sample Returns) imhhs' fuu
iduqysl l<ukdlrK ixúOdk bossrsm;a
lsrÍfï ysñlï ms<sn| ´kEu ixúOdkhla úh
yelsh'
WodyrKhla f,i fmd¥rdcH uKav, .=jkaú¥,s m%pdrlhka i|yd wod< jkqfha´iafÜ%,shdkq bossrsm;a lsrSfï ysñlï ix.uh(Australian-performing Right Association) fydatlai;a rdcOdksfha mokï jQ bossrsm;a lsrSfïysñlï iudch fõ' fï ixúOdk folu f,dj´kEu ;ekl ksrAudKh l< ´kEu ix.S;hla
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m%pdrKh i|yd m%pdrlhkag fjí wvúyryd wjir oSu i|yd iq¥iq ;;a;ajhl isá'
WodyrKhla jYfhka ´iafgz%%,shdkq bossrsm;alsrSfï ysñlu ix.uh" ´iafÜ%,shdfõ"kjiS,ka;fha iy ol=Kq meismsla l,dmfhaisák tys idudcslhka ix.uhg mjrkix.S;h muKla fkdj bossrsm;a lsrSfï ysñlïiudcfha idudcsl tlai;a rdcOdksfha ix.S;rplhka iy m%ldYlhska úiska rÑ; ix.S;ho md,kh lrhs' óg iudk .súiqï u.ska´iafg%%,shdfõ iy kjiS,ka;fha APRAix.uhg tlai;a ckmofha ix.ïj,idudcslhka fukau m%xYh" crAuksh" b;d,sh"iamd[a[h" ´,kaoh" .%%Sish iy fjk;a rgj,
ix.ïj, idudcslhka jk úúO ix.S;rplhka úiska rÑ; ix.S; ksrAudKj,md,kh ,nd fohs'
ix.S;h wvx.= ´kEu rEmjdyskS jegigykla
m%pdrh lsrSu i|yd m%isoaêfha bossrsm;a lsrÍfï
wjirhla (Public Performance license) wjYH fõ'
bossrsm;a lsrÍfï ysñlu (Performance rights)"m%;srEmk whs;sh ysñlre úiska fyda ix.S;
ksrAudKh iy Ndú;d l< ix.S; má.;
lsrSu m%ldYhg m;a lrkakka úiska j,x.= l<
hq;=h' bossrsm;a lsrSfï ysñlï i|yd jk
ix.uhlska ,nd.;a í,ekalÜgq wjirhla
(Blanket license) idïm%odhslj wdrCId iys;h'
43
mmssggmm;;aallrrKKhh (Reprography) ii||yyddiidduuqqyyssll ll<<uukkddllrrKKhhjHdmdr m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska wdrCIs; iEu
jrA.hlu uqøs; øjHhka úYd, jYfhka Ndú;d
lrhs' WodyrK jYfhka Tjqkag m%jD;a;s m;%j,"
crAk, iy wfkl=;a jdr iÛrdj, wvx.= ,smsj,
Pdhdmsgm;a ,ndf.k f;dr;=re yd ióCIK
lghq;= i|yd tajd Tjqkaf.a fiajlhkag fnod
yerÍug wjYH úh yelsh' l<fkdyels fkdjQ
kuq;a" tjeks Ndú;hla i|yd f,dj mqrd isák
l;Dkaf.ka iy m%ldYlhskaf.ka iDcqj wjirh
b,a,d isàu iud.ï i|yd m%dfhda.sl fkdfõ'
úYd, mrßudKfha Pdhdmsgm;a lrKh i|yd
wjir .ekSu i|yd jk wjYH;djh ;Dma;
lsrSug l;Dka iy m%ldYlhka fndfyda rgj,
iduqysl l<ukdlrK ixúOdk jrA.hla jk
m%;sksIamdok ysñlï ixúOdk (Reproduction RightsOrganizations (RROs)) msysgqjd f.k we;af;a ;ks
;ksj ysñlï orkakkag l%shd lsrSu m%dfhda.sl
fkdjQ úg wjYH m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn|
wêldrÍkag ueosy;alrejka iy myiqlï
imhkakka f,i l%shd lsrSugh'
wdh;kj, iy ixúOdkj, ^mqia;ld," fmd¥
mrßmd,khka" msgm;a wf,úy,a" wOHdmksl wdh;k
iy mq:ZZZ,a mrdihl fjf<| iy lrAudka;uh
jHdmdr jeks& fiajlhkaf.a Ndú;h i|yd hï
m%ldYs; ksrAudKhl ^fmd;a" crAk,h iy jdr
i.Zrd wdosh& fldgil iSñ; msgm;a ixLHdjl
msgm;alrKh fyda mrßf,dalkh lrk ,o msgm;a
iEoSu i|yd wjirh ,ndfok n,m;% fuu
m%;sksIamdok ysñlï ixúOdk ;u idudcslhka
fjkqfjka ksl=;a lrhs' iuyr m%;sksIamdok
ysñlï ixúOdk mrs.Kl cd, yryd
bf,lafg%dksl fndodyerÍug iïnkaO oE jeks
fjk;a m%;srEmk whs;sfha Ndú;djka o n,
.ekaùu i|yd wjir ,nd we;'
6. ffjjkk;;aa mmddrrAAYYaajjhhkkaagg yyssññkkssrrAAuuddKK NNddúú;;dd llssrrSSuu''
wwkkHHhhkkaaff..aa kkssrrAAuuddKK NNddúú;;hhgg wwjjiirrhhllaawwjjYYHH jjkkaaffkkaa ll==uukk wwjjiiaa::ddjj,,oo@@jHdmdrhkag ks;ru ;u jHdmdrßl
l%shdlrlïj,g wdOdr jYfhka m%;srEmk
whs;sh fyda iuznkaOs; ysñlï j,ska wdrCIs;
ksrAudK Ndú;d lsrSug wjYH fõ' wkHhkaf.a
ksrAudK Ndú;fhaoS m%:ufhka u m%;srEmk
whs;sh i|yd jk wjirh wjYH ±hs m%:ufhka
ksYaph lr.; hq;=h'
ksrAudKh m%;srEmk whs;sh iy$fyda
iuznkaOs; ysñlï j,ska wdjrKh jS
we;akï
ksrAudKh fmd¥ iajdñ;ajh (Public domain);=< fkdfõ kï
m%;srEmk whs;sh iy $ fyda iuznkaOs;
ysñlï whs;slre i;= ysñlï ish,a, fyda
fldgila Tn ie,iqï l< Wmfhdackh ;=<
Ndú;hg woyia lrhs kï;
Tn woyia l< Ndú;h cd;sl m%;srEmk
whs;sh fyda iuznkaOs; ysñlï kS;sfha
úfYaIfhka wvx.= jH;sfrAlhla (Exception)u.ska fyda iSudjla u.ska fyda idOdrK
Ndú;h fyda §idOdrK .kqfokqj§ u.ska
wdjrKh fkdlrkafka kï
m%;sm;a;shla jYfhka m%;srEmk whs;sh
ysñlref.ka fï i|yd wjirhla wjYH fõ'
u;l ;nd .; hq;= lreKla jkqfha Tnf.a
jHdmdr mrßY%fhka msg; wdfhdaclhkaf.a
udrA. wi, m%orAYkhla (Road show) iud.ï
fjí wvú" jdrAIsl jdrA;d" iud.ï ,sms wdosSh]
iy jHdmdr mrßY%h ;=< ^fiajlhkag fnod
yerÍu" ksIamdok ióCIK" wdh;kh ;=<
mj;ajk /iaùï iy mqyqKq jevigyka wdosh&
wka mqoa.,hkaf.a ksrAudK Ndú;h i|yd
úfYaI wjirhla ,nd.; hq;=h' ;jo Tn
m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska wdrCIs; ksrAudKhl
fldgila muKla Ndú;d l< o idudkHfhka
mQrAj wjirh wjYH fõ'
ffjjkk;;aa mmqqooaa..,,hhkkaaff..aa kkssrrAAuuddKKjj,,bbff,,llaaffgg%%ddkkssll yydd iixxLLHHddxxll (Digital)NNddúú;;ddjjkkaagg oo wwjjiirrhh wwjjYYHH ffõõoo@@wfkla ish¨ Ndú;dj,g fhfok wkaoug u
m%;srEmk whs;sfha wdrCIdj ixLHdxl Ndú;h
yd wdphkh (Storage) i|yd fhfoa' tksid wod<
ksrAudK mrßf,dalkh lsrÍug;a bf,lafg%dksl
¨yqvq m%ldY mqjrejl (Electronic bulletin board)fyda fjí wvúhl fhoSug;a ixLHdxl
wka;rA.;hka Tnf.a iud.fï o;a; iuQodhl
;ekam;a lsrÍug;a tu ksrAudK Tnf.a fjí
wvúfha m%pdrKh lsrSug tu ksrAudKj,
m%;srEmk whs;sh ysñlrejkaf.ka mQrAj
wjirh ,nd .; hq;=h' fndfyda fjí wvú
bfïc iy mdG m%;sksIamdokh i|yd wjirh
b,a,d isàu idfmaCIj myiq lsrSu i|yd
iïnkaO úh hq;= mqoa.,hkaf.a úoHq;a ,smsk
,ehsia;=jla bossrsm;a lrhs'
44
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kQ;k ;dCIKh Ñ;%mg yd rEmjdyskS jegigyka"ix.S;h" Ñ;%l" PdhdrEm" uD¥ldx." mdG wdoSwkHhka úiska ksrAudKh lrk ,o foaj,a Tnf.afjí wvúh ;=< Ndú;h myiq lrjhs' fuf,iksrAudK Ndú;h yd msgm;a lsrSu i|yd jk;dCIKsl myiqj tfia lsrSug kS;suh ysñlula,nd fokafka ke;'
TTnn mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh uu..sskkaa wwddrrCCIIss;;kkssrrAAuuddKKhhllaa ññ,, ooSS ff..kk wwee;;aakkïï TTnn lleeuu;;sswwddllddrrhhgg tthh NNddúú;;hhgg kkssooyyii ;;ssffííoo@@by; meyeos,s l< wdldrhg ksrAudKhl
whs;sh ms<sn| ysñlfuka m%;srEmk whs;sh
fjkia fõ' fmd;l" ix.; ;eáhl" ùäfhda
tll fyda mrs.Kljevigykl msgm;la
ñ,oS .ekSu u.ska tajdfha fjk;a msgm;a
.ekSug fyda tajd m%isoaêfha Ndú;d lsrSug
fyda fmkaùug .ekqïlreg tu.ska ysñlu
,nd fkdfohs' idudkHfhka fïjd lsrSug we;s
ysñlï m%;srEmk whs;sh ysñlre iuÛu
/f|k w;r tu l%shd lsrSu i|yd wjirh tu
ysñlre fj;ska ,nd .; hq;=h' ie,lsh hq;=
lreKla jkqfha ksrAudKhl Pdhdmsgm;la
,nd.ekSfïoS fukau" bf,lafg%dksl msgm;la
ksmoùu i|yd ksrAudKhla mrßf,dalkh iy
bf,lafg%%dksl wdldrfhka we;s ksrAudKhl
msgm;la ,nd .ekSu (downloading) hk ish¨
l%shd ksrAudKh msgm;a lsrSu yd iïnkaO jk
w;r tjeks l%shd lsrSug fmr mQrAj wjirh
wjYH fõ'
45
uuDD¥¥llddxx.. ii||yydd wwjjiirrhhkkaa ooSSuu (Licensingsoftware)m%ñ;sfhka hq;a meflac jYfhka we;s
uD¥ldx.hka ñ, oS .ekSfuka u Tn fj;
wjirh mejfrA' Tn fN!;sl meflach ñ,oS
.kakd kuq;a tys wvx.= uD¥ldx.hkaf.a
iuyr Ndú;d j, muKla n,h ,efí'
wjirhg wod< kshu iy fldkafoais meflacfha
wvx.= jk w;r tajd iuÛ Tn tlÛ fkdfõ
kï th kej; oSh hq;=h' meflach újD;
lsrSfuka Tn úiska .súiqug wod< kshu iy
fldkafoais ms<s.;a nj is;kq ,efí' ke;fyd;a
wjirh mejrÍfï .súiqu uD¥ldx. meflacfha
we;=<; wvx.= lr ;sìh hq;=h'
fndfyda úg uD¥ldx. Ndú;h ms<sn| wjirh
udrA..;j (on line) “uQislh” tîfuka fyda
wjir oSu ("Click-wrap licenses") f,i ;sìh
yelsh' tjeks wjirhkays oS fjí msgqjl wod<
whslkh u; tîfuka Tn .súiqfï kshu iy
fldkafoais ms<s.kshs' Tng hï uD¥ldx.hla
Tnf.a iud.u ;=< mrß.Kl fndfyda .Kkla
i|yd wjYH kï" uD¥ldx. i|yd jk
wjirhka rdYshla ñ,oS .ekSu ksid ,efnk
ie,lsh hq;= jÜgula ,ndfok fj:Zï
wjirhla (Volume licenses) Tng ,nd.; yelsh'
uE;l isg uD¥ldx. j,g fok wjirhkayS
j,x.=;djh ms<sn| l%ufhka jrAOkh jk u;
fNaohla mj;sk w;r fndfyda ksIamdolfhda
m%;srEmk whs;sh iy$ fyda iuznkaOs; ysñlï
kS;s u.ska fok wjirh blaujd w;sfrAl
.súiqula ms<sn| jQ j.ka;s u.ska ;u ysñlï
j, iSud m<,a lsrSug W;aiy .ks;s'
tjeks wjia:dj, Tn ñ,oS f.k ;sfnk
uD¥ldx.h iïnkaOfhka Tn l< iy fkdl<
hq;af;a l=ulao fiùu i|yd úuis,af,ka
wjirGfï .súiqu lshjd ne,sh hq;=h' óg
wu;rj wka;rA l%shd l, yels ksIamdok iEoSu"
jerOS ksjerOS lsrSu" wdrCIdj mrÍCId lr
ne,Su iy Wmia: msgm;a (back up copy) iEoSu
jeks wjirfha wjYH;djhlska f;drj l<
yels mrs.Kl m%lukhl iuyr Ndú;djka
lsrSu i|yd bv i,ik jH;sfrAl Tnf.a foaYSh
m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sfha ;sìh yelsh'
wwjjiirrhhllsskkaa ff;;ddrrjj NNddúú;;hh ii||yydd TTnnyyssññllïï ,,nnkkaaffkkaa ll==uukk wwkkaa;;rrAA..;;hhkkaa ffyyddaa øøjjHHii||yyddoo@@
lsishï ksrAudKhl m%;srEmk whs;shms<sn| kS;sh u.ska wdrCId fkdl<wx.hla Tn Ndú;d lrk úg"Wod( wdrCIs; ksrAudKhl we;s lreKq iywoyia l;Df.a m%;srEmkh msgm;a lsrSulafkdjk whqrßka Tn úiska m%ldY lsrSu'ksrAudKh fmd¥ iajdñ;ajh (public domain);=< ;sfí kïTnf.a Ndú;h cd;sl m%;srEmk whs;shms<sn| kS;sfha úfYaIfhka wvx.=jH;sfrAlhla u.ska fyda iSudjla u.skafyda §idOdrK Ndú;h§ fyda §idOdrK.kqfokqj§ ms<sn| u;fhka wdrCIs; kï
m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| ysñlref.ka wjir.ekSu wjYH fkdfõ'
kkssrrAAuuddKKhhllaa ffmmdd¥¥ iiaajjddññ;;aajjhhgg (PublicDomain) mm;;aa jjkkaaffkkaa ll==uukk wwjjiiaa::ddjjlloo@@hï ksrAudKhla i|yd lsisfjl= i;=j
m%;srEmk whs;shla fkdue;s kï tu
ksrAudKh fmd¥ iajdñ;ajhg wh;a jk w;r
´kEu flfkl=g ´kEu ldrAhhla i|yd th
ksoyfia Ndú;d l< yelsh' my; wdldrfha
ksrAudK fmd¥ iajdñ;ajh ;=< mj;S'
m%;srEmk whs;sfha wdrCIdj mj;sk ld,
iSudj blaujd .sh ksrAudKhla
m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska wdrCId l<
fkdyels ksrAudKhla
m%;srEmk whs;sh ysñlre úiska meyeos,sj u
Tyqf.a ysñlï w;ay< ksrAudKhla'
WodyrK f,i ksrAudKh u; fmd¥
iajdñ;ajh ms<sn| igykla ±ófuka
m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| igykla fkdue;s ùu
ksrAudKh fmd¥ iajdñ;ajh hgf;a we;s nj
fkdyÛjhs' ksrAudKh wka;rAcd,fha we;s úg
mjd fuh wod< fõ'
mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh iiyy iiuuzznnkkaaOOss;; yyssññllïïjj,,sskkaa ;;jj \\qqrrgg;;aa kkssrrAAuuddKKhh wwddrrCCIIss;; ±±hhssffiiddhhdd ..kkaaffkkaa ffllffiiaaoo@@iodpdruh ysñlï wkqj l;Df.a ku
idudkHfhka ksrAudKh u; ±lafjk kuq;a
l;D ñh .sh jrAIh cSú; l;d ksrAudKj,
yd fmd¥ ck f,aLKj, ;sìh yelsh' tu
fiùu meyeos,s m%;sM, ,nd ¥kafka ke;skï
lsishï wod< f;dr;=rla mrÍCId lr ne,Sug
Tng Tfí rfÜ m%;srEmk whs;sh i|yd jk
ldrAhd,fha m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kdu
f,aLKh mrÍCId lr ne,Su fyda wod< iduqysl
l<ukdlrK ixúOdkh fyda ksrAudKfha
m%ldYl iïnkaO lr .ekSu fyda l< yelsh'
u;l ;nd .; hq;= lreKla jkafka tla
ksIamdokhla i|yd m%;srEmk whs;s lsysmhla
;sìh yels nj;a ta i|yd úúO ysñlrejka
úúO ld, mrßÉfPao i|yd isáh yels nj;ah'
WodyrKhla f,i fmd;l fjkia jQ m%;srEmk
whs;Skaf.ka wdrCIs;" fjkia wjia:dj, l,a
bl=;ajk mdG iy bfïc ;sìh yelsh'
46
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w.wipo.int/sme/
WWooddyyrrKK: f*ä%la fpdmska 1849 oS ñh .sfhah'
Tyq úiska rÑ; ix.S;h iy mo rpkd fmd¥
iajdñ;ajfha mj;S' tu ksid fpdmskaf.a
ix.S;h ´kEu flfkl=g jdokh l< yelsh'
flfia fj;;a ix.S; rpkdjkaf.ka fjkia
f,i má.; lsrSï wdrCId fldg we;s ksid
fpdmskaf.a ix.S; má.; lsrSï ;ju;a
m%;srEmk whs;sfha wdrCIdj ,nhs'
ksrAudKhla m%;srEmk whs;sfhajH;sfrAlhla fyda iSudjla f,i fyda “idOdrK Ndú;h” fyda “idOdrK.kqfokqj” ixl,amh hgf;a fydaNdú;d l< yelafla ljrwjia:djloSo@ish¨ foaYSh m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sj,
jH;sfrAl iy iSud úYd, ixLHdjla wvx.= jk
w;r tajd u.ska m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn|
wdrCIdfõ úIh mrdih iSud lr ksrAudKhka
hï wjia:d hgf;a fkdñf,a Ndú;hg fyda
.dia;=jla f.ùfuka miq wjir ,nd .ekSulska
f;drj Ndú;d lsrSfï bv ,ndfohs' kshu
j.ka;s ráka rgg fjkia jQj;a idudkHfhka
jH;sfrAl iy iSud ie,l+ úg tajdg;a
m%;srEmkhg m;a lrk ,o ksrAudKhlska l<
Wmqgd .ekSula Ndú;h ^tkï iajdëkj lrk
,o ksrAudKhlg l=vd WoaOD; Ndú;h&"
fm!oa.,sl iy iajlSh Ndú;h i|yd jQ
msgm;a lsrSï ^ióCIK iy wOHhk lghq;=
i|yd jeks&" mqia;ld, iy f,aLkd.drj, hï
m%;sksIamdok ^ck;djg ksl=;a lsrSug fkdyels
;rug ksrAudK msgm;a wn,ka jQ úg tajd
uqøKh lsrSu jeks&" .=rejreka úiska mka;s
ldurhl isiqkag Ndú;d lsrSu i|yd
ksrAudKj, Wmqgd.ekSï m%;sksIamdokh"
oDYHdndê; mqoa.,hkaf.a Ndú;h i|yd
úfYaI wdldrfha msgm;a ;ekSu jeks tajd
wgx.= fõ'
fjkia rgj, isák úúOdldr lKavdhï j,
m%fhdackh i|yd fndfyda jH;sfrAl iy iSud
mj;S' fndfyda úg fuu iSud iy jH;sfrAlhka
oSrA> f,i foaYSh kS;sj, úia;r flfrk w;r
uÛfmkaùula f,i fïjd úuiSu lsrSu fyda
úfYaI{ Wmfoia ,nd.ekSu l< hq;=h'
´iafÜ%,shdj" lekvdj" bkaoshdj" tlai;a rdcH
iy wefurßld tlai;a ckmoh jeks jHjydr
kS;sh mj;sk rgj, ksrAudK “idOdrK
Ndú;h” fyda “idOdrK fj<|du” hg;g
jefÜ' fuys m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sh
úia;r ù we;af;a wvqfjks' “idOdrK Ndú;h”m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska iq/lSu wkHkaf.a
ksrAudKj, iuyr wdldrj, Ndú;d i|yd
m%;srEmk whs;sh orkakdf.a wjirh wjYH
fkdjk nj ms<s.kshs' tu wod< Ndú;h
m%;srEmk whs;sh orkakd i;= m%;sksIamdok
iy wfkla wdldr Ndú;d i|yd jk
ysñlïj,g ndOd fkdlrk iEfyk muKg
wju uÜgfï nj is;kq ,efí' “idOdrK
Ndú;h” ms<sn| lsishï wdldrhl fmd¥ kS;s
±laùu wmyiq jkafka th iEu úgu f;dr;=re
úfYaIs; jk ksidh' flfia fj;;a jdKscuh
Ndú;djka i|yd ksrAudK msgm;a lrkakkag
jgd fm!oa.,sl Ndú;d i|yd tfia lrk ;ks
mqoa.,hkag “idOdrK Ndú;h” ysñlï we;'
“idOdrK Ndú;h” hgf;a wjir osh yels
l%shdldrlï j,g m%jD;a;s m;%hlska .;a
mska;+r j, msgm;a mka;s ldurhl wOHdmksl
wruqKq i|yd fnod yerÍu" iudc újrKhla
fyda Wmydid;aul jegigykla i|yd
ksrAudKhla wkqlrKh lsrSu" m%ldYhg m;a
l< ksrAudKhlska Wmqgd .ekSfï ,nd .ekSu
wdosh we;=<;a fõ' §idOdrK Ndú;h§ ms<sn|
mrdih ráka rgg fjkia fõ'
u;l ;nd .; hq;= lreKla kï" fndfyda
rgj,oS by; kS;s rÍ;sj,g wkql+,j
wkHhkaf.a ksrAudK Ndú;d l<;a ksrAudKfha
l;Df.a ku i|yka lsrSu wjYH njh'
47
ffmm!!ooaa..,,ssll mmssggmm;;aa llssrrSSuu ii||yydd jjkk wwhhnn¥¥ll%%uuhhllaa hhkkqq ll==uullaaoo@@;ks mqoa.,hka úiska jdKscuh fkdjk ;u
mqoa.,sl Ndú;h i|yd m%;srEmk whs;sh iys;
foaj,a úYd, jYfhka msgm;a lrhs' tjeks
msgm;a lsrSï u.ska má.;$ msgm;a lsrSfï
WmlrK iy udOH ksIamdolhska iy
wdkhklrejkag b;d jdisodhl
fjf<|fmd<la ksrAudKh fjz’ flfia fj;;a
mqoa.,sl msgm;a lsrSï tys kshu iajdNdjfhka
.súiqula u.ska md,kh l< fkdyelsh’
mqoa.,sl msgm;a lsrSï mqoa.,hka úiska
fm!oa.,sl;ajhlska hq;=j Tjqkaf.a ksfjiaj,
wyUq f,i is¥lrkq ,nhs' tuksid iuyr
rgj, fm!oa.,sl Ndú;h i|yd ir, f,i
jH;sfrAlhla hgf;a wjir fokq ,efí' mQrAj
wjirhla me;Su wjYH fkdfõ' kuq;a tjeks
fndfyda rgj, ;u ksrAudKj, msgm;a .ekSu
fjkqfjka l,dlrejkag" f,aLlhkag iy
ix.S;{hskag m%;smQrAKh i|yd whn¥ f.ùfï
l%uhla msysgqjd we;' whn¥ l%uhla wx.
follska iukaú; fõ'
WmlrK iy udOH whn¥ (- msgm;a
lsrSfï iy *elaia hka;%j, isg ix.;
;eá iy ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá hka;%"
ùäfhda leiÜ frfldavr iy mrßf,dalk
hka;% lrd mrdihl úysfok ish¨
jrA.j, má.; lsrSfï WmlrKj, ñ,g
m%;srEmk whs;sh i|yd jk lvgd
.dia;=jla tl;= lrhs' iuyr rgj,a Pdhd
msgm;a lvodis" ysia má" fyda *a,EIa ldâ
jeks ysia má.; lsrSfï udOH i|yd o
whn¥ fhdod we;'
l%shdlre whn¥ (Operator LEvy)(- úYd,
mrßudKfhka Pdhd msgm;a ,nd .kakd
mdi,a" úoHd mSG" wdKavqfõ wdh;k"
mrAfhaIK wdh;k" úYaj úoHd," mqia;ld,
iy jHdmdrhka úiska mrsYS,l .dia;= jla
f.jkq ,efí'
idudkHfhka iduqysl l<ukdlrK
ixúOdkhla u.ska ksIamdolhkaf.ka"
wdhkhlrejkaf.ka" l%shdlrejkaf.ka fyda
mrsYS,lhkaf.ka whn¥ tl;= fldg wod<
ysñlï orkakkag tajd fnod yrskq ,efí'
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ffnn,,aaccsshhïï WWooddyyrrKKhhfn,acshfï oS ;udg whs;s WmlrKj,ska
^whs;s" l=,shg .;a fyda noaog .;a& wdrCIs;
ksrAudKj, msgm;a ,nd .kakd jHdmdr ta
i|yd .dia;=jla f.úh hq;=h' tu .dia;=j
wdrCIs; ksrAudKfhka ,nd.;a msgm;a
ixLHdjg wkqrEm úh hq;=h' fn,acshdkq
m%;sksIamdok ysñlï ixúOdkh (REPROBEL)
fuu whn¥ tl;= lrk w;r wdodhï kshñ;
mrßoS fnod yrßhs'
;;ddCCIIKKssll wwddrrCCIIll WWmmll%%uu (TPMs) jj,,sskkaawwddrrCCIIss;; kkssrrAAuuddKK TTnngg NNddúú;;dd ll<< yyeellssoo@@jHdmdr úiska ;dCIKsl wdrCIl Wml%u
(TPMs) u.ska wdrCIs; ksrAudK jdKscuh
Ndú;djka i|yd fhdod.kakd úg fndfyda
rgj,a j, kS;sfhka ;ykï lr we;s l%shdjla
jk tu Wml%u uÛyer hdfï l%shdudrA.
(Circumvention) wjYH fõ ±hs ie,ls,su;aj
fidhd ne,sh hq;=h' fndfyda rgj,aj, fuu
kS;s lv lsrSï ms<sn| jk j.lSï wdrCIs;
ksrAudKj, m%;srEmk whs;sh W,a,x>kh lsrSu
ms<sn| j.lSï j,ska fjkia fõ' fuhska woyia
jkafka Wml%u uÛyer hdu (Circumvention)i|yd wjir ,enqK;a m%;srEmk whs;sh
W,a,x>kh i|yd jk idudkH kS;s ;j ¥rg;a
wod< jk njhs' ta fya;=fjka ksrAudKfha lskï
fyda Wmfhdackhla i|yd wod< m%;srEmk
whs;sh ysñlref.a wjirhla wjYH fõ'
;dCIKsl wdrCIl Wml%u uÛyerÍu is¥úh
yels wdldrj,g WodyrK f,i wdrCIs;
wka;rA.;hka wkjirfhka Ndú;h i|yd
hful=f.a ixLHdxl ysñlï l<ukdlrK
moaO;sj, wkjirfhka we;=:Z ùu oelajsh
yelsh" wkjirfhka m%ldYs; whs;sh iys;
ksrAudKhla úfla;lrKh (Decrypt) ±laúh
yelsh' iuyr rgj, foaYSh kS;s u.ska u.yer
hdfï (Circumgention) l%shdudrA. kS;s úfrdaê
l%shdjla f,i i,lkjd muKla fkdj ta
i|yd jk ´kEu uQ,sl l%shdldrlula fyda
u.Zyerhdfï WmlrK (Circumventionequipment) ,nd.; yels f,i ls%hd lsrSu o kS;s
lv lsrSula f,i i,lhs'
wwkkHHhhkkaa ii;;==jj yyssññllïï mmjj;;sskk wwddrrCCIIss;;kkssrrAAuuddKK NNddúú;;hhgg wwjjiirrhh TTnn ,,nndd ..kkaaffkkaaffllffiiaaoo@@m%;srEmk whs;sh u.ska fyda iuznkaOs; ysñlïu.ska iq/ls ksrAudK Ndú;hg wjir,nd.; yels uQ,sl l%u folla ;sfí; tkïiduqysl l<ukdlrK ixúOdkhl fiajdNdú;h fyda iïnkaO lr.; yels úia;rmyiqfjka ,nd.; yels kï m%;srEmk whs;shfyda iuznkaOs; ysñlï whs;slre iu. iDcqjiïnkaO ùuh'
iq¥iqu l%shdudrA.h jkafka m<uqfjkauksrAudKh wod< iduqysl l<ukdlrKixúOdkfha NdKavd.drfha ,shdmosxÑ ù we;s ohkak jk w;r tfia kï wjir ,nd .ekSfïl%shd udrA.h jvd ir, tlla fõ' iduqysll<ukdlrK ixúOdk u.ska úúO wruqKqiy Ndú;hka i|yd úúO jrA.j, wjirhka,nd fohs' iuyr iduqysl l<ukdlrKixúOdk ixLHdxl n,m;% o ,nd fohs'
ksrAudKfha fyda ksrAudKj, m%;srEmk whs;sh
fyda iuznkaOs; ysñlï iduqysl l<ukdlrK
ixúOdkhla u.ska l<ukdlrKh
fkdlrkafka kï m%;srEmk whs;sh fyda
iuznkaOs; ysñlï whs;slre fyda Tyq $ weh f.a
ksfhdacs;hd iuÛ iDcqju iïnkaO úh hq;=h'
m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| ±kaùfï kï lr we;s
mqoa.,hd uq,au m%;srEmk whs;sh ysñ mqoa.,hd
jqjo l,a .; j;au m%;srEmk whs;sfha fyda
iuznkaOs; ysñlïj, wdrA:sl ysñlï fjk;a
mqoa.,fhl=g mejrÍ ;sìh yelsh' bkaoshdj iy
wefursld tlai;a ckmoh jeks m%;srEmk
whs;sh ms<sn| iafõÉPdfjka ,shdmosxÑ ùfï
l%uhla we;s rgj, cd;sl m%;srEmk whs;sh
ms<sn| kdudj,sh msrßlaid ne,Sfuka m%;srEmk
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whs;sfha fyda iuznkaOs; ysñlïj, jrA;udk
ysñlre yªkd.; yelsh' ,sÅ; fyda ix.S;uh
ksrAudK iïnkaOfhka .;a úg ksrAudKh
m%;sksIamdokhg ksrka;rfhka u ysñlu orK
ksrAudKfha m%ldYl fyda má.; lsrSï
ksIamdok iïnkaO lr.; hq;=h'
ksrAudKhla i|yd ysñlï §ia:r§ (Layers)
lsysmhla mej;sh yels neúka tla tla
ysñlref.a wjirh wjYH wkaofï úúO
ysñlï orkakka lsysm fofkl= isáh yelsh'
WodyrKhla jYfhka ix.S; ksrAudKhla
i|yd m%ldYlfhl=" ix.S; má.; lsrSu i|yd
má.; lsrSfï iud.ula iy ksrka;rfhka u
ix.S; ksrAudKh bosrßm;a lrkakka (Performers)isà'
jeo.;a n,h mejÍï i|yd Tnf.a wjirhGfï .súiqfï kshuhka iy fldkafoaiSidlÉPd fldg kshu lr .ekSug fmrúfYaI{ Wmfoia ,nd.ekSu iq¥iqh' n,m;%iEGfï oCI úfYaI{fhl=g Tnf.a jHdmdrwjYH;dj,g .e,fmk fyd|u n,h mejÍfïúiªï idlÉPd fldg kshu lr .ekSugWmldrÍ úh yelsh'
TTnnff..aa jjHHddmmddrrhh kkSS;;ss WW,,aa,,xx>>kkhh llssrrSSffïïwwjjooddkkuu wwvvqqllrr ..kkaaffkkaa ffllffiiaaoo@@m%;srEmk whs;sh W,a,x>kh lsrSu i|yd kS;s
u.ska lghq;= lsrSu úhoï wêl l%shdj,shla úh
yelsh' tu ksid tjeks W,a,x>kh lsrSï
j<lajd .ekSug ie,iqï l%shd;aul lsrSu
{dKdkaú;h' my; l%shd udrA. ta i|yd iq¥iq
fõ'
Tnf.a wdh;kh u.ska fiajfha fhdojdwe;s ldrAh uKag,hg Tjqkaf.a fiajfhaoSiy l%shdldrlï j,g is¥úh yelsm%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| ixl+,;d ms<sn|±kqj;a ùu i|yd mqyqKqj ,ndfokak'wjYH wjia:dj, ,sÅ; wjir oSï fyda.súiqï ,ndf.k Tnf.a ldrAh uKav,htjeks wjiroSu fyda mjrd oSï j, mrdihms<sn| yqrejla we;s njg iy;sl jkak'm%;srEmk whs;sh W,a,x>khg Ndú;d l<yels wdldrfha ´kEu WmlrKhla^Pdhdmsgm;a hka;%" mrß.Kl" ix.; ;eáyd ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá ,shkhka wdosh&u; tu WmlrKh m%;srEmk whs;shW,a,x>khg Ndú;d fkdl< hq;= nj±lafjk ±kaùula oukak'Tnf.a ldrAh uKav,hg ldrAhd,mrs.Kl Ndú;d fldg wjirhlskaf;drj m%;srEmk whs;sh iys; foaj,awka;rAcd,fhka ,nd .ekSug meyeos,sju;ykï lrkak'Tnf.a jHdmdrh ks;r ;dCIKslwdrCIl Wml%u j,ska wdrCId l<ksIamdok Ndú;d lrhs kï" fiajlhkam%;srEmk whs;sh ysñlref.a wjirhlskaf;drj tu Wml%u u.yer l%shd lsrSu(Circumvention) fyda wjirfha mrdih blaujdl%shd lsrSu hk tajd fkdlrk njgiy;sl lrk m%;sm;a;s f.dv k.kak'
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Tng m%;srEmk wdrlaIKh iys; huzlghq;a;la Ndjs; lsrSug wjYH kuz tA i|ydkS;Hkql+, ysuslref.a wjirh .; hq;=h’ .;al;=jreka idudkHfhka wdrA:sl M, fk,d .ekSums<n| ;u whs;sh m%ldYlhkag fyda iduqysll<uKdlrK ixúOdk(CMO) fj; mjrkq oelshyelsh.
iEu jHdmdrhla i;=ju m%;srEmk whs;sh
i|yd jk wkql+,;dj i|yd iúia;r
m%;sm;a;shla ;sìh hq;= w;r tu jHdmdrhg
iy Ndú;hkag úfYaI jk m%;srEmk whs;sh
ms<sn| wjirhka ,nd.ekSu ms<sn| iúia;r
l%shdudrA.hla tys wvx.= úh hq;=h' m%;srEmk
whs;shg wkql+,;dj olajk ixialD;shla
Tnf.a jHdmdrh ;=< f.dvkexùu m%;srEmk
whs;sh W,a,x>kh i|yd Tn i;= wjodku wvq
lrhs'
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iiddrrddxxYYhhTnf.a m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| wdrCIdj
jeä lr.kak' iafõÉPdfjka m%;srEmk
whs;sh ms<sn| ,shdmosxÑh ,nd.; yels kï
cd;sl m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn|
ldrAhd,hl Tnf.a ksrAudK ,shdmosxÑ
lrkak' m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| igykla
Tfí ksrAudK u; fhdokak' ixLHdxl
ksrAudKj, wdrCIdj i|yd ixLHdxl
ysñlï l<ukdlrK fuj,ï Ndú;dfõ
fhdojkak'
m%;srEmk whs;sfha ysñlu ksjeros j fidhd
±k.kak' Tnf.a wdh;kh i|yd l<
´kEu ksrAudKhl m%;srEmk whs;sfha
ysñlu ms<sn| .eg:Zjlg fhdod .ekSu
i|yd ish¨ fiajlhka" ksoyia
fldka;%d;alrejka iy wfkl=;a mqoa.,hska
iuÛ ,sÅ; .súiqï ;nd .kak'
ysñlï W,a,x>kfhka j<lskak' Tnf.a
ksIamdokfha fyda fiajdfõ Tnf.a iud.ug
iïmQrAKfhka u kjuq fkdjQ hula wvx.=
fõ kï" th Ndú;h i|yd wjirhla
,nd.; hq;=o hkak fidhd n,d wjYH kï
mQrAj wkque;sh ,nd .kak'
mqreoaola f,i Tnf.a m%;srEmk whs;sfhka
.; yels Wmrßu m%fhdackh ,nd.kak'
Tnf.a m%;srEmk whs;sh úlsKSu fkdj ta
i|yd wjir oSu lrkak' wjir ,dNshdf.a
úfYaIs; wjYH;d i|yd tla tla wjirh
ilid .ekSu i|yd úfYaIs; iy iSud lrk
,o wjirhka msrskukak'
s7. mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh nn,,..eekkaaùùuu
TTnnff..aa mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh WW,,aa,,xx>>kkhh jjkkqqffhhaall==uukk wwjjiiaa::ddjj,,GGoo@@m%;srEmk whs;sh ysñlreg ;ksj lsrSug fyda
;ykï lsrSug wjir,;a l%shdldrlul
fjk;a flfkla m%;srEmk whs;sh ysñlref.a
mqrAj wjirhlska f;drj fh¥kq úg
ysñlref.a m%;srEmk whs;sh lvl< nj iy
m%;srEmk whs;sh W,a,x>kh l< nj lshkq
,efí'
hfula mQrAj wjirhlska f;drj"
Tng muKla lsrSug úYsIaG ysñlï we;s
l%shdjla l< úg
iuyr rgj, kS;s W,a,x>kh lr" l<
ksrAudKhla iuÛ jdKscuh .kqfokqjla
lsrSfuka fyda th iEoSug wjYH foa
iemhSfuka
iuyr rgj, kS;s W,a,x>kh l<
ksrAudKhla ^th kS;s jH;sfrAlj,g
fkdjefÜ kï& wdkhkh lsrSfuka fyda
ika;lfha ;nd .ekSfuka
wdrA:sl ysñlï W,a,x>kh úh yelsh'
ksrAudKhl fldgila muKla Ndú;d l< úgmjd m%;srEmk whs;sh W,a,x>khla úh yelsh'W,a,x>kh lsrSula f,i idudkHfhkais¥jkafka “ie,lsh hq;= fldgila” tkïjeo.;a" w;HjYH fyda úfYaI fldgilam%;srEmk whs;sh ysñlreg iqúfYaI f,i fjkajQ wdldr j,ska tla wdldrhlg Ndú;d l<úgh' tuksid fuysG m%udKd;aulNdjh iy.=Kd;aulNdjh hk folu jeo.;a fõ' flfia
fj;;a m%;srEmk whs;sh W,a,x>kfhka f;drjksrAudKhl fldmuK m%udKhla Ndú;d l<yelso hkakg fmd¥fõ ms<s.; yels kS;shlafkdue;' .eg:Zj ;SrKh l< yelafla tla tlaisoaêh u; msysgd jk w;r iEu isoaêhluis¥ùï iy i;H f;dr;=re u; fuh r|d mj;S’
l;D f,i ksrAudKhg we;s Tnf.a
odhl;ajh ms<s.kq ,nkafka fkdue;s kï
fyda
Tnf.a ksrAudKh fkd.e,fmk wkaofï
ie,lSulg Ndckh ùu fyda Tnf.a
f.!rjhg fyda lSrA;skduhg ydksjk fia
kùlrKh lsrSu fyda jQfha kï
iodpdruh ysñlï (Moral Rights) W,a,x>kh
úh yelsh'
Tnf.a m%;srEmk whs;sh iys; foaj,a wdrCIdlsrSug wkjir mrsYS,lhkag tfrysj ilial< ;dCIKsl wdrCIk Wml%u uÛyerfírÍug (circumvent) Ndú;d l< yels m%fhda.ms<sn| jdKsc .kqfokq" wdkhkhka fydaksrAudKhka hful= lrkafka kï tys^m%;srEmk whs;sh fyda ksoyia& W,a,x>khlais¥úh yelsh'
;j¥rg;a lsjfyd;a hfula m%;srEmk whs;shiys; ksrAudKhlg Tn úiska noaO fldg we;sysñlï l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re bj;a lsrSufyda fjkia lsrSu is¥lf<a kï tys ysñlïW,a,x>khla úh yelsh'
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tla ;ks l%shdjla u.ska fndfyda ysñlïorkakkaf.a ysñlï lvùu úh yelsh'WodyrKhla f,i .=jka ú¥,sfhka m%pdrKhjQ jevigyka j, yvZ má úlsKSu .=jka ú¥,sm%pdrKh i|yd jQ ysñlï W,a,x>kh lsrSuls'we;a; jYfhka u fuu l%shdj ix.S;ksrAudKlref.a iy uq,a má.; lsrSu l<má.; lsrSfï iud.fï m%;srEmk whs;Ska oW,a,x>kh lrkq ,nhs' iEu ysñlïorkafkl=gu fjka fjka kS;s l%shdudrA. .;yelsh'
TTnnff..aa yyssññllïï llvv llrrkkqq ,,eenn wwee;;ss ffyyddaa ttffiiaaúúhh yyeellss ffiiaa ffmmffkkaa kkïï TTnn ll<< hhqq;;aaff;;aall==uullaaoo@@m%;srEmk whs;sh iy iuznkaOs; ysñlï n,.ekaùfï ¥Ialr;djh m%Odk jYfhka uysñlï orkakd u; mejfrA' Tnf.a ysñlï j,l=uk wdldrhl fyda lvùula yªkd .ekSuiy Tnf.a ysñlï n,.ekaùu i|yd l=ukmshjr .; hq;=±hs ;SrKh lsrSu Tn i;=fõ'ysñlï W,a,x>kh lrkakkag tfrysj .;yels l%shdudrA. .kafka kï tajd fudkjdo"tajd flfia l=uk wjia:dfõ .; hq;=o iykS;suh l%shd udrA.hlska fyda fjk;a whqrlskatu .eg:Z úi|d .kafka flfiao hk tajd;SrKh lsrSug Tng Wmldr ùu iy ±kgmj;sk .;yels l%shdudrA. iy f;dr;=reiemhSu m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;s{fhl=fyda iud.ulska lrkq we;' Tnf.a iuia:jHdmdr l%fudamdhkag iy wruqKqj,g tjeks;SrK .e,fma ±hs iy;sl lr .kak'
Tnf.a m%;srEmk whs;sh W,a,x>kh ù we;akï"
fpdaos; ysñlï W,a,x>klreg ,smshla heùu
u.ska bosrsfhaoS úh yels .egqula ms<sn| Tyqg
$ wehg ±kaùfuka Tng wdrïNhla ,nd.;
yelsh' fuu ,smsh ,sùu i|yd kS;s{hl=f.a
iydh ,nd .ekSu iq¥iqh' ^fuu ,smsh
§keje;aùfï iy je,elaùfï ,smsh f,i
yªkajhs'& iuyr rgj,G" wka;rAcd,fha we;s
Tnf.a m%;srEmk whs;sh hfula W,a,x>kh
lr we;akï my; l%shd udrA. .; yelsh'
W,a,x>khg ,la jQ wka;rA.;h fjí
wvúfhka bj;a lrk f,i fyda thg
m%fõY ùu wjysr lrk f,i b,a,ñka
wka;rAcd, fiajd imhkakd fj; úfYaI
keje;aùfï yd je,elaùfï ,smshla heùu'
wka;rAcd, fiajd imhkakdg ±kqï oSu
u.ska fuu fpdaos; ; ysñlï W,a,x>Kh
ms<sn| fiajd .%dyhlhka ±kqj;a lr
tu.ska wod< lreKq iu:hlg m;alr
.ekSug myiqlï ie,iSu'
iuyrúg uú; lrùu iq¥iqu Wmdh udrA.hfõ' ysñlï W,a,x>Kh l, mqoa.,hd fj;ysñlïmEfï ksfõokhla bosrsm;a lsrSu Tyqgie.ùug fyda idlaIs úkdY lsrSug rel=,aoSula fõ' ysñlï W,a,x>Kh ys;du;d lrk,o nj Tn i,lhs kï yd W,a,x>Kls%hdldrlï is¥l, ia:dkh Tn okafka kïwod< pQ fpdaos;hdg lsis¥ ±kqï oSulska f;drjWidúhg f.dia pQos;hdf.a mrsY%fhys yosisfidaosishlska wod< idlaIs w;awvx.=jg .ekSugbg i,ik talmdrAYúl ksfhda.hla (Ex parte)b,a,d isàug yelsh'
Widú ls%hdudrA.j,g ie,lsh hq;= ld,hla
.;fõ' fuu ld, iSudj ;=, ;j¥rg;a jk
ydks je<elaùug fpdaos; ysñlï W,a,x>Kh
lsrSfï ls%hdj kj;ajd wod< NdKAv
fj<|fmd<g we;=:Zùu j<lajk CIKsl
ls%hdudrA.hla .; hq;=h'
53
fndfyda rgj, kS;sh wjika Widú ksfhda.h,efnk ;=re fpdaos; W,a,x>Klreg Tyqf.ajxpdldrS ls%hdj kj;ajd wod< idlaIsiqrlaIs;j ;nk f,i ksfhda. flfrk;djld,sl ;ykula ksl=;a lsrSug bv i,ihs'
yssñlï W,a,x>Kh l, mqoa.,fhl=g tfryskS;suh ls%hdudrA. .ekSu iq\qiq jkafka1' ksrAudKfha m%;srEmk whs;sh Tn i;=nj Tmamq lsrSug yelskï 2' Tnf.a ysñlï W,a,x>Kh Tmamq l,yelskï3' kS;suh ls%hdudrA.h iM,ùfï jákdluwod< ls%hdudrA.h .ekSug hk úhoug jvdjeäkï muKs'
ysñlï W,a,x>Khlg jkaos f.ùu i|ydWidúhla u.ska fok ms<shï w;r w,dN";ykï lsrSï" ,dN i|yd j.lshk f,i kshulsrSï iy ysñlï W,a,x>Khg ,lajQ NdKavysñlï orkakka fj; iemhSug kshu lsrSuwdos h we;=<;a fõ' ;jo ysñlï W,a,x>KhflrE mqoa.,hdg wod< øjH ksIamdokh ydfnod yerÍug iïnkaOjQ f;jk mdrAYjh iyfnod yerÍfï udrA. fy<s lsrSu i|yd n,lrkq,nhs' ;jo b,a,Sula u; ysñlï W,a,x>Khg,la jQ NdKav jkaos f.ùulska f;drj úkdYlsrSu i|yd wK lsrSug Widúhg yelsh'
m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sh u.ska ysñlïW,a,x>Khg ,lal, ksrAudK iEoSu ydjdKscuh f,i .Kqfokq lsrSu i|yd idmrdêj.lSula mjrhs' ysñlï W,a,x>Kh lsrSugovqju ovhla fyda isr.;ùula mjd úhyelsh' wkjirfhka Wmqgd .;a ksrAudK wdkhkhje<elaùu i|yd foaYSh frA.= wêldrskaf.aiyh me;sh hq;=h'
fndfyda rgj,a iq¥iq f,i iSud n,.ekaùfïWml%u fhdod we;s w;r tu.ska m%;srEmk
whss;sfha ysñlrejkag iy wjir,dNskagwkjir Wmqgd .ekSï hehs iel iys; fydajHdc NdKv r|jd .ekSfï ksfhda.hla b,a,disáh yelsh'
mm%%;;ssrrEEmmkk wwhhss;;sshh WW,,aa,,xx>>KKhh llssrrSSuu iiuu::hhllggmm;;aallrr ..eekkSSuu ii||yydd WWiiddúúhhllgg hhEEuu yyeerr ..;;yyeellss ll%%sshhdduuddrrAA.. ffuuddkkjjddoo@@fndfyda wjia:dj, W,a,x>Kh lsrSï iuÛ
.Kqfokq lrkd M,odhs wdldrhla jkafka
fíreïlrKh (Arbitration) fyda
iu:lrKhhs (Mediation) fíreïlrKfha
jdish jkafka Widú l%shdudrA.j,g jgd
úêu;aNdjh wvqùu" flá iy ,dNodhS
udrA.hla ùu jk w;r wka;rAcd;sl f,i
fíreïlrejl= úiska lrk myiqfjka
n,.ekaúh yels ùuhs' fíreïlrKh yd
iu:lrKh hk foflysu we;s jdishla
jkqfha wdrjq,a ksrdlrKh lr.ekSfï
ls%hdj,sfha md,kh wod, mdrAYj i;=ùuhs' ta
ksidu Tnf.a iud.u wkd.;fhaoS kj wjir
.ekSï mámdáj,g taug fyda iyfhda.fhka
ls%hd lsrSug leu;s wfkla jHdmdrhla iuÛ
we;s hym;a jHdmdrsl in|;d ;yjqre
lr.ekSug yelsh' wjir oSfï .súiqï j,
iu: lrk iy$fyda fíreïlrK j.ka;s
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jeä¥r f;dr;=re i|yd WIPO ys
fíreïlrK yd iu:lrK uOHia:dkfha
fjí wvúhg msúiSug
arbiter.wipo.int/center/index.html fjí ,ssmskh Ndú;d
lrkak'
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wweeuuqqKKqquu I
jeo.;a wka;rAcd, ,smsk
f,dal nqoaêuh foam, ixúOdkh: www.wipo.int
l=vd iy uOH mßudK jHdmdr i|yd WIPO YdLdj: www.wipo.int/sme/en/
m%;srEmk whs;sh iy iuznkaOs; ysñlï i|yd jk WIPO fjí wvúh :www.wipo.int/copyright/en/index.html
n,.ekaùu ms<sn|j WIPO fjí wvúh : www.wipo.int/enforcement/en/index.html
WIPO bf,lafg%dksl fmd;ayf,ka m%;srEmk ñ,g .ekSug : www.wipo.int/ebookshop. fuys
my; tajd we;=,;a fõ:– m%;srEmk whs;sh yd iuznkaOs; ysñlïj, whs;sh mejrÍu i|yd jk udrAf.damfoaYh"
m%;srEmk wxl 897– m%;srEmk whs;sh yd iuznkaOs; ysñlï i|yd iduQysl l<uKdlrKh" m%;srEmk wxl
855
fkdñf,a fok m%;srEmk ,nd.ekSug : www.wipo.int/publications. fuys my; tajd we;=,;a fõ:– m%;srEmk whs;sh yd iuznkaOs; ysñlï f;areï .ekSu" m%;srEmk wxl 909
– l,dlref.a isg fma%laIld.drhg ksrAudK Ys,amSka iy mdrsfNda.slhska m%;srEmk
whs;sh yd iuznkaOs; ysñlï iy m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| iduqysl l<uKdlrK moaO;s
j,ska m%fhdack ,nkafka flfiao@ m%;srEmk wxl 922
– msgm;alrKh i|yd jk iduqysl mrßmd,kh; m%;srEmk wxl 924
cd;sl m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn|j kdudj,sh: www.wipo.int/news/en/links/addresses/cr/index.htm
cd;Hka;r rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
hdka;%sl má.; lsrSï iy m%;sksIamdok ysñlï mdrßmd,kh lrk ix.ï j, cd;Hka;r
uKav,h : www.biem.orgjHdmdr uD¥ldx. ikaOdkh : www.bsa.org
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cd;Hka;r rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
hdka;%sl má.; lsrSï iy m%;sksIamdok ysñlï mdrßmd,kh lrk ix.ï j, cd;Hka;r
uKav,h : www.biem.org
jHdmdr uD¥ldx. ikaOdkh : www.bsa.org
l;Dka iy rplhskaf.a ix.ïj, cd;Hka;r ixúOdk : www.cisac.org
Ñ;%mg ksIamdolhskaf.a ix.ï j, cd;Hka;r ix.uh : www.fiapf.org
m%;sksIamdok ysñlï ikaOdk j, cd;Hka;r ixúOdkh : www.ifrro.org
YíojdysKs ;eá lrAudka;fha cd;Hka;r ixúOdkh : www.ifpi.org
iajdëk ix.S; iud.ï tluq;=: www.impalasite.org
cd;Hka;r m%ldYlhkaf.a ix.ufha : www.ipa-uie.org
uD¥ldx. yd f;dr;=re lrAudka; ix.uh : www.siia.net
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wweeuuqqKKqquu II
cd;sl m%;srEmk whs;sh mrsmd,k wdh;kj, fjí ,smsk
we,acSrßhdj [email protected] www.ompa.adwdrAfckaákdj www2.jus.gov.ar/minjus/ssjyal/autor´iafÜ%,shdj www.ag.gov.auNdnfgdaia www.caipo.gov.bbfn,arEia [email protected]
[email protected],Sia www.belipo/bzfndia;shdj yd yrAif.dúkshdj www.bih.nat.ba/zsmpn%iS,h www.minc.gov.brlekvdj cipo.gc.caÖkh www.info.gov.hk/ipdfldf,dïìhdj www.derautor.gov.cofl%dfhaIshdj www.dziv.hrfpia ckrch www.mkcr.czfvkaudrAlh www.kum.dkt,a ie,ajfodarh www.cnr.gob.sv*ska,ka;h www.minedu.fifcdrAcshdj www.global-erty.net/saqpatenticrAuksh www.bmj.bund.deykaf.arßhdj www.hpo.huwhsia,ka;h www.ministryofeducation.isbkaoshdj copyright.gov.in
hdj;ald,Sk f;dr;=re i|yd my; fjí wvúhg msúfikak' : www.wipo.int/directory
bka¥kSishdj www.dgip.go.idwhrA,ka;h www.entemp.ielsrßlsia;dkh www.kyrgyzpatent.kg,eÜúhdj www.km.gov.lvf,nkkh www.economy.gov.lb,s;=tkshdj www.muza.lt,laieïnrA.h www.etat.lu/ECu,hdishdj mipc.gov.myfulaisfldaj www.sep.gob.mx/wb2/sep/sep_459_indautorfudkdfldaj www.european-patent-office.org/patlib/country/monaco/
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www.ipos.gov.sg/iaf,dfõlshdj www.culture.gov.skiaf,dfõkshdj www.sipo.mzt.si/iamd[a[h www.mcu.es/Propiedad_Intelectual/indice.htmiaúÜirA,ka;h www.ige.ch;dhs,ka;h www.ipthailand.org;=rAlsh www.kultur.gov.trhqlafrAkh www.sdip.gov.ua
www.uacrr.kiev.uatlai;a rdcOdksh www.patent.gov.ukwefurßld tlai;a ckmoh www.loc.gov/copyright
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hdj;ald,Sk f;dr;=re i|yd my; fjí wvúhg msúfikak' : www.wipo.int/directory
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wweeuuqqKKqquu III
m%;srEmk whs;sh yd iuznkaOs; ysñlï iïnkaOfhka ls%hd;aul jk m%Odkwka;rAcd;sl .súiqïj, idrdxYh
iiddyyss;;HH yydd ffii!!kkaaoorrAAhhuuhh kkssrrAAuuddKK wwddrrllaaIIddjj ii||yydd jjQQ nnrrAAkkss ..ssúúiiqquu (1886)nrAks .súiqu wka;rAcd;sl m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn|j m%Odk .súiqu fõ' fuhska msysgqjkq ,enQ
kS;shla jk “foaYSh ie,lSu” hkafkka iEu rglgu úfoaYSh l;Dka yg foaYSh l;Dka N=la;s ú¢k
ysñlï j,g iudk ysñlï whs;s nj ±lafõ' fuu iuq:Zj ±kg rgj,a 162 l l%shd;aul fõ' fuu
.súiqug iïnkaê; mdrAYj yd iïmQrAK úia;r www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/index.html
fjí wvúh u.ska ,nd .; yelsh' .
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lrkakka ;u bosrsm;a lsrSï i|yd jQ ysñlïo" YíojdysKs ;eá ksmojkakka ;u Yío má.;
lsrSu i|ydo" frAäfhda yd rEmjdysKs wdh;k ;uka m%pdrKh lrk jegigyka i|ydo jk
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yelsh.
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ksIamdolfhl=j" ;u ksIamdok ck;djg fnod yerÍu msKsi wjirhlska f;drj msgm;a lsrSu"
msgm;a wdkhkh iy tjeks msgm;a ck;djg fnodyeÍu hk tajdhska wdrlaId lsrSu i|yd
.súiqug iïnkaO iEu rdcHhlgu l<hq;= foa iQodkï lrhs' §YíojdysKs (Phonogram) hkqfjka
woyia jkafka tys wdldrh l=ula jqj;a ^;eá" má fyda fjk;a wdldr& úfYAIfhkau weiSug
iïnkaO ;sr lsrSï fõ' ^tkï fïjdg Ñ;%mghla fyda ùäfhda máhl yg igyka wh;a fkdfõ'&
fï .súiqu ±kg rgj,a 75 n, meje;afõ' .súiqug iïnkaO mdrAYjhka iy iïmQrAK úia;r
www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/phonograms/index.html fjí wvúfha wvx.= fõ.
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nnqqooaaêêuuhh ffooaamm,, yyssññllïïyyss ffjj<<||dduugg iiïïnnkkaaOO mmddrrAAYYjj mmss<<ssnn|| ttllÛÛ;;dd ..ssúúiiqquu (1994)Anqoaêuh foam, ysñlï ms<sn| M,odhs iy m%udKj;a wdrlaIdj iuÛ wka;rAcd;sl fj<|du tlg
tluq;= lsrSu wruqKq fldg fj<|du yd ine¢ nqoaêuh foam, ysñlï j, wod,;ajh" mrdih yd
Ndú;h ms<sn| uQ,OrAu iy iq¥iq iïu;hka iys; ksfhda. ksjeros fia ilia lr.ekSug fuu
.súiqu flgqïm;a flrsKs' ta yd iuÛu fuu .súiqu tjeks ysñlï n,.ekaùfï wdldr imhhs'
f,dal fj<| ixúOdkfha ish¨ idudcslhska 149 fokdu fuu .súiqfuka nef|a' fuys úia;r f,dal
fj<| ixúOdkfha fjí wvúh jk http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.doc fj;
msúi ,nd .; yelsh.
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we;s jQ wNsfhda.hkag irß,k fia l;Dkaf.a" bosrsm;a lrkakkaf.a ^Performer& iy YíojdysKs
;eá ksmojkakkaf.a ysñlï wdrlaIdj i,id .ekSugh' m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| WIPO .súiqu
f;dr;=re iudcfha (Information Society) kj wjYH;dj,g .e,fmk fia ;u fldkafoais ilid
.ksñka idys;Huh iy fi!kaorHd;aulj ksrAudKj, wdrlaIdj i|yd jk nrAks .súiqug iyh
fohs' fuhska woyia lrkafka m%:ufhkau nrAks .súiqfï jk ish¨ ksfhda. úia;r lrkq ,en we;s
;eka j,g wod,j wjYH fjkia lsrSï iys;j (mutatis mutandis) ixLHdxl mßirh (DigitalEngironment) i|yd Ndú;d l, yels njhs' thska woyia jk ;j;a fohla jkafka nrAks .súiqug
iïnkaOj jqj;a ke;;a m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| WIPO .súiqug ne£ we;s mdrAYj .súiqfï iajdëk
kshuhkag tlÛ úh hq;= njhs' m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| WIPO .súiqu" jsYsIAG ysñlï 03 la
iemhSfuka ;u ksrAudK i|yd l;Dka i;= ysñlï jeäoshqKq lrhs' tu úYsIaG ysñlï jkqfh:
– uq,a ksrAudK fyda tajdfha msgm;a wf,úfhka fyda fjk;a l%uhlska m%isoaêfha fnod yerSu
i|yd wjirh oSug fyda ;ykï lsrSug we;s ysñluhs' ^fnodyerÍfï ysñlu&;
– mrs.Kl jevigyka" iskud ksrAudK fyda YíojdysKs ;eáj, wka;rA.; ksrAudK
jdKscuh jYfhka l=,shg oSu i|yd ^fujeks jdKscuh jYfhka l=,shg Gu úYd,
mrßudKfhka ksrAudK msgm;a lr m%;sksIamdokh i|yd jk ysñlïj,g fndfyda fihska ydks
lrhs kï& wjir oSug fyda ;ykï lsrSug we;s ysñlu ^l=,shg oSu i|yd jk ysñlu&
– ;ud úiska mqoa.,slj f;dard .;a fõ,djl fyda ia:dkhl isg ksrAudK j,g msúiSug yels
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ikaksfõokh lsrSu i|yd wjir oSug fyda ;ykï lsrSug we;s ysñlu ^ck;djg
ikaksfõokhg we;s ysñlu&
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jrA;udkfha rdcHhka 59 la tys idudcslhska ù we;' (www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/index.htmlys n,kak').
m%;srEmk whs;sh ms<sn| WIPO .súiqug fjkia wdldrhlska l%shdlrk bosrsm;a lsrSï yd
YíojdysKs ;eá ms<sn|j WIPO .súiqfïs wruqK f;dr;=re iudchl isák bosrsm;a lrkakka iy
YíojdysKs ;eá ksIamdolhskaf.a wdrlaIdj cd;Hka;r jYfhka tla ;,hl f.k tau ksid th
.Kqfokq lrkafka iuznkaOs; ysñlï orkakka iuÛh' flfia fj;;a fuh Y%jHoDYH bosrsm;a
lsrSï i|yd fkdfhfoa' YíojdysKs ;eáj, má.;ù we;s fyda fkdue;s ;u bosrsm;a lsrSï i|yd
bosrsm;alrkakka ^k:Zjka" .dhlhska" ix.S;{hska jeks& i;= wdrA:sl ysñlï yd fm!oa.,sl;ajh
ms<sn| ysñlï fuu .súiqu u.ska m%Odk jYfhka wdrlaId lrhs' yg ;sr lsrSu i|yd uQ,sl mshjr
.kakd iy ta i|yd j.lSu orK mqoa.,hskag fyda ffk;sl Ndjhkago fuu .súiqu wdOdr lrhs'
bosrßm;a lsrSï yd YíojdysKs ;eá ms<sn| .súiqu u.ska ysñlï orkakkag my; úYsIaG ysñlï
,ndfoa:
– YíojdysKs ;eá iDcq f,i fyda jl%j m%;sksIAmdokhg wjir oSu fyda ;ykï lsrSu i|yd
jk ysñlï ^m%;sksIamdokh i|yd ysñlu&;– wf,úhlska fyda fjk;a l%uhlska whs;sh mejrÍulska YíojdysKs ;eáhl uq,a msgm; fyda wkq
msgm;a ck;djg ,nd .; yels njg m;alsrSug (Making Agailable) wjir oSu fyda ;ykï
lsrSu i|yd jk ysñlu ^fnodyerÍfï ysñlu&;– YíojdysKs ;eáhl uq,a msgm; fyda wkq msgm; ck;djg jdKscuh jYfhka l=,shg oSug
wjiroSu fyda ;ykï lsrSug we;s ysñlu ^l=,shg oSfï ysñlu&
– ;ud úiska mqoa.,slj f;dard.;a fõ,djl fyda ia:dkhl isg ;sr lrk ,o bosrsm;a lsrSulg
m%fõY ùug ck;djg yels wdldrhlg" /yeka iys; fyda /yeka rys; l%uhlska YíojdysKs
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,o icSú bosrßm;a lsrSï i|ydo bosrsm;a lrkakka fj; úYsIAG ysñlï ,ndoSï tu.ska":
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iy kj;ajd,Su jeks n,;, iy l%shdudrA. fYa%Kshla tys wvx.=h' iïmQrAK úia;r
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f;dr;=re iudchl m%;srEmk whs;sfha iy iuznkaOs; ysñlïj, iuyr me;s tluq;= lsrSu i|yd
jk hqfrdamSh m%cdfõ úOdkh iuyr m%Odk jrA.fha ysñlï tlg tl;= lrkafka uQ,sl jYfhka
wka;rAcd,fha iy úoaHq;a fj<|dfï iy ixLHdxl ;dlaIKfha wNsfhda.hkag uqyK oSugh' ysñlï
l<uKdlrK moaO;sj, ;dlaIKsl wxYhka i|yd jk kS;suh wdrlaIdjka iy ysñlï j,
jH;sfrALhka iuÛo fuh .Kqfokq lrhs'
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63
kj;u f;dr;=re i|yd my; fjí wvúhg msúfikak: www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne
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