Wipro Earthian Internship Project Report.wipro.org/.../Wipro-Earthian-Internship-Report-BIOME.pdf0 The report consists of all the projects carried out at Biome Environmental Solutions

0

The report consists of all the projects

carried out at Biome Environmental

Solutions during the period of 29th May

2014 to 15th July 2014 under the Wipro

Earthian Programme.

Wipro

Earthian

Internship

Project

Report. At Biome Environmental

Solutions.

Prepared by: Soham D’souza, Yousuf Bootwala and Vijay Patil

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Wipro Earthian for giving us this opportunity to work at Biome

Environmental Solutions as interns. The Earthian Internship is a brilliant initiative and we’re

going back with so much knowledge which wouldn’t have known otherwise. We would also

like to thank Mr. Vishwanath for teaching us many things regarding water treatment and

conservation and for always motivating us to try new things. All the projects we took and

completed in our period of internship wouldn’t have been possible without the help and

guidance of Shubha Ma’am and Rajiv Sir. So a big thanks to them. We would also like to

thank Avinash Sir for spending time, talking to us about how we should go about our job and

widening our way of looking towards the project we were doing.

Finally, we would like to thank everyone at Biome for making our internship period

memorable and informative and one which we would never forget and always cherish the rest

of our lives.

Index

Aquifer Mapping 1

i) What is an aquifer? 1

ii) Aquifer Mapping 2

iii) Aquifer Mapping in and around Wipro Corporate office Sarjapur Road 2

iv) Importance of the Project 2

v) Project Details 4

(a) Phase 1-Finalising the dealers for Chemical Analysis 4

(b) Phase 2- Kits and Chemical Procurement 7

(c) Phase 3- Setting Up Laboratory 7

(d) Phase 4- Collecting the water samples from lakes and borewells 10

(e) Phase 5- Studying the Chemistry behind analysis method 11

(Occurrence, Health Effect, Testing)

(f) Phase 6- Discussion and Results 16

(Experimental, Materials and Methods, Results and Data analysis of

lakes, Results and data analysis of borewells)

Jakkur Lake 29

i) Introduction to Jakkur Lake 29

ii) Project Objective 29

iii) Results and Discussion 29

Rainwater Harvesting Projects 37

i) Assignment 1 37

(a) Stage 1 and Stage 2 37

(b) Background 37

(c) Work Details 38

ii) Assignment 2 41

(a) Groundwater Recharge Solution for Trinity Woods and Acres 42

iii) Assignment 3 66

(a) Work Details 66

Construction of BioSand Filter 69

i) Introduction 69

ii) Water that can be used for filtration 69

iii) Functioning of each part of BioSand Filter 70

iv) Specification of Sand to be Used 73

v) Pathogen and Dirt Removal Mechanism 74

vi) What can BioSand filter remove from filter 74

vii) Biolayer 75

viii) Pause Period 75

ix) How did we develop our BioSand filter 76

(a) Stage 1: Thought Process 76

(b) Stage 2: Implementation 76

(c) Stage 3: Innovation( further studies and maintenance) 78

Construction of Tippy Tap 80

i) Introduction 80

ii) Advantages 80

iii) How did we develop our Tippy tap 80

(a) Stage 1: Thought Process 80

(b) Stage 2: Implementation 80

(c) Stage 3 : Documentation 82

Field Visits 83

i) Visit 1: Rainbow Drive Layout 83

ii) Visit 2: Sumanahalli Nagarbhavi Slum 87

iii) Visit 3: Water Hygiene and Sanitation Awareness at Sumanahalli 91

Presentations and Videos Made 94

Bibliography 95

Earthian Internship at Biome Environmental Solution Page 1

Aquifer Mapping

1) What is an aquifer?

An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing rock. Water-bearing rocks are

permeable, meaning that they have openings that liquids and gases can pass through.

Sedimentary rock such as sandstone, as well as sand and gravel, are examples of water-

bearing rock. The top of the water level in an aquifer is called the water table.

(The study of aquifers and the water flows in them is called hydrogeology)

An aquifer fills with water from rain or melted snow that drains into the ground. In some

areas, the water passes through the soil on top of the aquifer; in others, it enters through joints

and cracks in rocks. The water moves downward until it meets less permeable rock.

Aquifers act as reservoirs for groundwater. Water from aquifers sometimes flows out in

springs. Wells drilled into aquifers provide water for drinking, agriculture, and industrial

uses. Aquifers can dry up when people drain them faster than nature can refill them. Because

aquifers fill with water that drains from the surface of the Earth, they can be contaminated by

any chemical or toxic substance found on the surface.

There are two types of aquifers.

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An unconfined aquifer is covered by permeable rock and can receive water from the

surface. The water table of an unconfined aquifer rises or falls depending on the amount of

water entering and leaving the aquifer. It is only partly filled with water.

In contrast, a confined aquifer lies between two layers of less permeable rocks and is filled

with water. Water trickles down through cracks in the upper layer of less permeable rock, a

nearby water source, such as an underground river or lake, or a nearby unconfined aquifer.

An artesian well is a type of confined aquifer that flows upward to the Earth's surface

without the need for pumping. The artesian well sits below the water table at the bottom of U-

shaped aquifers. Pressure from water in the long sides of the aquifer pushes the water up the

well shaft.

Aquifers and how they behave are determined by:

1) Geology of the place

2) Other ecological characteristics like terrain, topography, watershed and rainfall

3) Land use

4) Use of water from the aquifer and the discharge of our waste water

2) Aquifer Mapping:

Groundwater resides in aquifers. Aquifers do not respect property, political or administrative

boundaries. They are a common property resource. Aquifers can be understood, they can be

mapped, and how water flows in it, how much water it holds can be established. With this

understanding and all our participation and stewardship, aquifers can be managed.

3) Aquifer Mapping in and around WIPRO Corporate Office ,Sarjapur

Road (Covering the entire micro watershed)

Our main project for the WIPRO Earthian Internship with Biome Environmental Solutions

Pvt.Ltd. was to contribute in the aquifer mapping project (To map the entire micro watershed

in and around WIPRO Corporate Office) by providing details of the quality of water from the

various water bodies existing in the aquifer.

We were given the task of doing a detailed chemical analysis study of the water samples

collected from this particular micro watershed and thereby our results would be displayed on

the aquifer map.

4) Importance of this project (Participatory Aquifer Mapping)and how is it

going to impact and help the communities:


(i)A lot of bureaucracy exists in the Karnataka State Government as different portfolios

regarding water and water management are being held by different governing bodies which

don't really work in collaboration with each other. The bore well testers by the government

aren't reliable and the data hasn't been updated.

(ii)This project is linking various organisations and institutions with different spheres of

influence and collaborating with each of them so that the citizens receive detailed information

about the water bodies in their vicinity, the depth of aquifers in their locations and in turn the

citizens also help this system developed by providing information through observations in

and around their areas (regarding water bodies ,bore wells, recharge wells and the quality of

water)

Now, why this model is a win-win for everybody involved with this and how can we make

the government accountable ?

A) This being a "PARTICIPATORY MODEL" there shall exist a great sense of

belongingness amongst the citizens and a sort of healthy competition shall develop wherein

citizens from various colonies shall start plugging their observations and data on a common

platform.

B) This can also prove to act as a hawk-eye on the governmental data that might appear to be

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rather old and outdated. So the government on knowing that the citizens of Bangalore are

taking so many efforts will foster water management projects from the state level.

(iii)This is going to be a very user friendly interface wherein any person can plug in his/ her's

data and check the quality of the water in the aquifers by viewing the maps. Also if people

wish to dig recharge wells/bore wells, they will get better insights about the ground water

level even before digging it.

(iv)We can ascertain the water quality at each micro-watershed .This can help us see how the

water quality changes from one place to another. Also, this data can be used by people to

decide the purification stages needed at each place before using the water.

5) Project Details

Objective: To test the water samples from the lakes ,borewells and other water bodies in

and around WIPRO Corporate office (Sarjapur Road)Bangalore for the following

parameters:

pH

Total Dissolved Solids(TDS)

Electrical Conductivity

Nitrates

Nitrites

Ammonium

Phosphates

Iron

Calcium

Phase 1: Finalising the dealers for chemical analysis tool kits

We did an extensive search about the various dealers and chemical suppliers in the country in

order to procure the best tool kits and chemicals for the water analysis of the samples

collected. We got the quotations from various dealers, collated the entire data in an excel

sheet, showed it to our project head, got it approved and went ahead with the purchasing.

The dealers list are as furnished below:

(Note: Yellow boxes indicate the selected vendors from the given sheet from whom we are

going to purchase the sampling kit)


http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Yh_pKR7pAjY/U5A2Avw2ILI/AAAAAAAAAO0/jetgqLi_Nr8/s1600/1.JPG


(Note: Green boxes indicate that we have zeroed down on that particular vendor

for purchasing the kit/chemicals)

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QqUHGFOLnfM/U5AzI0FEyZI/AAAAAAAAAOk/l3CMkKT8I3M/s1600/parameters.JPG


Phase 2: Kits and chemicals procurement:

Purchase orders were placed appropriately to the dealers by us. We would meticulously track

the developments and document the conversations with the vendors. Follow up was done

with the vendors. After the kits are procured, we checked whether the kits and chemicals are

in a proper condition as specified in the product specification manuals

Phase 3: Setting up our laboratory at the Biome Office

The next stage was to set up a laboratory for us in the Biome office. All the chemicals and the

kits were arranged in a meticulous fashion and kept safely. All safety measures were ensured

seeing to it that nobody gets injured during the experiments.


We then made a detailed inventory of all the instruments, chemicals and apparatus

present in our laboratory. The details are as furnished below:

Sr.

No.

Equipment Quantity

1 Calcium Hardness Kit

Contents: Sample Bottle

Reagent CH-1

Reagent CH-2

Reagent CH-3

Reagent CH-4

1

2 Nitrates, Nitrites and Ammonia Combo Testing Kit

Contents: For Nitrates

Reagent NA-1

Reagent NA-2

For Nitrite

Reagent NI-1

For Ammonia

Reagent NH-1

1

3 Phosphorus and Iron Combo Testing Kit

Contents: For Phosphates

Reagent PR-1

Reagent PR-2

For Iron

Reagent Fe-1

Reagent Fe-2

Reagent Fe-3

1

4 Chloride and Fluoride Testing Kit 1

5 Total dissolved solids (TDS) meter 3

6 Electric Conductivity (EC) meter 1

7 pH meter 3

8 Glass Test tubes 10

9 Glass droppers 2

10 Measuring cylinders (10 mL) 4

11 Measuring cylinder (25 mL) 1

12 Buffer Solution (pH = 6.86, 250 mL) 1

13 Plastic Beakers (100 mL) 2

14 Buffer Solution (pH = 4.01, 250 mL) 1

15 Spirit bottle with spirit lamp 1

16 Test tube holder 2


The Laboratory Instructions that we have made are as furnished below:

Do not drink water or solutions from the bottles kept in the workplace.

Use plastic gloves for safety.

Label the samples to be tested, to avoid confusion.

Read carefully about the procedure of testing before experimentation.

Clean the workplace for experimentation before and after using.

Clean and rinse equipments (testubes, beakers, measuring cylinder, droppers, etc.) with

distilled water before experimentation.

Rinse the equipments of experimentation with sample to be tested.

Keep all the equipments back into their respective places after their use.

Calibrate pH meter before using by testing it in buffer solution of pH = 6.89 and pH =

4.01 available in laboratory.

Avoid wasting the solutions and chemicals.

Safely dispose the solutions to the sink after experimentation.


Phase 4: Collecting the water samples from the lakes and the borewells.

We then went on a road trip to collect the water samples in the micro watershed. Pictures and

videos were taken for reference purpose. All the water samples were neatly labelled. Some

lakes and borewells were dried or some construction activity was underway on the lakes.


Phase 5: Studying the chemistry behind the analysis method:

Nitrates:

Occurrence:

Most nitrogenous materials in natural waters tend to be converted to nitrate, so all sources of

combined nitrogen, particularly organic nitrogen and ammonia, should be considered as

potential nitrate sources. Primary sources of organic nitrates include human sewage and

livestock manure, especially from feedlots.

The primary inorganic nitrates which may contaminate drinking water are potassium nitrate

and ammonium nitrate both of which are widely used as fertilizers.

Nitrate (NO3-) results from a process known as oxidation or nitrification, which is the

stepwise addition of oxygen atoms to a nitrogen atom:

NH4+ -> NH3 ->NO2 NO3-

Nitrate represents nitrogen in its most oxidized form.

Health Effects:

Nitrate in drinking water can be responsible for a temporary blood disorder in infants called

methaemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome). In infants less than six months old, a condition

exists in their digestive systems which allows for the chemical reduction of nitrate to nitrite.

The nitrite absorbs through the stomach and reacts with haemoglobin to form

methaemoglobin, which does not have the oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin. Thus,

the oxygen deficiency in the infant’s blood results in the “blue baby” syndrome. Although

extreme levels of nitrate can be associated with central nervous disorders in adults, it should

be noted that nitrates and nitrites are rarely a problem in drinking water for humans older than

six months of age.

Testing:

10mL of sample was taken in a test tube. Nitrates in the water were first reduced to nitrites by

adding a pinch of cadmium powder to the sample.

Cd(s) + N03-

(aq) + 2 W(aq) Cd2+

(aq) + N02-

(aq) + H2O(l)

The solution is then decanted and about 5mL of the decanted solution was taken for further

analysis. A mixture of solutions containing acidified Sulfanilamide( with concentrated HCl)

and N-(1-naphthyl) ethylene diamine dihydrochloride were added. The hydrochloric acid

present in the solution creates an acidic environment for the reaction to take place in. In such

an environment, the nitrite reacts with the sulfanilamide to form a diazonium compound.

Then this compound reacts with the N-(1-naphthyl) ethylene diamine dihydrochloride

solution. 3 drops of this mixture was added to the decanted solution. This reaction produces a

pink coloured azo-compound. The intensity of the pink colour was directly related to the

amount of nitrate present in the sample.


Nitrites:

Occurrence:

Natural water has a low nitrite concentration because bacteria quickly convert Nitrite (NO2-)

to other more stable nitrogen ions. Therefore, nitrate measurements typically represent

nitrate+nitrite concentrations.

Nitrite is:

- An unstable nitrogen ion

- An intermediate ion in nitrification/denitrification process

- A nitrogen source for algae or phytoplankton

- More toxic than nitrate to fish, animals, and humans

Health Effects:

Since nitrites are rarely found in water because it converts to nitrates readily, its health effects

are almost the same as Nitrates.

Testing:

5mL of the sample was taken in a test tube. A mixture of solutions containing acidified

Sulfanilamide( with concentrated HCl) and N-(1-naphthyl) ethylene diamine dihydrochloride

were added. The hydrochloric acid present in the solution creates an acidic environment for

the reaction to take place in. In such an environment, the nitrite reacts with the sulfanilamide

to form a diazonium compound. Then this compound reacts with the N-(1-naphthyl) ethylene

diamine dihydrochloride solution. 3 drops of this mixture was added to the water sample.

This reaction produces a pink coloured azo-compound. The intensity of the pink colour was

directly related to the amount of nitrate present in the sample.

Ammonia:

Occurrence:

Ammonia is rarely found in unpolluted surface water or well water, but water contaminated

with sewage, animal wastes or fertilizer runoff may contain elevated levels. Ammonia is

commonly found in surface water and rainwater. The level of ammonia in surface water

varies regionally and seasonally and can be affected by localized anthropogenic influences,

such as runoff from agricultural fields or industrial or sewage treatment discharges. The

ammonia concentrations in rivers and bays are usually less than 6 mg/L; higher levels may

indicate anthropogenic pollution (Bouwer and Crowe, 1988)

Health Risks:


Ammonia has a toxic effect on healthy humans only if the intake becomes higher than the

capacity to detoxify. In humans, most health effects reported as a result of ammonia exposure

are associated with exposure through inhalation, which is not a relevant mode of action in the

consideration of toxicity associated with drinking water. Although ingestion of concentrated

ammonia causes irritation and damage to the mouth, throat and gastrointestinal tract, these

effects are unlikely to occur at the concentrations of ammonia found in drinking water

(Klendshoj and Rejent, 1966; Klein et al., 1985; Lopez et al., 1988). Based on the lack of an

appropriate endpoint from the ingestion of ammonia, the lack of sufficient evidence of

systemic effects in humans, as well as limited relevant studies in experimental animals, no

health-based guideline can be derived for ammonia in drinking water.

Testing:

The ammonia level in mg/L (or ppm), ammonia as nitrogen is determined by a colorimetric

method.

5mL of the sample was taken in a test tube. The Nessler reagent reacts with ammonia, under

strong alkaline conditions, to form a yellow coloured complex (see equation below). An

addition of an EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) solution inhibits precipitation of

calcium and magnesium ions due to the presence of the alkaline Nessler reagent. 5 drops of

this Nessler’s reagent was added to the sample. The colour intensity of the solution

determines the ammonia concentration

2K2Hgl4 +2NH3 ➝ NH2Hg2I3 + NH4I + 4KI

Phosphates:

Occurrence:

Phosphates enter waterways from human and animal waste, phosphorus rich bedrock,

laundry, cleaning, industrial effluents, and fertilizer runoff. These phosphates become

detrimental when they over fertilize aquatic plants and cause stepped up eutrophication.

Health Effects:

Rainfall can cause varying amounts of phosphates to wash from farm soils into nearby

waterways. Phosphate will stimulate the growth of plankton and aquatic plants which provide

food for fish. This may cause an increase in the fish population and improve the overall water

quality. However, if an excess of phosphate enters the waterway, algae and aquatic plants

will grow wildly, choke up the waterway and use up large amounts of oxygen. This condition

is known as eutrophication or over-fertilization of receiving waters. This rapid growth of

aquatic vegetation eventually dies and as it decays it uses up oxygen. This process in turn

causes the death of aquatic life because of the lowering of dissolved oxygen levels.

Phosphates are not toxic to people or animals unless they are present in very high levels.

Digestive problems could occur from extremely high levels of phosphate.


Testing:

Ortho-phosphate reacts with ammonium molybdate and antimony potassium tartrate in an

acidic medium to form an antimony-phospho-molybdate complex which is reduced to an

intensely blue-coloured complex by ascorbic acid. The colour produced is proportional to the

phosphorus concentration present in the sample. Only orthophosphate forms a blue colour in

this test.

5mL of the sample was taken in a test tube. x Drops of a mixture containing ammonium

molybdate and antimony potassium tartrate in an acidic medium of sulphuric acid was added.

It was mixed and then it was reduced by adding y drops of ascorbic acid.

Iron:-

Occurrence:

Iron can be a troublesome chemical in water supplies. Making up at least 5 percent of the

earth’s crust, iron is one of the earth’s most plentiful resources. Rainwater as it infiltrates the

soil and underlying geologic formations dissolves iron, causing it to seep into aquifers that

serve as sources of groundwater for wells. It may also be released to water from natural

deposits, industrial wastes, refining of iron ores, and corrosion of iron containing metals.

Although present in drinking water, iron is seldom found at concentrations greater than 10

milligrams per litre (mg/L) or 10 parts per million. However, as little as 0.3 mg/l can cause

water to turn a reddish brown colour. Iron is mainly present in water in two forms: either the

soluble ferrous iron or the insoluble ferric iron. Water containing ferrous iron is clear and

colourless because the iron is completely dissolved. When exposed to air in the pressure tank

or atmosphere, the water turns cloudy and a reddish brown substance begins to form. This

sediment is the oxidized or ferric form of iron that will not dissolve in water.

Health Effects:

Iron is not hazardous to health, but it is considered a secondary or aesthetic contaminant.

Essential for good health, iron helps transport oxygen in the blood. Dissolved ferrous iron gives water a disagreeable metallic taste. Concentrations of iron as low

as 0.3 mg/L will leave reddish brown stains on fixtures, tableware and laundry that are very

hard to remove. When these deposits break loose from water piping, rusty water will flow

through the faucet. The ingestion of large quantities of iron can damage blood vessels, cause bloody

vomitus/stool, and damage the liver and kidneys, and even cause death. However, because

ingestion is regulated, body tissues are generally not exposed to high-level concentrations.


Calcium Hardness:

Occurrence:

Hardness comes from naturally occurring calcium and magnesium mineral salts which are

dissolved from the rocks through which rain water flows. Water is harder in chalk or

limestone areas than those with insoluble rock such as granite.

Health Effects of Hardness:

The presence or absence of the hardness minerals in drinking water is not known to pose a

health risk to users. Hardness is normally considered an aesthetic water quality factor. The

presence of some dissolved mineral material in drinking water is typically what gives the

water its characteristic and pleasant taste. At higher concentrations however, hardness creates

the following consumer problems.

• Produces soap scum most noticeable on tubs and showers.

• Produces white mineral deposits on dishes more noticeable on clear glassware.

• Reduces the efficiency of devices that heat water. As hardness deposits build in

thickness, they act like insulation, reducing the efficiency of heat transfer.

It has also been observed that areas of higher hardness in drinking water maybe associated

with lower incidents of heart disease. This possible relationship is being investigated.

The World Health Organization says that "there does not appear to be any convincing

evidence that water hardness causes adverse health effects in humans". In fact, the United

States National Research Council has found that hard water can actually serve as a dietary

supplement for calcium and magnesium.

Some studies have shown a weak inverse relationship between water hardness

and cardiovascular disease in men, up to a level of 170 mg calcium carbonate per litre of

water. The World Health Organization has reviewed the evidence and concluded the data was

inadequate to allow for a recommendation for a level of hardness.

Other studies have shown weak correlations between cardiovascular health and water

hardness.

Some studies correlate domestic hard water usage with increased eczema in children.

Testing:

Method Overview:

To determine the hardness of a water sample, technologists use the EDTA

(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) titration. EDTA disodium salt is a soluble salt that reacts

readily with all +2 ions, namely Ca+2

, Mg+2

, Fe+2

and Ba+2

. The EDTA anion reacts quickly

with any +2 metal to form a soluble metal EDTA complex. EDTA is called a chelating or

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_relationship

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eczema

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children


sequestering agent since it will react with and tie up heavy metal ions and render them

harmless to humans and water systems.

All metal-EDTA salts are colourless and require an indicator to tell us when the reaction is

over. Various hardness indicators have been developed. They all tell the operator when the

titration is complete. Hardness indicators are large complex organic dyes that react with

EDTA to form coloured complexes. EDTA reacts preferentially with highly mobile metal

ions, but once they are all tied up, the EDTA will react with the slow moving, massive dye

molecules to give an endpoint. As a consequence, endpoints are challenging.

We will use Eriochrome Black T for the total hardness endpoint, which includes the sum of

calcium and magnesium ions. Murexide indicator gives us the calcium endpoint.

1) Place 25 mL of sample water in a bottle

2) Add 10drops of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH, “caustic soda”) solution to sample.

3) Add a few grains of Murexide indicator. This will turn the solution pink.

4) Titrate with EDTA until the solution turns purple. Record the mL of EDTA used.

Phase 6: Discussions and Results

Experimental:

The water samples were collected from 15 lakes at various points in the lakes in the specified

watershed area. Also we tried collecting water samples from 42 borewells in the area. Out of

the 42 borewells, 22 were dried. Therefore we could get samples from only 20 of them. The

samples were collected in plastic water bottles and were stored away from sunlight to prevent

any decomposition which might affect the testing results.

Materials and Method:

The kits for testing for Nitrates, Nitrites, Ammonia, Phosphates, Iron and Calcium Hardness

was bought from Avinash Chemicals . These kits were manufactured by Nice Chemicals. The

instructions were given on each of the testing kits which were followed to give results


The results of the parameters tested for the lakes are furnished below:

Name Nitrates Nitrites Ammonia Iron Phosphates Calcium TDS pH EC (uS)

Hosa Lake(boundary) 20 5 3 0 1 220 410 6.1 845

Halanayakalli Lake 0 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 40 36 6.7 85

Gatahalli Lake 0 0-0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 50 118 6.8 264

Hadosidhapura Lake 0 0-0.5 1 0 0.5 30 15 5.9 34

Lake dew 5 5(>5) 1-3 0 2 150 362 6.4 759

Saul Kere Lake 5 2 0.5 0.3 0.5 45 48 7 122

Kudlu Lake 0 0 3 0 1 190 420 6.8 764

Lake opp accenture/Ecospace 0 0 5 0 2 160 690 6.9 1340

Kasavanahalli Lake 0 0.5

1-3(close to 3) 0 0.5 125 824 7.3 1620

Kaikondrahalli Lake(center) 20-30 0

<1(0.5-0.7) 0 0.5 95 979 7.1 1780

Kaikindrahalli Lake(inlet) 0 0 1 0 0.5 30 1000 7.7 1780

Doddakanalli Lake 0 0 0 3 0.5 55 99 6.8 230

Rayasandra Lake 5 5 3 0 2 140 596 7 1190

Adarsh Palm retreat 0 0.5 1 0 2 160 566 7.2 1130

Hosa Lake(Middle) 20-30 5(>5) 1-3(>1) 0 1 205 379 6 801

Acceptable Limits 45 3 0.5 0.3 0 200 500 6.5-8.5 N.A

Permissible Limits No relaxation

No relaxation

No relaxation

No relaxation 5 600 2000

No relaxation N.A

Note: The Black bars in all graphs indicates that the concentration of that component in

water is above acceptable limits,


DATA ANALYSIS-LAKES OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED:

5

0.5 0.25 0.25

5

2

0 0 0.5

0 0 0

5

0.5

5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Nitrites(ppm)

Hosa Lake(boundary)

Halanayakalli Lake

Gatahalli Lake

Hadosidhapura Lake

Lake dew

Saul Kere Lake

Kudlu Lake

Lake opp accenture/Ecospace

3

0.5 0.5 1

2

0.5

3

5

2.8

0.6 1

0

3

1

2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Ammonium(ppm)

Ammonium(ppm)


0 0.3 0.3

0 0 0.3

0 0 0 0 0

3

0 0 0 0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.5

Iron(ppm)

Hosa Lake(boundary)

Halanayakalli Lake

Gatahalli Lake

Hadosidhapura Lake

Lake dew

Saul Kere Lake

Kudlu Lake

1

0.5 0.5 0.5

2

0.5

1

2

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

2 2

1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Phosphates(ppm)

Phosphates(ppm)

220

40 50 30

150

45

190 160

125 95

30 55

140 160

205

0

50

100

150

200

250

Calcium(ppm)

Hosa Lake(boundary)

Halanayakalli Lake

Gatahalli Lake

Hadosidhapura Lake

Lake dew

Saul Kere Lake


410

36 118

15

362

48

420

690 824

979 1000

99

596 566 379

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

TDS(ppm)

Hosa Lake(boundary)

Halanayakalli Lake

Gatahalli Lake

Hadosidhapura Lake

Lake dew

Saul Kere Lake

Kudlu Lake


6.1 6.7 6.8

5.9 6.4 7 6.8 6.9 7.3 7.1

7.7 6.8 7 7.2

6

0123456789

pH

Hosa Lake(boundary)

Halanayakalli Lake

Gatahalli Lake

Hadosidhapura Lake

Lake dew

Saul Kere Lake

Kudlu Lake


Kasavanahalli Lake


The results of the parameters tested for the bore wells are furnished below:

845

85

264

34

759

122

764

1340

1620 1780 1780

230

1190 1130

801

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

EC (µS)

EC (uS)


Note: The Black bars in all graphs indicates that the concentration of that component in

water is above acceptable limits,

Name TDS pH E.C Nitrates Nitrites Ammonia Phosphates Iron Calcium Hardness

Wipro Utility 716 6.8 1400 <5 0 0 0.5 0 125

Wipro bus parking 1090 7.2 1950 <5 0 0 0 0 200

Sobha Carnation-Borewell no.1 766 7 1520 5 0 0 2 0 100

Sobha Carnation Borewell no.3 810 7 1590 10 0 0 2 0 160

Raindrops 741 7 1480 30 0 0 0 0 150

BBMP Opp Raindrops 1130 7.2 2000 20 1 0.5 0 0 125

Sindhu Amazon near A Block 636 7.4 1280 50 0 0 0 0 185

Shubh enclave outside Aashram 706 7.2 1400 10 0 0 <0.5 0 140

Shubh Enclave inside Aashram 683 7.2 1370 10 0 0 0 0 140

Trinity Woods And Acres 1000 6.9 1840 0 0 0 0 0 140

Springfield borewell(behind 'I' block) 500 7.3 1040 <5 0 0 0 0 75

Sobha Jasmine 951 7 1760 5 0 0 0 0 170

SJR Verity Veni Block 543 7 1120 20 0 0 <0.5 0 115

SJR Verity Vega Block 534 6.9 1080 30 0 0 <0.5 0 160

Rainbow drive 401 389 7 818 0 0 0 0 0 125

Rainbow drive 137 587 8 1200 20 0 0 0 0 150

Rainbow drive STP 2 721 6.8 1430 <5 0 0 0 0 185

Manjunath House 740 6.9 1460 20 0 0 0.5/<0.5 0 190

SJR Redwoods near Tulip block 615 7 1220 <5 0 0 0.5/<0.5 0 115

Elan near STP 790 6.9 1550 0 0 0 2 5/>5 145

Acceptable Limits 500 6.5-8.5 N.A 45 3 0.5 0 0.3 200

Permissible Limits 2000

No relaxation N.A

No relaxation

No relaxation

No relaxation 5

No relaxation 600


DATA ANALYSIS-BOREWELLS OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED:

(Note: The green bars indicate the nitrate content in that bore well to be < 5ppm. The black

bar indicates that the nitrate content is above Acceptable Limits

5 5 5

10

30

20

50

10 10

0

5 5

20

30

0

20

5

20

5

0 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Wip

ro U

tilit

y

Wip

ro b

us

par

kin

g

Sob

ha

Car

nat

ion

-Bo

rew

ell

no

.1

Sob

ha

Car

nat

ion

Bo

rew

ell n

o.3

Rai

nd

rop

s

BB

MP

Op

p R

ain

dro

ps

Sin

dh

u A

maz

on

ne

ar A

Blo

ck

Shu

bh

en

clav

e o

uts

ide

Aas

hra

m

Shu

bh

En

clav

e in

sid

e A

ash

ram

Trin

ity

Wo

od

s A

nd

Acr

es

Spri

ngf

ield

bo

rew

ell(

beh

ind

'I' b

lock

)

Sob

ha

Jasm

ine

SJR

Ve

rity

Ven

i Blo

ck

SJR

Ve

rity

Veg

a B

lock

Rai

nb

ow

dri

ve 4

01

Rai

nb

ow

dri

ve 1

37

Rai

nb

ow

dri

ve S

TP 2

Man

jun

ath

Ho

use

SJR

Re

dw

oo

ds

nea

r Tu

lip b

lock

Elan

ne

ar S

TP

Nitrates(ppm)

Wipro Utility

Wipro bus parking

Sobha Carnation-Borewell no.1

Sobha Carnation Borewell no.3

Raindrops

BBMP Opp Raindrops

Sindhu Amazon near A Block

Shubh enclave outside Aashram

Shubh Enclave inside Aashram

Trinity Woods And Acres

Springfield borewell(behind 'I' block)

Sobha Jasmine

SJR Verity Veni Block

SJR Verity Vega Block

Rainbow drive 401

Rainbow drive 137

Rainbow drive STP 2

Manjunath House

SJR Redwoods near Tulip block

Elan near STP


(Note: The orange bar indicates that the iron content in that bore well is above 5 ppm)

0 0 0 0 0

1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Nitrites(ppm)

Nitrites(ppm)

0 0 0 0 0

0.5

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Ammonium(ppm)

Ammonia

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5

0123456

Wip

ro U

tilit

y

Wip

ro b

us…

Sob

ha…

Sob

ha…

Rai

nd

rop

s

BB

MP

Op

p…

Sin

dh

u A

maz

on

…

Shu

bh

en

clav

e…

Shu

bh

En

clav

e…

Trin

ity

Wo

od

s…

Spri

ngf

ield

…

Sob

ha

Jasm

ine

SJR

Ve

rity

Ven

i…

SJR

Ve

rity

Veg

a…

Rai

nb

ow

dri

ve…

Rai

nb

ow

dri

ve…

Man

jun

ath

Ho

use

SJR

Re

dw

oo

ds…

Elan

ne

ar S

TP

Iron

Wipro Utility

Wipro bus parking



Raindrops

BBMP Opp Raindrops



(Note: The brown bars indicate that the phosphate content in that bore well is < 0.5 ppm)

0.5

0

2 2

0 0 0

0.5

0 0 0 0

0.5 0.5

0 0 0

0.5 0.5

2

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5W

ipro

Uti

lity

Wip

ro b

us

par

kin

g

Sob

ha

Car

nat

ion

-Bo

rew

ell

no

.1

Sob

ha

Car

nat

ion

Bo

rew

ell n

o.3

Rai

nd

rop

s

BB

MP

Op

p R

ain

dro

ps

Sin

dh

u A

maz

on

ne

ar A

Blo

ck

Shu

bh

en

clav

e o

uts

ide

Aas

hra

m

Shu

bh

En

clav

e in

sid

e A

ash

ram

Trin

ity

Wo

od

s A

nd

Acr

es

Spri

ngf

ield

bo

rew

ell(

beh

ind

'I' b

lock

)

Sob

ha

Jasm

ine

SJR

Ve

rity

Ven

i Blo

ck

SJR

Ve

rity

Veg

a B

lock

Rai

nb

ow

dri

ve 4

01

Rai

nb

ow

dri

ve 1

37

Rai

nb

ow

dri

ve S

TP 2

Man

jun

ath

Ho

use

SJR

Re

dw

oo

ds

nea

r Tu

lip b

lock

Elan

ne

ar S

TP

Phosphates(ppm)

Wipro Utility

Wipro bus parking



Raindrops

BBMP Opp Raindrops






Sobha Jasmine



Rainbow drive 401

Rainbow drive 137

Rainbow drive STP 2

Manjunath House

SJR Redwoods near Tulip block

Elan near STP


125

200

100

160 150

125

185

140 140 140

75

170

115

160

125

150

185 190

115

145

0

50

100

150

200

250

Calcium Hardness

Calcium Hardness

716

1090

766 810

741

1130

636 706 683

1000

500

951

543 534

389

587

721 740

615

790

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Wip

ro U

tilit

y

Wip

ro b

us

par

kin

g

Sob

ha

Car

nat

ion

-Bo

rew

ell

no

.1

Sob

ha

Car

nat

ion

Bo

rew

ell n

o.3

Rai

nd

rop

s

BB

MP

Op

p R

ain

dro

ps

Sin

dh

u A

maz

on

ne

ar A

Blo

ck

Shu

bh

en

clav

e o

uts

ide

Aas

hra

m

Shu

bh

En

clav

e in

sid

e A

ash

ram

Trin

ity

Wo

od

s A

nd

Acr

es

Spri

ngf

ield

bo

rew

ell(

beh

ind

'I'…

Sob

ha

Jasm

ine

SJR

Ve

rity

Ven

i Blo

ck

SJR

Ve

rity

Veg

a B

lock

Rai

nb

ow

dri

ve 4

01

Rai

nb

ow

dri

ve 1

37

Rai

nb

ow

dri

ve S

TP 2

Man

jun

ath

Ho

use

SJR

Re

dw

oo

ds

nea

r Tu

lip b

lock

Elan

ne

ar S

TP

TDS(ppm)

Wipro Utility

Wipro bus parking



Raindrops

BBMP Opp Raindrops






Sobha Jasmine




6.8

7.2

7 7 7

7.2

7.4

7.2 7.2

6.9

7.3

7 7 6.9

7

8

6.8 6.9

7 6.9

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7

7.2

7.4

7.6

7.8

8

8.2

pH

pH

1400

1950

1520 1590

1480

2000

1280 1400 1370

1840

1040

1760

1120 1080

818

1200

1430 1460

1220

1550

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

E.C(µS)

E.C(uS)


Through our tests, we found out that ammonia was present in a large amount in lakes, way

more than acceptable limits. Also, in Halanayakalli Lake, Gatahalli Lake and Saul Kere Lake

we have iron 0.3ppm. This is because these lakes were very shallow and there can be possible

mixing of water with soil. Also Hadosidhapura Lake and Hosa Lake are surprisingly very

acidic. All the other parameters are below the acceptable limits for all lakes except Calcium

hardness of Hosa Lake.

In the borewell samples, the borewell at Sindhu Amazon near A block has a high content of

Nitrates, above the acceptable limits. Also the water of the borewell at Rainbow drive 137 is

very basic. And the water from Elan was the only sample in the watershed which had iron

dissolved in it. That is very surprising because it may mean that the aquifer from which they

draw water is different from other borewells. The TDS in these water samples are also above

the Acceptable limits but below the permissible limits.

So by looking at this data we can connect the aquifers.


Jakkur Lake

Introduction to Jakkur Lake:

1) The Jakkur Lake is in the north-eastern part of the Bangalore city and is one of the largest

and cleanest water bodies in Bangalore. It is the main lake in the chain of lakes comprising of

the Yelahanka Lake upstream and the Rachenahalli Lake downstream. It is about 140 acres

large and has recently been rejuvenated by the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA).

2) Besides being a freshwater lake that provides water to the city, it is particularly special

because it is a potential model for Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM). This

unique socio-ecological ecosystem highlights the symbiotic relationship between nature and

humankind

3) By serendipity, a sewage treatment plant (STP) with a capacity to treat 10 million litres a

day was set up north of the lake by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board

(BWSSB). This treatment plant receives wastewater from about 12,500 households from

areas around Jakkur like Yelahanka.

4) The plant is currently able to let out 8 million litres of treated water into the man-made

wetland that further purifies the water by a natural process before letting it enter the lake.

Therefore the lake is fed with 8 million litres of treated water everyday, which in turn

recharges the ground, increases the water table and fills up the bore-wells and the beautiful

old open wells — heritage structures that adorn this area and are in need of preservation.

Project Objective: We had to do the chemical analysis of the water samples collected at

various locations at Jakkur lake for the following parameters:

pH

Total Dissolved Solids(TDS)

Electrical Conductivity

Nitrates

Nitrites

Ammonium

Phosphates

Iron

Calcium

Results and Discussions:




The results of the chemical analysis area as follows:

Name Nitrates (ppm)

Nitrites (ppm)

Ammonia (ppm)

Iron (ppm)

Phosphates (ppm) Calcium(ppm) TDS(ppm) pH EC(uS)

Jakkur Lake(Shore) 0 0 1 0 2 165 675 7.7 1370

Jakkur Lake( Centre) <5 3 1 0 2 170 728 7.3 1350

Jakkur Lake(Wetland) 0 0 5 0.3 >5 115 703 6.7 1540

JakkurLake (outlet from stp) 0 0 5 0 >5 215 680 7.3 1330

Jakkur Lake(inlet to stp) 0 0 5 0 >5 190 812 7.4 1620

Well outside jakkur Lake(In private field Near fishing place-Staircase to go down inside the well) 0 0 0.5 0 0 95 489 7.7 960

Well outside Jakkur lake(On MainRoad-One well inside another) <5 <0.5 0 0 0 210 616 7.3 1240


Borewell inside the STP in Jakkur Lake 0 0 0 0 0 120 421 6.6 859

Acceptable

Limits 45 3 0.5 0.3 0 200 500 6.5-8.5 N.A

Permissible

Limits

No

relaxation

No

relaxation

No

relaxation

No

relaxation 5 600 2000

No

relaxation N.A

(Note: The blue bars indicate that the nitrates in that given water sample is <5 ppm)

(Note: The green bar indicates that the nitrates in that given water sample is <0.5 ppm)

0123456

Nitrates(ppm)

Nitrates(ppm)

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

Nitrites(ppm)

Jakkur Lake(Shore)

Jakkur Lake( Centre)

Jakkur Lake(Wetland)


(Note: The Ammonium concentration is way above the acceptable limit of 0.5 ppm)

0123456

Ammonia(ppm)

Jakkur Lake(Shore)



00.05

0.10.15

0.20.25

0.30.35

Iron(ppm)

Iron(ppm)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Phosphates(ppm)

Phosphates(ppm)


0

50

100

150

200

250

Calcium(ppm)

Jakkur Lake(Shore)



JakkurLake (outlet from stp)

0100200300400500600700800900

TDS(ppm)

Jakkur Lake(Shore)



JakkurLake (outlet from stp)

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

EC(µS)

EC(uS)


66.26.46.66.8

77.27.47.67.8

pH

pH


Rain Water Harvesting Projects

Assignment 1:

This rain water harvesting project at Sobha Quartz was a two stage process.

Stage 1: Mapping the entire rain water collection piping system in the basement area at

Sobha Quartz.

Stage 2: Doing the level translation of the pipes in the various sections of the apartment to

the sump for the re-plumbing work to be carried out

Background:

The RWH system (for storage and reuse) at SOBHA Quartz currently comprises 3 systems,

namely –

1. the fire room system,

2. swimming pool filtration system

3. lift area system

The rooftop down takes are redirected to HDPE tanks (in each of these locations) and then is

pumped to the raw water sump. Such a system was implemented primarily due to a limitation

enforced by the residents requesting that no hole be made in the existing sump. Hence water

from the 3 systems is pumped through an existing 3” pipe (existing bore well inlet) into the

raw water sump. This results in overflow from the HDPE tanks as the 3” pipe is not always

sufficient to handle the full flow of water.

Hence it has now been decided to route all the pipes to the sump directly. For this core

cutting will be required to make 2 new 10” inlets into the sump. All the 40 downtakes will be

redirected into one of these 10” inlets into the sump.

Currently only 32 of the 40 pipes have been connected to the RWH system as it was observed

that 8 of the pipes carried water other than rooftop runoff water. Hence it will be required that

all the contaminating lines are disconnected from these 8 downtakes so that it can be

connected to the raw water sump

The levels of all pipes do not allow for a continuous gravity flow to the sump. However given

the availability of the overall head (10 floors) it has been assumed to be ok to not always

allow for a positive slope to the sump. This is especially applicable to lift area system where

the pipes will hold water for about 200ft - 300ft due to the negative slope. Provision will be

made to drain this water into the existing HDPE tanks placed at the location. This is a risk

Work Details:


1) We first mapped all the pipes which were collecting the rooftop run off water and taking it

to the sumps near the fire room system, the swimming pool filtration system and the lift area

system.

2) A detailed pictorial representation was made by us.

(Mapped Piped System Diagrams are given below)

Piping near the Fire Room Tank

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Bqe6HHaII8w/U5aVlXB4igI/AAAAAAAAATg/fIfGabBdVbA/s1600/fire+room.JPG


Piping near the Lift Room Tank

Piping near the Swimming Pool Area

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XCnlGX-wBGw/U5aVs0KXLuI/AAAAAAAAATs/KnpdDQei1Zg/s1600/liftroom.JPG

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e_ffaXiHACI/U5aVzbk-EYI/AAAAAAAAAT0/9xK0w-_QnY4/s1600/swimmingpool.JPG


3) Level Translation for Re-plumbing:

The heights were projected using the tubular-water level method .By this we shall come to

know the required heights of the new pipes that need to be installed.

Given below are the measurements of the various projections on the wall (Near the Fire

Room):

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0OveDuamvxI/U6AJk-AuXXI/AAAAAAAAAUs/wAmxjW04qEs/s1600/Wall.SindhuQuartz.JPG


Assignment 2:

Ground Water Recharge Proposal for Trinity Acres and Woods Society(Sarjapur

Road)

We made an exhaustive proposal report for the groundwater recharge at Trinity Acres

and Woods Society. This report was based on the concept of building recharge wells

in the campus for recharging the aquifers.

The following was provided in the report following :

1)Detailed area calculations of various catchment areas

2)Data of the various catchment areas available for recharge

3)BWSSB Considerations for recharge

4)Positioning of each recharge well

5)Details regarding the collection of water from the various catchment areas to the

recharge wells

6)Diagrammatic representation of the recharge wells with the drains

7)Costing of various recharge wells, drains, cattle traps, RCC slabs, etc and the net

project cost

8) Appendix: Rainfall pattern and Rainwater harvesting strategies for Bangalore

Work Details:

The report is as furnished below:


Ground Water Recharge Solutions for Trinity Wood and Acres

1. Customer Details

1.1 Contact Info

Name and Address of Customer Trinity Acres and Woods,

Ambalipura ,Sarjapura Main Road,

Sector 1,HSR Layout,

Bangalore.

Karnataka

Customer Type Apartment

Contact Person name Mr.Basavaraj Deodurg

Contact Phone number – Land line -

Contact Phone number – Mobile 9845039450

Email id [email protected]

Date of Visit 13th

June 2014

Date of Report 23rd

June 2014

1.2 A Brief Overview

Trinity Woods and Acres is a 7.5 acres apartment complex with 284 homes (Trinity Acres:

176 Apartments. East Wing 11 Blocks & West Wing 11 Blocks. Trinity Woods: 108

Apartments East 2 Blocks and West 2 Blocks) on Sarjapura Road. The current water is

supplied by tankers rainwater and groundwater. Water demand for Trinity Woods and Acres

from tankers is 180KL and from bore wells it is 20 KL. It has one working bore well and one

non- working bore well. It is in this context that Biome has been approached to provide an

mailto:[email protected]


appropriate groundwater recharge solution. The society management wishes Biome to

provide solutions to Ground Water Recharge.

1.3 Water management at Trinity Woods and Acres

Source of water in Trinity Woods and Acres is currently rainwater, tanker water and

bore wells. Trinity Woods and Acres have one sump where all the water collected is

stored.

Water is used for all household consumption of apartments from this sump. There also

exists one septic tank where all the sewage from the household is collected.

There exist storm drains on both the sides of the layout.

Rainwater harvesting system is done in the Trinity Acres and not in Trinity Woods.

The rainwater harvested is put in the common sump which is used by the society.

Also, this sump collects the water from the private tankers.

2. Ground Water Recharge Calculations at Trinity Woods and Acres:

NOTE: Rainfall Calculations:-

Volume of rainfall in the given area(in kL):

= Area (sq.m)*(X mm of rainfall)*0.001*(Runoff Coefficient)

Runoff coefficient for rooftop area=0.9

Runoff coefficient for non- rooftop area=0.5

# Given below is the general schematic map of the entire campus:

NOTE: All distances in schematic diagrams are in metres.


Football Ground 30.3

24.5

7.6

7.6

6.5

6.5

Trinity Woods East

Trinity Woods West

Garden

Sarjapuraroad In Gate Out Gate

Area=30.6

*24.5

158.3

6.2

15.3

6.5 5.7

25.5

Clubhouse

Underground

Sump

Tennis Court

Trinity Acres West

Trinity Acres East

Garden

Garden

Underground

Septic Tank

Borewell

LAKE

105.7

105.6

78.5

44.5

34.1


A) Various Catchment Areas in Trinity Woods and Acres:

Catchment Description Area(sq.m)

Annual

rainfall

970mm(kL)

30mm

rainfall(kL)

20mm

rainfall(kL)

BWSSB

No.(kL)

Trinity Acres

Rooftop Area(EAST+WEST) 5857 5113 158 105 117

Non-Rooftop Area(EAST+WEST) 4050 1964 61 73 41

Club House 750 654 20 13 15

Garden Area 606 294 9 6 NA

Trinity Woods

Rooftop Area(EAST+WEST) 10354 9039 280 186 207

Non-Rooftop Area(EAST+WEST) 5703 2766 86 103 57

Football Court 1682 816 25 17 NA

TOTAL

BWSSB

Water to

be

Harvested

20646 639 503 437

TOTAL RAINFALL RUNOFF(kL)

NOTE:

1. The daily requirement of Trinity Acres and Woods is 200kL.Hence for

365 days(annual requirement), the requirement is 73000kL.

2. For a 970 mm annual rainfall, the total rainfall runoff on the campus is

20,646kL which is 28.28 % of the annual requirement.

B) Details of catchment areas available for recharge in the campus:


i. Rooftop Areas:

ii. Non-Rooftop Areas:

Catchment

Description(NON

ROOFTOP AREA)

Area(sq.m)

Annual

rainfall

970mm(kL)

30mm

rainfall(kL)

60mm

rainfall(kL)

20 mm

rainfall(kL)

Catchment Description Area(sq.m)

Annual

rainfall

970mm(kL)

30mm

rainfall(kL)

20mm

rainfall(kL)

Trinity Woods

0.25 of the Rooftop Area of

Trinity Woods goes to the

lakes

2589(0.25*10354)

2260 70 47


Trinity Woods can be

recharged

7766(0.75*10354) 6779 210 140

Club House

All the rooftop area of the

Club House can be recharged 750 654 20 13

Trinity Acres


Trinity Acres goes to the

drain

1464 1278 40 26

0.50 of the Rooftop area of

Trinity Acres goes to RWH

sump

2929 2557 79 53

0.25 of Rooftop area of

Trinity Acres is available for

recharge

1464 1278 40 26

TOTAL ROOFTOP(For

Harvesting)(Adding the

blocks in blue)

9980 8711 270 179


Trinity Acres

Open Area of Trinity

Acres West facing

towards the lake 1060 514 16 32

10.6(Not to be

counted as it is

going to the

lake)

Open area of Trinity

Acres East facing

towards Villa Del

Morte 1060 514 16 32 10.6

In between

pathway(Till Club

House)-Starting from

gate 1407 683 21 42 14

Pathway between

Club House and

Trinity Acres(Left

Side) 87 42 1 3 0.86

Front Path way

horizontal(near

entrance) 437 212 7 13 4.37

Garden Area(Both

the gardens near

EAST and WEST) at

the entrance 606 294 9 18 6

Trinity Woods

Extreme left (Starting

from Club house

end)(EAST) towards

Villa Del Morte 1241 602 19 37 12.4

Pathway between

Club House and

Trinity Woods(EAST

SIDE) 159 77 2 5 1.6

Pathway from the

Circle Between the

two blocks 1416 687 21 42 14.15

Extreme

right(towards the 1205 584 18 36 12


lake)(WEST)

Football Ground

(ALL WATER IS

GOING TO THE

LAKE) 1682 816 25 50 16.8

TOTAL NON

ROOF TOP(For

Harvesting)(Adding

the blocks in blue) 6413 3111 96 192 64

Area(sq.m) 20 mm rainfall(kL)

TOTAL ROOFTOP AREA 9980 179

TOTAL NON ROOFTOP

ARE

6413 64

TOTAL AREA TO BE

HARVESTED

16393 243

Hence the total volume of water that is available for recharge is the addition of all the

cells in the above tables which are blue coloured (For 20 mm rainfall assuming the

runoff coefficients) which is equal to 243 kL

NOTE: We are not including football court and tennis court runoffs as it goes to the

lake.

C. BWSSB Recharge Value:

According to BWSSB standard about 20 litres/m2 of the rooftop and 10-litres/ m2 of paved

area rainwater needs to be harvested or groundwater recharge with no runoff coefficient

added.

Referring to Table 2 A: All the rooftop area has been multiplied by 20 and non rooftop

area(paved area) has been multiplied by 10 to obtain the BWSSB recharge value of 437

kL.(Note: We are not including the gardens, football and tennis courts for BSWWB

calculations)


D. Proposal:

We are going to recharge roughly about 243kL of rainfall by building recharge wells.

So, for 243kL capacity, we are proposing to build 7 recharge wells of the following capacity:

(i) 5 recharge wells of 32 kL capacity

(ii) 2 recharge wells of 17 kL capacity

(Note: We are assuming 100 % recharge of the water that falls in the recharge

wells)

Given that Trinity Acres has rainwater harvesting with storage facility implemented,

recharge options can be implemented for their bore well. Hence, for the campus the

following strategy is proposed:

We are creating recharge capacity by digging 7 recharge wells and redirecting rainwater to

it. The recharge well description is as follows:

(Please refer to the schematic diagram representation)


Football Ground 30.3

24.5

7.6

7.6

211.3

6.5

6.5

Trinity Woods East

Trinity Woods West

R1 6 ft X 40 ft Capacity: 32KL

Garden

R2 6 ft X 40ft Capacity: 32KL

RWH

Sarjapuraroad In Gate Out Gate

30.6

158.3

18.5

6.8

6.2

15.3

6.5 5.7

7.6

25.5

Clubhouse

Underground

Sump

Tennis Court

4.7

Trinity Acres West

Trinity Acres East

Garden

Garden

Underground

Septic Tank

Borewell






Trinity Acres West

LAKE


#The catchment area and recharge wells capacity measurements:

Recharge water in R1 Area(sq.m)

Annual

Rainfall

(970mm

kL)

30mm

Rainfall

(kL)

20mm

Rainfall

(kL)

Total

capacity

(for 20mm)

KL

Well

Dimensions

(ft*ft)

Well

capacity

(kL)

Rooftop before R1 2590 2261 70 47 53 6*40 32

Non Roorftop before R2 645 313 10 6

Recharge for R2 Area(sq.m)

Annual

Rainfall

(970mm)

30mm

Rainfall

(kL)

20mm

Rainfall

(kL)

Total

capacity

(for 20mm)

KL

6*40 32

Rooftop before R2 2590 2261 70 47 53

Non Rooftop before R2 645 313 10 6


Annual

Rainfall

970mm

(kL)

30mm

Rainfall

(kL)

20mm

rainfall

(kL)

Total

capacity

(for 20mm)

KL

6*40 32

Rooftop for R3 2588 2260 70 47 60

Non Rooftop for R3 1364 661 20 14


Annual

Rainfall

970 mm

(kL)

30mm

Rainfall

(kL)

20mm

rainfall

(kL)

Total

capacity

(for 20mm)

KL

5*30 17

Rooftop for R4 1827 1595 49 33 38


0



Annual

Rainfall

(970mm

kL)

30mm

Rainfall

(kL)

20mm

rainfall

(kL)

Total

capacity

(for 20mm)

KL

5*30 17

Rooftop for R5 823 719 22 15 18



Annual

Rainfall

(970mm

kL)

30mm

Rainfall

(kL)

20mm

rainfall

(kL)

6*40 32

Rooftop for R6 1839 1606 28 33 49 kL

(Includes

club house

rooftop

50% also )



Annual

Rainfall

970mm

( kL)

30mm

Rainfall

(kL)

20mm

Rainfall

(kL)

Total

capacity

(for 20mm)

KL

6*40 32

Rooftop for R7 631 551 17 11 20

Non rooftop for R7 867 421 13 9

The locations and the well description is as follows:

R1(6 ft X 40 ft Capacity: 32KL) : Located near the small passage between the blocks of

Trinity Woods.

Water collection: Will collect water from Trinity Woods West rooftop runoff, runoff from

the passage between Trinity Woods East and Trinity Woods West and the rooftop runoff

from Trinity Woods East(Collection till the middle passage way of Trinity Woods West)


R2(6 ft X 40ft Capacity: 32KL): Located at the Garden in Trinity Woods (West) Starting

Point.

Water collection: Will collect water from Trinity Woods West rooftop runoff, runoff from

the passage between Trinity Woods East and Trinity Woods West and the rooftop runoff

from Trinity Woods East (Collection from the entry to Trinity Woods till the first passage

way in Trinity Woods West)


R3(6 ft X 40 ft Capacity: 32KL): Located between Trinity Woods (East) and the Club

House

Water collected: Will collect water from the rooftop runoff from Trinity Woods East via the

drains which are located to the left side of Trinity Woods East.

R4(5 ft X 30 ft Capacity: 17KL): Second Open Space Passage in Trinity Acres (West)

Water collected: Will collect water from the rooftop runoff from the Club House, the runoff

from the passage between Trinity Acres East and West, the rooftop runoffs from Trinity

Acres East and West. The overflow from here will go to R5 and R7.


R5(5 ft X 30 ft Capacity: 17KL): First Open Space Passage in Trinity Acres (West)

Water collected: Will collect water from the runoff from the passage between Trinity Acres East

and West, the rooftop runoffs from Trinity Acres East and West till the speed breaker and from the

overflow of R4.The overflow from here will go to R5.


R6(6 ft X 40 ft Capacity: 32KL): Located at the extreme left of the Trinity Acres East Block (near

entrance-Close to Septic Tank)

Water collected: All water between Trinity Acres East and the Club House and the rooftop runoff

of Trinity Acres East. Also the overflow of the Garden in front of the east wing goes to R6.It also

collects water from the entry drain parallel to Sarjapur Road.

R7(6 ft X 40 ft Capacity: 32KL): Located near the bore well. (Near Trinity Acres West Block)

Water collected: All the water falling post the first open passage space of Trinity Acres West is

collected. It includes, the rooftop runoffs from Trinity Acres East and West (post the first open

passage space and towards the entrance), the runoffs from the passage between Trinity Acres East

and West and the water from the drain at the entrance parallel to Sarjapur Road. Since it is of 32KL

capacity, it can take the overflow of R4 and R5.

4. RWH Strategies

As discussed Trinity Woods and Acres already has rainwater harvesting system

implemented. Hence, only recharge for the bore well is being proposed. In and around

Bangalore it has mostly been observed that the recharge rates at about 20-30ft depth

are extremely good. Recharge wells upstream of the bore well could potentially

recharge the aquifer from where the yielding bore well draws its water.

5. Ground Water Recharge Strategies

Since the campus has only 1 already dug bore well, seven recharge wells of the

following dimensions are proposed for the recharge of this bore well:

6ft Diameter and 40 ft deep (viz.R1,R2,R3,R6,R4)

5ft Diameter and 30ft deep(Viz.R4,R5)

(Please refer to the above schematic diagram for the exact positioning of the recharge wells)

The capacity of these recharge wells are as follows:

6ft Diameter and 40 ft deep:32kL

5ft Diameter and 30 ft deep:17kL

6. Next Steps:


The suggestion is to start the work with one 5 feet diameter and 30 feet deep (R5)

well and one 6 feet diameter and 40 feet deep well (R7) and depending on the

recharge capacity, the work can be progressed, either after one rainy season or after

performing a slug test.

Illustration a: Silt trap and In-drain filter Illustration b: A Completed Recharge Well

Illustration c: Indicative drawing for recharge well


7. Commercials for implementation

RECHARGE WELL (6 Feet Diameter & 40 Feet Depth) FOR ONE WELL COST

(R1,R2,R3,R6,R7)

S No Description Unit Rate(Rs) Amount

RECHARGE WELL ( 6 Feet

Dia & 40 Feet Depth)

Digging a Ground water

recharge well, arranging

Cement

Rings, packing with

aggregates like stone/

marble/kadapa around,

Shifting Dug up soil.

Dewatering extra if it happens.

The depth

May be 10% difference and it

depends on soil condition and

Weather and can be adjusted

accordingly. No digging

possible if we

Hit the rock. Cement

concrete of 5 to 6 inches thick

is packed around

The ring at the ground level.

40 40*3300 132000

2 6ft diam slab with 2'x2' manhole

cover

1 Nos 1*15000 15000


3 Providing 2 Nos Safety grills

with Openable 2’ x 2’Manhole

at the center

2 Nos 2*10000 20000

Total- Rs 167000

RECHARGE WELL (5 Feet Diameter & 30 Feet Depth) FOR ONE WELL COST (R5,R4)

S No Description Unit Rate(Rs) Amount

1 RECHARGE

WELL ( 5 Feet Dia &

30 Feet Depth)

Digging a Ground

water recharge well,

arranging Cement

Rings, packing with

aggregates like stone/

marble/kadapa

around,

Shifting Dug up

soil. Dewatering extra

if it happens. The

depth

May be 10%

difference and it

depends on soil

condition and

Weather and can be

adjusted accordingly.

No digging possible if

we

Hit the rock.

Cement concrete of 5

to 6 inches thick is

packed around

The ring at the

ground level.

30 30*2900 87000

2 6ft diam slab with

2'x2' manhole cover

1 Nos 1*14000 14000

3 Providing 2 Nos

Safety grills with

Openable 2’ x

2’Manhole at the

center

2 Nos 2*10000 20000

Total-Rs 121000


Recharge Well Dimensions Location Cost(INR) Remarks

R1 6ft*40ft

Located near the

small passage

between the blocks

of Trinity Woods. 167000

R2 6ft*40ft

Located at the

Garden in Trinity

Woods (West)

Starting Point. 167000

R3 6ft*40ft

Located between

Trinity Woods

(East) and the Club

House 167000

R4 5ft*30ft

Second Open Space

Passage in Trinity

Acres (West) 121000

R5 5ft*30ft

First Open Space

Passage in Trinity

Acres (West) 121000

R6 6ft*40ft

Located at the

extreme left of the

Trinity Acres East

Block (near

entrance-Close to

Septic Tank) 167000

Care should be

taken while

digging the

well as it is

near the septic

tank

R7 6ft*40ft

Located near the

bore well. (Near

Trinity Acres West

Block) 167000

Recharge rate

for the

considered

well should be

accounted first

TOTAL COST 10,77,000


# Cost of other utilities involved for installing the recharge system:

COSTS FOR DRAINS AND RCC SLABS REQUIRED FOR EACH

RECHARGE WELL (for water collection) in INR

Utility Cost per

foot(INR) R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7

Drain with Cattle

Trap(1.5 ft deep and 1.5

ft broad)

3000 NA NA 90000 NA NA NA NA

Drain with RCC

Slabs(1.5 ft deep and

1.5 ft broad)

2000 42000 42000 NA 44000 44000 NA 44000

Chamber 15000 15000 15000 NA 15000 15000 NA 15000

Connection between

chambers and recharge

wells(2ft x 6inch pipe)

NA 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000

TOTAL 72000 72000 105000 74000 74000 15000 74000

# Net Costing:

(Please note this is cost estimation not a quotation)

Cost(INR) R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7

Only recharge well cost

167000

167000

167000 121000 121000 167000 167000

Cost of utilities 72000 72000 105000 74000 74000 15000 74000

Net Cost 239000 239000 272000 195000 195000 182000 241000

NET PROJECT COST 15,63,000


#Cattle Trap:

#Drain with RCC Slab:


8. Biome’s Commercials for implementation

The given proposal can also be implemented in a phased/partial manner with

modifications. The proposal attempts to list all feasible options of RWH

implementation and is a basis for further discussion.

Biome’s design and supervision fee will be depending upon the scope of project

implementation.

All payments to be made by cheque to the name of “Biome Environmental Solutions

Pvt. Ltd.”, A/c payee crossed. Service Taxes if applicable will be charged extra at

around 12.36 %.


9. APPENDIX - Rainfall pattern and Rainwater harvesting strategies for Bangalore

The following are details about the rainfall pattern in Bangalore and drive design:

Parameter Measure

Total Annual average rainfall 970 mm

Total no of rainy days 60 rainy days

Peak hour intensity of rain in Bangalore 60 mm/hr

The rainfall distribution pattern in Bangalore is as follows:

MONTH DAYS QUANTITY (mm)

JAN 0.2 2.70

FEB 0.5 7.20

MAR 0.4 4.40

APR 3.0 46.30

MAY 7.0 119.60

JUN 6.4 80.80

JUL 8.3 110.20

AUG 10.0 137.00

SEP 9.3 194.80

OCT 9.0 180.40

NOV 4.0 64.50

DEC 1.7 22.10

TOTAL 59.8 970.00

It can be observed from the above table that Bangalore is blessed with a relatively well-distributed

rainfall and has a rainfall distribution, which is bi-modal (two peak rainfall seasons in a year). In this

context, and given Bangalore’s geology, rainwater harvesting strategies appropriate for Bangalore has

been found to be the following in their respective order of priority.

a) Storage of rainwater for direct use: Priority is given to capture as much of the run-off


rainwater in storages such as sumps, on-ground tanks or tanks on terraces at intermediate

levels (eg: sitouts / balconies). However for such a strategy, the run-off only from clean areas

can be tapped. It is important that these catchment areas are free from any form of chemical

or other toxic contamination and dust content is as low as possible. Typically roof areas

qualify well for such a strategy. The water from this run-off is first rain separated, filtered and

then let into the storage. The water can be used for all household purposes such as bathing,

washing, cleaning, gardening etc directly and can even be used for potable purposes if

subsequently it is passed through filters to deal with bacteriological contamination (Eg: aqua

guard filters, boiling etc). However, this requires that roof areas be kept clean and there is no

junking of material on the roof or movement of pets such as dogs and cats on the roof and

there is no soap water washing of the roof area. In apartments these forms of contamination

are often observed in private terraces. A water testing process prior to use for drinking and

cooking purposes is recommended. Subsequently regular potability tests are also

recommended.

b) Groundwater recharge: Excess run-off from above mentioned clean surfaces, run-off from

other surfaces such as roads, garden area etc can then be redirected for groundwater recharge.

In the context of Bangalore, the most effective recharge structure has been found to be a

recharge well whose depth is a minimum of around 15 - 20 feet. These recharge wells

recharge the shallow aquifer. Water needs to be desilted adequately before allowing the water

into recharge wells. The location of the recharge wells need to be chosen strategically – both

where significant run-off water passes through the recharge well location and which is close

to existing ground water sources of water. Recharge wells, over time will help replenish

groundwater. If the ground water table rises above the bottom of the recharge well, the

recharge well can be used as a withdrawal well. Recharge wells are likely to help recharge

local borewell sources of water though such guarantees cannot be provided. The diagram

below illustrates the principle of recharge.


Assignment 3:

1. To measure the capacity of the rainwater harvesting storage tank installed in Sindhu

Amazon Apartments(Outer Ring Road-Bangalore)

2. To do a proportional isometric view of the tank

3. To represent the tank(with compartments) in a three dimensional format for easy

understanding

Work Details:

1. A rain water tank was under construction in the Sindhu Amazon apartment complex

for collecting the rain water, filtering it and then allowing it to go to the society sump.

2. There existed three compartments in the tank installed :

The first compartment collects the roof top water .The overflow of the

first compartment is directed to the second compartment.

The second compartment of the tank comprises of a filtration assembly (gelly and

pebbles-Not yet installed) to filter the impurities. The filtered water from the

second compartment in then channelized to the third compartment.

The water from the third compartment is then directed to the underground sump that

is used by the residents

3. We took the measurements of each compartment and produced it in our engineering

drawing (Isometric View)

RWH Tank

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k4SNDne6Ces/U5W5OMjprcI/AAAAAAAAASE/V9yQPTEWlO0/s1600/100_3766.JPG


4. A three dimensional diagram was also made for easier understanding of the tanks and

stages of water movement.

Isometric View (RWH Tank) With Measurements

Taking the measurements

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Wh40cCpjBVE/U5W2mwCjWWI/AAAAAAAAAQE/Re3UIY25vpc/s1600/sindhu.jpg


Three Dimensional View of the RWH Tank


Construction of a Biosand Filter

1) Introduction:

• The biosand filter is about 1 m tall, 0.3 m wide on each side and adapted from the

traditional slow sand filter so that it does not flow continuously, making it suitable for

use in people’s homes.

• The filter container can be made of concrete or plastic. It is filled with layers of

specially selected and prepared sand and gravel.

• The sand removes pathogens and suspended solids from contaminated drinking water.

• A biological community of bacteria and other micro-organisms grows in the top 2 cm

of sand. This is called the biolayer.

• The micro-organisms in the biolayer eat many of the pathogens in the water,

improving the water treatment.

2) Water that can be used for filtration:

• Water in the biosand filter – well water, borehole water, pond or river water, tap-stand

water, or rainwater.

• The water must not have been chlorinated though, or the chlorine will kill the

biolayer.


• The water should also not contain any dangerous chemicals, because the biosand filter

cannot remove most chemicals from water.

3) Functioning of each part of the Biosand Filter:

1) Lid: • Prevents contamination and keeps out unwanted pests

2) Reservoir:

The top of the filter is called as the reservoir and it can hold about 12 litres, or 1 bucket

of water.

3) Diffuser: • It has small holes in it so that water slowly drips through the sand

• It prevents disturbing the filtration sand and protects the biolayer from damage when the

water is poured in the filter

4) Standing Water:

• When the water stops flowing, there should be 5 cm of water on top of the sand. This

layer of water protects the top of the sand and the biolayer from the force of the dripping

water.


• The standing water also keeps the biolayer wet.

• The biolayer will die if it dries out.

• The biolayer needs oxygen.

• Some oxygen can still get to the biolayer through 4 to6 cm of water.

• But if there is more than 6 cm of water, the biolayer may die from lack of oxygen.

5) Filter Container:

• Can be concrete/plastic

• Can be square/round

6) Filtration Sand:

• Sand removes almost all the dirt and the pathogens from the water


7) Separation Gravel:

• It stops the sand particles from moving down and blocking the outlet tube

8) Biolayer:

• The biolayer is the toplayer of sand (1-2 cm or 0.8” deep), where very small microbes

live.

• You cannot see them - they are too small.

• They eat the pathogens in the water

• This layer also develops in conventional slow sand filters, where it is called the

schmutzdecke


9) Drainage Gravel:

• The large gravel stops the small gravel from moving and blocking the outlet tube.

• The large gravel is too big to get inside the outlet tube.

10) Outlet Tube:

• Can be of plastic/copper

4) Specifications of the sand to be used:


5) Pathogens and dirt removal mechanism:

Pathogens and suspended solids are removed through biological and physical processes that take

place in the sand. These processes include: mechanical trapping, predation, adsorption, and

natural death

6) What can the biosand filter remove from water:

The biosand filter has been studied in the field and in labs. It has been shown to remove the following from contaminated water:

Up to 100% of helminths (worms)

Up to 100% of protozoa


Up to 98.5% of bacteria

70-99% of viruses

The filter can also remove up to 95% of turbidity (dirt and cloudiness), and up to 95% or iron (which people often don’t like because it turns water, laundry and food red!). Like other filters, the biosand filter cannot remove dissolved contaminants or chemicals, such as salt, arsenic or fluoride.

7) Biolayer:

The biolayer is the key component of the filter that removes pathogens. Without it, the filter

removes about 30-70% of the pathogens through mechanical trapping and adsorption. The

ideal biolayer will remove up to 99% of pathogens. It may take up to 30 days for the biolayer

to fully form. During that time, the biolayer gets better at removing pathogens. The biolayer

is NOT visible – it is NOT a green slimy coating on top of the sand. The filtration sand may

turn a darker colour, but this is due to the suspended solids that have become trapped. The

time for the formation of the biolayer varies from filter to filter. The length of time it will

take(for the process) depends on the amount and source of water being used.The water from

the filter can be used during the first few weeks while the biolayer is being established, but

you still need to disinfect the water.

8) Pause Period:

• The biosand filter is most effective and efficient when operated intermittently (not

constantly flowing) and used consistently (every day). There must be a rest period or

pause period between uses.

• The pause period should be a minimum of 1 hour after the water has stopped flowing,

up to a maximum of 48 hours.

• The pause period is important because it allows time for the micro-organisms in the

biolayer to consume the pathogens in the water. This should be a minimum of 1 hour.


• If the pause period is extended for too long (over 48 hours), the micro-organisms will

eventually eat all of the nutrients and pathogens in the water and then die from

starvation. If the microbes in the biolayer die, the filter will not work as well or

remove as many pathogens when it is used again.

• A long pause period may also cause the standing water in the filter to evaporate,

causing the biolayer to dry out and die.

9) How did we develop our biosand filter:

Stage 1(Thought Process):

We had the vision of constructing a biosand filter that can be easily made by anyone

with very few and easily available resources. Initially we thought of making it in a

huge plastic barrel. Then we realised that this would require a lot of sand and gravels

.Also, the availability of this barrel can be a problem. Hence we decided to scrap this

idea and we chose a Bisleri 20 L plastic barrel for the filter body.

Stage 2(Implementation ):

The Bisleri water bottle is light in weight, it is easily available and the fabrication also

wasn’t that complicated as compared to the earlier barrel used.The sand and gravel

requirements would also be very less as compared to our earlier design version.


Phase 1:

An important task was to collect the sand and gravels and wash it thoroughly. We

collected sand of the required type from a local residential construction site (near our

office) and removed all the impurities present in it by water wash.

The sand washing was a long and tedious task as we had to ensure that all the clay and

impurities had gone away.

After the sand was washed, we kept it to dry to evaporate the water.

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=j29_R-HY3hvO6M&tbnid=23wj6Cv3t4Jl4M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.tradeindia.com/fp674201/20-Ltr-Mineral-Water.html&ei=Fny-U_SkJI678gXt8ICoCA&bvm=bv.70138588,d.dGc&psig=AFQjCNEKP8D8eHtG4LfJ7U90Fb8xps4gtA&ust=1405078932587573


Phase 2:

The next stage was to do the required layer markings on the Bisleri bottle for the

various sand and gravel layer heights.

Then we drilled the holes in the bottle for the pipe and fitted the pipe at the required

position so that the siphoning action takes place.

We added the gravels and sand without leaving any voids within the marking

territories.

After this we added charcoal (washed) at the topmost layer so that it can adsorb the

impurities and increase the filtration efficiency.

Phase 3:

We then tested the volumetric flow rate of this filter and it came out to be 5ooml/min

which is above the prescribed minimum limit of 400 ml/min and it is not very high

also.

Adhering to the pause period need, we would pour water everyday inside the filter.

Water would be added once every day(Till 15th

July 2014) for the biolayer formation

to occur.

The biolayer would be formed by 30th

July 2014(given that it takes 20-30 days for

formation at the top)

Stage 3(Innovation, Further Studies and Maintenance):

We are hereby suggesting the following innovation and research studies that can be

done on the Biosand Filter:

Current Scenario:

The biolayer is the most important layer in the Biosand Filter and without it the

Biosand Filter would be of no use. The biolayer formation takes about 20-30 days and


is formed naturally. The formation of the biolayer also depends on the climatic

conditions and the formation period varies form one filter to another and also is

affected by climatic conditions. So, you have to depend on nature completely for the

formation of the biolayer.

What did we think about?

We thought about developing a man made biolayer.

How can it be achieved?

The following steps can be followed for making the man made biolayer :

Initially you will have to take a portion of the naturally formed biolayer (well

functioning) of a Biosand Filter (that already exists).

Identify which kind of bacteria is present in the biolayer and study it in detail

Culture the bacteria in the laboratory and increase this bacteria culture.

Preserve this bacteria culture and add it to the top layer of the Biosand Filter

How shall it be helpful?

No need of waiting for 20-30 days for the natural biolayer to develop

Can add the biolayer as and when required according to the Biosand Filter

size.

Natural dependence for the formation of the biolayer no longer exists.

Further Maintenance:

Within a time interval of 48 hrs, water should be added to the Biosand

Filter inorder to avoid the biolayer to be dried off.

The water should be put inside the barrel very slowly.

Add a diffuser at the neck if the Biosand Filter to regulate the flow rate of

water in order to avoid any damage to the biolayer.


Construction of a Tippy Tap:

Introduction:

•The tippy tap is a hands free way to wash your hands .Appropriate for rural areas where

there is no running water.

•It is a great tool that can help kick start the conversation about hand washing with soap and

help increase this behaviour.

•It does so in a fun and easy manner that is especially appealing to children.

Advantages:

•It is a hygienic –hands free device.

•It is operated by a foot lever and thus reduces the chance for bacteria transmission as the

user touches only the soap.

•It uses only 40 millilitres of water to wash your hands versus 500 millilitres using a mug.

•Additionally, the used “waste” water can go to plants or back into the water table.

•The tippy tap is low cost and can be made from local salvaged materials

How did we develop our Tippy Tap:

Stage 1(Thought Process):

We had done a literature survey of Tippy Taps and we found it a very fascinating and

cost effective water conservation technology. We realised that this can help people

wash their hands more effectively with minimum wastage of water.

Below are some global facts and figures about hand washing released by

UNICEF in 2010. •Over 1.5 million children under five die each year as a result of diarrhoea. It is the

second most common cause of child deaths worldwide.

•Hand washing with soap at critical times – including before eating or preparing food

and after using the toilet – can reduce diarrhoea rates by more than 40 per cent.

•Hand washing with soap can reduce the incidence of acute respiratory infections

(ARI’s) by around 23 per cent.

•Hand washing with soap has been cited as one of the most cost-effective

interventions to prevent diarrhoeal related deaths and disease

We wanted to experiment by making this Tippy Tap with minimum resources in our

Office (Biome Solutions) compound.

Stage 2(Implementation):

We took the distilled water beaker(that we had used for our chemical analysis) as the

Tippy Tap container. We drilled a small hole on the beaker from where the water

would flow outside.


We attached a simple rope to it .

Then, we hung it on a tree using its branches support and a rod.

A wooden foot pedal was made and attached to the beaker cap.

The Tippy Tap showed some initial problems with the pedal mechanism not

functioning properly, then we lowered the hole height from the bottom of the barrel

and then it worked as desired.


Stage 3(Documentation):

We have made a short video describing the making process of our tippy tap that can

be easily reproduced and replicated by anyone. This video is very concise and is

comprehensible.


Field Visits:

Visit to Rainbow Drive Layout and Sumanahalli-Nagar Bhavi

Slum Location on 29th May 2014 In order to get insights on water management we were asked to join a group of students from The University of

Minnesota on a field visit to Rainbow Drive Layout(RBD)in Bangalore which perhaps happens to be an ideal

society unit in Bangalore that has undertaken several water conservation and waste management projects for

environmental sustainability. After the RDB visit, we were scheduled to visit a slum area -a low income group

in Sumanahalli which lies in Bangalore itself to identify the water problems that the communities living there

faced.

Visit 1:Rainbow Drive Layout

We gathered near the club house and were briefed by Shubha Madam about the general water

problems faced by Bangalore .It was startling to know that Bangalore gets its water from the

river Cauvery which happens to be approximately 100km from Bangalore and 0.5kms below

it. So this is a very energy intensive operation of pumping the water from such a far

distance to the city area. Also South Eastern Bangalore has no water available. We were

given a brief overview about the water conservation operations done by the Plot Owner's

Association at Rainbow Drive Layout . In view of sustainability and conservation, the

residents have installed rainwater harvesting set ups in their bungalows. The layout has a few

deep bore wells that pumped water from the aquifers and each household was advised to

build small recharge wells of about 20-30ft.The entire layout depends on rainwater collected

and the water from the aquifers. They do not get the municipal corporation water supply.

Each household had to make an investment of about fifty thousand to set up the recharge

wells and the rainwater collection assembly along with the filtration unit. So instead of each

family digging deep bore wells and competing with each other(which would apparently lead

to the exhaustion of the aquifers), a community sense was built by the entire community

contributing in building only a few bore wells and in turn building recharge wells of their

own to replenish the aquifers.


Observing the recharge wells

We were then introduced to Ms.Bharati Swaminathan and Mr.K.P.Singh who were one of the forerunners in

setting up this concept in RBD.

Mrs.Bharati showing us her home where rainwater harvesting is done

Bangalore being blessed by rainfall over a period of 6 months, rainwater harvesting turned

out to be a win-win situation for the residents as they had sufficient water at their disposal

and never depended on the local governing bodies for water supplies.

Recharge well in RBD

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Also due to the recharge wells, floods had stopped occurring there. Initially the government

gave rebates to those who would build recharge wells but now it doesn't exist. Slowly and

gradually few concerned families started spreading awareness about rooftop harvesting and

recharge wells. Now there are about 300 recharge wells existing in the layout which are set

up by the individual families.

Each family has a limit to use water per month and the tariff rates are so devised that if they

exceed their upper limit of water usage then that particular family would be penalised. So this

penalty on the extra water being used by the households caused the residents to use water

more judiciously. There exists a strict mandate about each household implementing the rain

water harvesting model.

Understand the concept behind the rain water harvesting done at RBD:

1) The rain water falling on the flat roof tops is collected by a pipe ,filtered and send to a tank kept at on the

ground.

Filter assembled for filtering the rooftop water collected

2) Once the tank overflows, a pipe takes the water to the ground where it is bifurcated into

two parts. One part of the water goes to the sump where it is used by the family. And the

other part is send to the recharge well which contributes to the main association water

supply.

3) So, each family gets water from the main association water supply(which is due to the

deep bore wells and individual recharge well) plus it's own roof top harvested water.

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Piping for Rain Water Harvesting

By doing this activity, the association claimed to save a lot of money and the awareness of

water conservation has increased in each household.

Also, there exists an excellent waste management system adopted by each family. At the

household, waste is segregated according to its category viz. dry waste, organic waste,

sanitary waste and electronic waste.

Mrs.Bharati explaining her household waste management protocol

Then these waste materials are collected separately .We even saw roof sheds made by tetra

pack waste material.

Roof made by waste tetrapacks

We also saw the sewage treatment plant in the layout and one more sewage treatment facility was under

construction. The under construction site shall use organic ways of treating sewage.

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Seeing a recharge well

The road trip made many things clearer and added more perspective to what we heard in the

briefing. Due to strong contour difference between one part of the layout and the other, there

existed various drains embedded with in-drained filters, check dams and silt sedimentation

units for collecting the storm water and discharging it into the wells. The residents also said

that they regularly check the Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD) and the Chemical Oxygen

Demand (COD).This completed our first visit and indeed we had gained a lot of knowledge

on water conservation and acquainted ourselves with the terminologies in the field of water

management.

Visit 2:Sumanahalli -Nagar Bhavi Slum Location

After lunch we headed to Nagar Bhavi in Sumanahalli to check the water problems faced by

the low income groups that resided there. It was rather appalling to see the pathetic conditions

of the poor slum dwellers.

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Mr.Nagarajaiah speaking to the slum dwellers

The slums consisted of about 80 families and roughly around 300 people lived over there.

Our guide for this trip was Mr.N Nagarajaiah who is the Executive Director of Pragathi

Charitable Trust-an NGO that works closely with the children of this slums for their

development. The residents were really very excited on seeing us and the kids over there

couldn't resist themselves in posing before our cameras for a click. Nagarajaiah Sir told us

about the water problems faced by this slum in detail.

Slum dwellers eagerly listening to our questions

The slum would get its water from a public tap that is open for a few hours only. So, it was

but natural that all the families would compete with each other in taking water. The burden of

getting the water was on the women and the children of the family. He also told us that these

people are migrant workers from North Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh who have come here

in search of jobs and were living illegally on government land. They lived in a constant fear

of their land being evacuated by the Government on legal grounds.

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All ears

They lived in shanty homes and didn't receive electricity. They used firewood for cooking

that caused air pollution. The water collected by them would be stored for roughly about 2

days. The water used for bathing and washing were kept outside their homes and the water

for drinking was kept inside their homes covered.

Water storage for bathing and washing stored outside the house

Water storage for drinking and cooking stored inside the home

There were many flies in the location. The only purification done there was by a cloth filter to

remove physical impurities. They didn't even boil water before usage. We then started a

conversation with the local people and started questioning them about various issues faced by

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them. They were very open in expressing themselves. We learned that every year the

groundwater table goes down by 15-20 ft over there. They would wash their clothes and

defecate in open.

Washing clothes in the open

The main worrying issue was the water borne diseases that inflicted the families like

diarrhoea, cholera, etc. and moreover most of them didn't avail any medical facilities for cure.

Asking them questions

The men over there had gotten into several addictions and they would splurge most of what

they earned. The children there were send to work to earn money but Pragati NGO is doing

an excellent job in emphasising the need to educate these children. They even opened a

school in the locality and are convincing the parents of the slum children to send them there.

The school grooms these kids and moulds them to be ready for a normal city school.

This really opened our eyes and we committed ourselves that we would work on improving

the conditions of this slum during the internship. Visiting both these locations has given us

excellent hindsight into water problems and water conservation. And the innovative mind in

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us has started in exploring cost effective and feasible conservation methods to be taken to the

grassroots.

Visit to Sumanahalli Slum-Date 11/07/2014

Objective: To educate the slum people about SODIS and Tippy Tap method.

Operation: Mr Nagarajaiah who works for a NGO called Pragathi Charitable Trust which

works closely with the people of this slum was contacted to act as a translator and to give

insight to how to go about do our work in the slum. We went in the morning before the men

left for work.

The men were spoken to first and got them to understand about the SODIS method, how to

do it and its importance in stopping almost all water-borne diseases. The men were very

interested in the method and had many questions which were answered.

Then we proceeded to educate the women about SODIS method and requested every one of

them to implement the method to protect them as well as their kids from water borne

diseases.

Mr. Nagarajan was very helpful in translating everything what was said.


Then everyone in the community and especially the children were gathered and an extensive

description of Tippy tap was given along with a demonstration. The kids were rather amazed

by this technology because of which it was decided to visit the school too to educate the

students because they are the most eager to learn.

The students were enthusiastic to learn and were very excited. So the discussion there was

very productive and informative for the students with their teacher helping us out with the

translation among other things. A demonstration of Tippy tap was done there too and the

teacher was asked to make the students construct this as part of Arts and Craft in school. The

students were more than ready to make this and install it in their school.

A Tippy Tap was carried there for demonstration but wasn’t installed there because we

wanted the community to themselves make it so that there is some sense of belonging

towards the tippy tap because of which it’ll be maintained properly.


Follow Up: There should at least be one more visit by someone in the next few weeks to

make sure the community has adopted SODIS method to purify their water and constructed a

Tippy Tap.


Presentations Made:

1) Solar Water Disinfection(SODIS)

A detailed PowerPoint presentation has been made by us about the SODIS method for

water purification so that it can be easily taught to everybody and the mechanism of

its operation can be understood.

2) Biosand Filter

A detailed PowerPoint presentation has been made by usabout the principle,

mechanism and working of a Biosand Filter for public usage.

3) Tippy Tap

A detailed PowerPoint presentation has been made by us about the principle ,

mechanism and working of a Tippy Tap for public usage.

Videos Made:

1) A comprehensive video explaining the making of a Tippy Tap so that it can be easily

replicated and used by the public.

2) A series of easy to understand videos explaining the chemical testing methods (water

analysis) for the following parameters: Nitrates, Nitrites, Ammonium, Iron,

Phosphate, Calcium, TDS, pH and Electrical Conductivity.


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physicochemical parameters of ground water of Renigunta, Andhra Pradesh, India

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ground water in V.V.Nagar and nearby places of Anand district, Gujrat, India, E. J.

Chem., 5(3), 487-492 (2008)

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U.P., India ANJALI VERMA, AMIT KUMAR RAWAT and NANDKISHOR

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Bhoogaon, Wardha district, Maharashtra,G. S. Gaikwad1, Atul V. Wankhade2 and

Atul V. Maldhure, J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2010, 2(3):499-503

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www.cawst.com

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http://www.cawst.com/

http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/aquifer/?ar_a=1

Documents

Wipro Earthian Internship Project Report.wipro.org/.../Wipro-Earthian-Internship-Report-BIOME.pdf0 The report consists of all the projects carried out at Biome Environmental Solutions