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1WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Antibiotics 102: Reading and Interpreting CLSI Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Performance Documents
Dave Warshauer, PhD, D(ABMM)
Deputy Director, Communicable Diseases
2WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
3WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
How Religious are We?
• Washington State– Only 40% used
current CLSI standards for S. pneumoniae AST
– Only 29-69% accurate responses for 3 different case studies
Counts, JM et al. JCM 45:2230-34, 2007
4WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
CLSI “Standards” and “Guidelines” for AST
• Standards:– M2-A10 Disk Diffusion (2009)– M7-A8 MIC (2009)– M100-S20 Tables (2010)
• Guidelines:– M39-A3 Cumulative Antibiograms (2009)– M45-A Infrequently Isolated / Fastidious
Bacteria (2006)
5WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
“Standard” vs. “Guideline”
• Standard – a document developed through the consensus process that clearly identifies specific, essential requirements for material, methods, or practices for use in an unmodified form. A standard may, in addition, contain discretionary elements, which are clearly identified.
• Guideline – a document developed through the consensus process describing criteria for a general operating practice, procedure, or material for voluntary use. A guideline may be used as written or modified by the user to fit specific needs.
6WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
• M2, M7, and M100 describe standard M2, M7, and M100 describe standard consensusconsensus “reference methods”“reference methods” and may and may be used:be used:– By clinical labs forBy clinical labs for routine testingroutine testing
• ToTo evaluate commercial devicesevaluate commercial devices
– By drug or device manufacturers forBy drug or device manufacturers for testing testing new agents or systemsnew agents or systems
• US clinical labs can use:US clinical labs can use:– CLSI test methodCLSI test method as writtenas written– Methods thatMethods that perform comparablyperform comparably to CLSI to CLSI
“reference method” (e.g. FDA-cleared “reference method” (e.g. FDA-cleared diagnostic AST devices)diagnostic AST devices)
7WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
M7 and M2 Contents• Summary of Major Changes• Definitions of S, I, R• Indications for Performing AST• Antimicrobial agent descriptions• Agents for Routine Testing and Reporting• Procedures for testing• Fastidious and Problem Organisms• Quality Control Procedures• Limitations• References• Summary of Comments and Responses• Related CLSI Publications
8WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Updates in Updates in this editionthis edition
M2 Tables M2 Tables Disk DiffusionDisk Diffusion
M7 TablesM7 TablesMICMIC
GlossaryGlossaryI & III & II
Answers to Answers to user questionsuser questions
CLSI M100 contains…..CLSI M100 contains…..
•Test/reportTest/report•BreakpointsBreakpoints•QCQC
M100M100
•Test/reportTest/report•BreakpointsBreakpoints•QCQC
9WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
10WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Antimicrobial Selection Guidelines for Testing and Reporting---Table 1
• Group A– Agents for inclusion in a routine, primary
testing panel and for routine reporting for the specific organism groups
11WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Antimicrobial Selection Guidelines for Testing and Reporting
• Group B– Agents that warrant primary testing, but
reported only selectively• Selected source---e.g. 3rd generation ceph.
for an enteric gnb from CSF• A polymicrobial infection• Infection involving multiple sites• Case of patient with allergy• Purposes of infection control
12WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Antimicrobial Selection Guidelines for Testing and Reporting
• Group C– Alternative or supplemental antimicrobials
that may require testing in institutions that harbor endemic or epidemic strains resistant to multiple primary drugs
– For treatment of unusual situations e.g. chloramphenicol for extraintestinal Salmonella spp.
– Infection control purposes
13WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Antimicrobial Selection Guidelines for Testing and Reporting
• Group U– Agents for treating UTIs
• Note: Cephalothin now in Group U for Enterobacteriaceae
• Group O– Agents have a clinical indication for the
organism group but are generally not routinely tested and reported in the U.S.
• Group Inv.– Investigational agents
14WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Box with “ors” Example: Staphylococcus spp.
Azithromycin or clarithromycin or erythromycin
In a box, agents connected with “or” includes those for which… – Cross-resistance and
cross-susceptibility are nearly complete
– Clinical efficacy is similar– Results of one agent can
be used to predict results for the others
CLSI M100-S20; Table 1 CLSI M100-S20; Table 1
15WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Box without “ors” Example: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MezlocillinTicarcillinPiperacillin
Box includes agents for which… – Testing of one agent
cannot be used to predict results for another
CLSI M100-S20; Table 1CLSI M100-S20; Table 1
16WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
penicillinpenicillin penicilloic acidpenicilloic acid
There are many different types of There are many different types of -lactams and -lactams and -lactamases!-lactamases!
-lactams
-lactam ring-lactam ring
17WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
CLSI M100-S20 CLSI M100-S20 Glossary I (Part I)Glossary I (Part I)
18WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
CHANGE
19WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
CLSI AST Standards Major Changes 2010
• Enterobacteriaceae– Revised disk diffusion and MIC breakpoints for:
cefazolin, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, aztreonam
– Eliminate need for ESBL screen and confirmatory tests when using revised breakpoints
• Staphylococcus spp.– Explain limitations of -lactamase testing– Define MRSA– Expand comment for testing oxacillin and cefoxitin
with S. aureus and S. lugdunensis
20WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Enterobacteriaceae Changes
21WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Enterobacteriaceae Revised… Breakpoints (MIC µg/ml)
AgentCLSI M100-S19
(2009)CLSI M100-S20
(2010)
Susc Int Res Susc Int Res
Cefazolin ≤8 16 ≥32 ≤1 2 ≥4
Cefotaxime ≤8 16-32 ≥64 ≤1 2 ≥4
Ceftizoxime ≤8 16-32 ≥64 ≤1 2 ≥4
Ceftriaxone ≤8 16-32 ≥64 ≤1 2 ≥4
Ceftazidime ≤8 16 ≥32 ≤4 8 ≥16
Aztreonam ≤8 16 ≥32 ≤4 8 ≥16
CLSI M100-S20. CLSI M100-S20. Table 2A. Table 2A.
22WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Enterobacteriaceae Revised… Breakpoints (disk diffusion mm)
AgentCLSI M100-S19
(2009)CLSI M100-S20 (2010)
Susc Int Res Susc Int Res
Cefazolin* ≥18 15-17 ≤14 NA NA NA
Cefotaxime ≥23 15-22 ≤14 ≥26 23-25 ≤22
Ceftizoxime ≥20 15-19 ≤14 ≥25 22-24 ≤21
Ceftriaxone ≥21 14-20 ≤13 ≥23 20-22 ≤19
Ceftazidime ≥18 15-17 ≤14 ≥21 18-20 ≤17
Aztreonam ≥22 16-21 ≤15 ≥21 18-20 ≤17
*disk diffusion breakpoints not yet establishedCLSI M100-S20. Table 2A. CLSI M100-S20. Table 2A.
23WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Why did CLSI lower breakpoints?
• Previous breakpoints established over 20 years ago
• Increased knowledge of β-lactam resistance mechanisms
• Increased knowledge of pharmokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD)
24WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Detection of ESBLs (1)
• Initial recommendations:
• Based on:– Some isolates had elevated MICs in “S” range– Some (limited) data showing poor outcomes in
patients with ESBL-producing isolates
• Perform ESBL screen and confirmatory Perform ESBL screen and confirmatory tests for tests for E. coliE. coli, , KlebsiellaKlebsiella spp., and spp., and Proteus mirabilisProteus mirabilis
25WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Detection of ESBLs (2)• Now we know!
– ESBL phenotypic tests not optimal• Presence of multiple resistance mechanisms may
mask ESBL in confirmatory test
– ESBL + AmpC
– ESBL + porin mutation• ESBLs are present in species of Enterobacteriaceae
other than E. coli, Klebsiella spp., P. mirabilis where confirmatory test is more problematic
• Some labs not doing
– MIC correlates better with outcome than knowledge of “R” mechanism
26WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
CLSI ESBL Testing Recommendations
Purpose
If using
Old BreakpointsM100-S19
Revised BreakpointsM100-S20
For Patient Management
Perform ESBL screen and confirmatory tests Yes No
Edit “S” to “R” for cephalosporins, penicillins, aztreonam Yes No
For Infection ControlPerform ESBL screen and confirmatory tests
Yes, if requested
Yes, if requested
Edit “S” to “R” for cephalosporins, penicillins, aztreonam Yes No
27WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Enterobacteriaceae Revised… Carbapenem Breakpoints (MIC µg/ml)
AgentCLSI M100-S19
(2009)CLSI M100-S20
(2010) Supplement
Susc Int Res Susc Int Res
Doripenem - - - ≤1 2 ≥4
Ertapenem ≤2 4 ≥8 ≤0.25 0.5 ≥1
Imipenem ≤4 8 ≥16 ≤1 2 ≥4
Meropenem ≤4 8 ≥16 ≤1 2 ≥4
There will be a special CLSI M100-S20 Supplement to be published Spring 2010 with Enterobacteriaceae Tables only
with these breakpoints!
28WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Impact of Imipenem Breakpoint Changes
Sahm, D. Eurofins Medinet, Inc.
29WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Proteus mirabilis and Imipenem
Sahm, D. Eurofins Medinet, Inc.
30WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Will tests for carbapenemases (e.g., Modified Hodge test) be needed with the new carbapenem breakpoints for Enterobacteriaceae?
• NO----- For patient management, tests for carbapenemases are not necessary
• YES-----If requested, tests for carbapenemases may be done for Infection Control purposes
31WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
What steps should be included in a plan to implement revised breakpoints?
♦Determine if AST system can accommodate revised breakpoints- Contains low concentrations of drug?- Have a mechanism to interpret MICs with revised
breakpoints (might be done with LIS)? ♦Discuss with Infectious Diseases, Pharmacy,
Infection Control
Manufacturers of commercial test systems Manufacturers of commercial test systems are required by law to use FDA breakpointsare required by law to use FDA breakpoints
Currently, NO commercial AST system isCurrently, NO commercial AST system is FDA-cleared with the new breakpointsFDA-cleared with the new breakpoints
32WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
AST Methods Used in Clinical Labs
• Disk diffusion– Manufacturer does not have to submit data
to FDA– Cannot include revised breakpoints in
package insert until FDA revises breakpoints in Prescribing Information
– Laboratories can use CLSI breakpoints
33WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Implement Now?Implement Now? Implement when revised Implement when revised breakpoints are available on breakpoints are available on
laboratory’s commercial laboratory’s commercial AST system? AST system?
Perform Perform validationvalidation
OPTIONSOPTIONS
Laboratory director must determine what Laboratory director must determine what is best for his/her laboratory and patientsis best for his/her laboratory and patients
34WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
OPTIONS for In-House Validation (test system demonstrates comparable
S, I, R results to reference method)
Reference Method
• Disk diffusion• CLSI reference broth or agar dilution • Other
Isolates • 5 ESBL (+) • 5 ESBL (-) and ESBL screen positive• 20 other Enterobacteriaceae• (preferably with MICs 0.5 - 8 µg/ml range)
Acceptance Criteria
• ≥90% category (S, I, R) agreement• ≤3% very major errors??• ≤7% combined major and minor errors ??(establish prior to commencing validation)
35WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Non-Enterobacteriaceae
36WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
CLSI M100-S20. pp. 29.CLSI M100-S20. pp. 29.
AcinetobacterAcinetobacter spp. spp.
• Deleted Deleted colistin / polymyxincolistin / polymyxin from Table 1 from Table 1•No FDA clinical indication for No FDA clinical indication for AcinetobacterAcinetobacter spp. spp.•No changes in breakpoints in Table 2B-2No changes in breakpoints in Table 2B-2
37WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Staphylococcus species
38WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Staphylococcus spp. Penicillin Susceptible
“(11) An induced -lactamase test should be performed on staphylococcal isolates with penicillin MICs ≤ 0.12 µg/mL or zone diameters ≥ 29 mm before reporting the isolate as penicillin susceptible. However, the prevalence of penicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains is low. Isolates that test as susceptible to penicillin may still produce β-lactamase, which is usually detected by an induced β-lactamase test. Occasional isolates are not detected by induced β-lactamase testing. Thus, for serious infections, laboratories should consider performing MIC tests for penicillin and testing for induced β-lactamase production on subsequent isolates from the same patient.”
CLSI M100-S20. pp. 62.CLSI M100-S20. pp. 62.
39WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Staphylococcus spp. Penicillin Susceptible (2)
• Perform an induced -lactamase test on staphylococcal isolates if penicillin… – MIC ≤0.12 µg/ml – Zone diameter ≥29 mm ….before reporting penicillin “S”
• Several studies demonstrated an induced -lactamase test usually but not always detects S. aureus capable of producing -lactamase – blaZ gene codes for -lactamase production
NOT detected by -lactamase test
40WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Staphylococcus aureus Penicillin MICs ≤0.12 µg/ml
NblaZ Pos
Of the blaZ Pos, No.(%)
Induced -lactamase Pos
Reference
69 4 1/4 (25) CLSI Agenda Book 6/09
197 28 11/28 (39) Kaase et al. 2008. Clin Microbiol Infect. 14:614
Conclusion:Conclusion: induced induced ββ-lactamase test may not detect -lactamase test may not detect staphylococci that have staphylococci that have blablaZ and this could lead to Z and this could lead to treatment failures if using penicillin treatment failures if using penicillin
41WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Induced ß-lactamase Test
OxacillinOxacillin(inducer)(inducer)
-Sub isolate to agar (e.g., BAP, Sub isolate to agar (e.g., BAP, MHA) MHA)
-Drop ß-lactam disk (e.g., Drop ß-lactam disk (e.g., oxacillin, cefoxitin)oxacillin, cefoxitin)
-Incubate overnightIncubate overnight-Test cells from periphery of Test cells from periphery of zonezone
-If If ββ-lactamase positive, report -lactamase positive, report penicillin Rpenicillin R PosPos NegNeg
42WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Revised recommendation…Re: vancomycin MIC, when should staphylococci be sent to a public health or reference laboratory for further testing?
• S. aureus– MIC 4 µg/ml – maybe– MIC ≥8 µg/ml – yes
• Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS)– MIC ≥32 µg/ml – yes
Staphylococci and Vancomycin
43WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/VRSA_testing_algo09v4.pdf
44WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Staphylococcus spp. - Linezolid Added… “R” BreakpointCLSI M100-S19
(2009)CLSI M100-S20
(2010)Susc Int Res Susc Int Res
MIC (µg/ml)
≤4 - - ≤4 - ≥8
Zone (mm) ≥21 - - ≥21 - ≤20
• Linezolid non-susceptible S. aureus rare 0.05% (7 / 15,280 isolates)
CLSI agenda book June 2009.• Resistance mechanisms have been identified
– rRNA mutations and cfr-mediated resistance (which can be plasmid encoded) Mendes et al. 2008. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 52:2244
45WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Definition of MRSA
“(2) MRSA are those strains of S. aureus that express mecA or another mechanism of methicillin resistance, such as changes in affinity of penicillin binding proteins for oxacillin (modified S. aureus [MOD-SA] strains)”
CLSI M100-S20. pp. 60.CLSI M100-S20. pp. 60.
MRSA = MRSA = S. aureusS. aureus with with mecmecA A and/or and/or
oxacillin MIC >2 oxacillin MIC >2 µµg/mlg/ml
46WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
What about mecA negative MRSA?
• Mechanisms:– Modifications in penicillin-binding proteins
(PBPs) 1,2,4 (MOD-SA)– Hyperproduction of blaZ-encoded penicillinase– Methicillinase
• Infrequently encountered• Limited clinical information in literature re:
therapy with β-lactamsCroes, S et al. 2009. Clin Microbiol Infect. Epub. 10/09Chambers, H. 1997. Clin Microbiol Rev. 10:781.
47WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
S. aureus or S. lugdunensis
Testing Both Oxacillin (OX) and Cefoxitin (CX)
“(12) Cefoxitin is used as a surrogate for oxacillin resistance; report oxacillin susceptible or resistant based on the cefoxitin result. If both cefoxitin and oxacillin are tested against S. aureus or S. lugdunensis and either result is resistant, the organism should be reported as oxacillin resistant.”
CLSI M100-S20. pp. 62. CLSI M100-S20. pp. 62.
48WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
S. aureus or S. lugdunensis Testing Both OX and CX
OX CX Resistance mechanism
Relative Prevalence
Report as OX:
S S None Common SR R mecA Common R
S R mecA (low level expression)
Uncommon R
R SPBP changes or hyper-
production of β-lactamase (borderline MRSA)
Rare R
Courtesy of Jean Patel Courtesy of Jean Patel
49WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Added… to Glossary New Subclass for Cephems
Class Subclass Agents
Cephems Cephalosporins with anti-MRSA activity
Ceftaroline*
Ceftobiprole*
CLSI M100-S20. CLSI M100-S20. pp 144.pp 144.
*Not FDA approved as of April 2010
50WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Enterococcus species
51WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Revised… Enterococcus spp.β-lactamase Testing
“(8) Penicillin or ampicillin resistance among enterococci due to -lactamase production has been reported very rarely. Penicillin or ampicillin resistance due to -lactamase production is not reliably detected with routine disk or dilution methods but is detected using a direct, nitrocefin-based -lactamase test. Because of the rarity of -lactamase–positive enterococci, this test need not be performed routinely, but can be used in selected cases. A positive -lactamase test predicts resistance to penicillin, as well as amino- and ureidopenicillins.”
CLSI M100-S20. pp. 77.CLSI M100-S20. pp. 77.
52WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Streptococcus species
53WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Revised… Streptococcus spp. β-hemolytic Group
Extrapolation of Penicillin Results“(6) For the following organism groups, an organism that is susceptible to penicillin can be considered susceptible to the listed antimicrobial agents when used for approved indications and need not be tested against those agents. For β-hemolytic streptococci (Groups A, B, C, G): ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefazolin, cefepime, cephradine, cephalothin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftizoxime, imipenem, ertapenem, and meropenem. In addition, for group A streptococci only: cefaclor, cefdinir, cefprozil, ceftibuten, cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, and cephapirin.”
CLSI M100-S20. pp. 93.CLSI M100-S20. pp. 93.
54WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Streptococcus spp. β-hemolytic Group
Groups A, B, C, G
Plus these for Group A only
Ampicillin CefaclorAmoxicillin CefdinirAmox-clav CefprozilAmp-sulb CeftibutenCefazolin CefuroximeCefepime CefpodoximeCephalothin CephapirinCephradine
Cefotaxime
Ceftizoxime
Ceftriaxone
Ertapenem
Imipenem
Meropenem
CLSI M100-S20. pp. 93.CLSI M100-S20. pp. 93.
♦ Extrapolate penicillin Extrapolate penicillin “S” result to other “S” result to other ββ--lactams listed herelactams listed here
** drugs listed have clinical drugs listed have clinical indication for respective indication for respective ββ-hemolytic streptococcal -hemolytic streptococcal group (large colony-group (large colony-forming strains)forming strains)
55WISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENEWISCONSIN STATE LABORATORY OF HYGIENE
Acknowledgements
Janet Hindler, MCLS MT(ASCP)Janet Hindler, MCLS MT(ASCP)UCLA Medical CenterUCLA Medical Center