WOC Design and Build 3

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AAIAIA Credits

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does notinclude content that may be deemed or construed to bean approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling,using, distributing or dealing in any material or product.

Questions related to specific materials, methods andservices will be addressed at the conclusion of thispresentation.

AIA Credits

Hanley Wood is a Registered Provider with The American Instituteof Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned oncompletion of this program will be reported to CES Records for

AIA members. Electronic Certificates of Completion for allattendees will be available 6-7 weeks post show.



Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Upon completing this program, the participant shouldbe able to:

1. Understand the forces that can be generated bythe commonly visited disastrous forces byearthquakes, hurricanes (typhoons) and tornadoes

2. Find out how tornadoes can be almost four timesas destructive as earthquakes and hurricanes

3. Understand how houses can be made fireproof

4. Recognize the principles of designing and buildingdisaster-proof houses5. Appreciate how easy it is to learn how they

can be constructed



Copyright MaterialsCopyright Materials

This presentation is protected by US and Internationalcopyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display anduse of the presentation without permission of the

speaker is prohibited.

© Jo seph Warnes, 2010



SPEAKER INTRODUCTIONJOSEPH WARNES

Civil/Structural Engineer (Registered PE in ten states)Construction Project Manager Iran, Saudi Arabia, Romania

ICF Home Builder in EuropeUSAID contractor-mentor in Romania, Russia and PolandLecturer to Arab engineers on Project Management and Precast Concreteconstruction in the Middle East and North Africa – 10 yearsSpecialist in Disaster-Resistant-Shell ( DRS ) HousesConcrete most of career – Lead the design of and construction of the first all -concrete earthquake-resistant shell house in North America in 1967 (42 years ago)

ACI Conc rete International http://www.encyclopedia.com/Concrete+International/publications.aspx?pageNumber=1

“Disaster-Resistant-Shell Houses 5/08 “Precast Concrete Connection Details for All Seismic Zones” 11/92

ICF Builder magazine: http://www.icfmag.com/back_issues/index.html

“Design and Construction of Low -Cost Disaster- Resistant Replacement Houses” 8 -9/10

“Four Inch ICF Walls” 8 -9/09 • (All available on the Internet)

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DISCLAIMER All details, calculations and related content are provided for illustration only and are not to be used as actual designsThe information in this presentation is for generalinformation purposes only.

It is not to be construed as engineering advice on aparticular project and does not replace the soundengineering judgment of an engineer-of-record for anyproject

All comments, recommendations and conclusions in thispresentation are made for a Disaster-Resistant-Shell(DRS) reinforced concrete house which mandates theutilization of an integral cast-in-place reinforced concrete roof coupled with reinforced concrete walls by means of engineered connecting details 6



CONDITIONS 0F USE

This presentation is copyrighted and is the intellectualproperty of the presenter

All diagrams, engineering details and calculations arepresented as examples only and are not intended for use in actual designsThis presentation may not be reproduced or copied byany public media without prior written consent of thepresentersIt is offered without charge as a public service to theICF industry, the Precast/Prestressed concreteindustry, the porltand cement industry and toprofessional practitioners in the ICF field

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FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE HISTORY OF MANKIND, WE TODAY HAVEA SOLUTION TO THE AGE OLD CHALLLENGE OF BUILDINGATTRACTIVE ENERGY-CONSERVATIVE HOUSES THAT ARE

COMFORTABLE AND AT THE SAME TIME SECURE FR0M DESTRUCTIONBY THE SEVEREST FORCES OF NATURE

EARTHQUAKESHURRICANESTORNADOES



HOW TO DESIGN ANDBUILD INSULATEDDISASTER-PROOF

REINFORCEDCONCRETE HOUSES(Copyrighted Intellectual property)

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DISCUSSION TOPICS

DISASTERSGUAM EXPERIENCE WITH CONCRETE HOUSESBOX-FRAME TECHNOLOGYTWO APPROACHES TO CONCRETE HOUSE CONSTRUCTION:

CAST-IN-PLACE WALLS PLUS ROOFS USINGREUSABLE CONCRETE FORMS (RCFs)INSULATING CONCRETE FORMS (ICFs)

PRECAST INSULATED CONCRETE WALLS FACTORY PRECASTSITE PRECAST

TILT-UPSTACK-CAST

BOX-FRAME TECHNOLOGY STILL REQUIRES CIP ROOFS

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSWHERE TO LOOK FOR HELP

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PREMISE

IT IS ACHIEVED BY BRINGING TOGETHER TWOWELL ESTABLISHED AND PROVENTECHNOLOGIES: ONE OF BUILDING ALL-CONCRETE HOUSES USING STAY-IN-PLACEINSULATING CONCRETE FORMS ( ICFs ),

AND/OR INSULATED PRECAST CONCRETEWALLS , PLUS THE PRACTICE OFSTRUCTURALLY DESIGNING WITH FIELD-PROVEN DISASTER-RESISTANT-SHELL ( DRS )BOX-FRAME TECHNOLOGY 11



PERFORMANCE

This presentation is about:PERFORMANCE OF Reinforced Concrete SingleFamily Houses designed according to DRS Box-Frame criteria under the forces of LARGEEARTHQUAKE S AND VERY HIGH WINDVELOCITIES

It is not about design and construction proceduresother than to emphasize their contributions to theconstruction and STRUCTURAL performance of REINFORCED CONCRETE houses

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CONCRETE HOME DEFINITIONOur definition of a “CONCRETE HOME ” is:

“Single family house built with cast-in-place or prefabricated (precast or tilt-up) reinforced concretewalls PLUS cast-in-place reinforced concrete roofs This presentation considers the structural resistance of authentic “Concrete Homes ” (according to our definition) against disastrous forces, both natural and man-made If the roof is not a reinforced concrete slabintimately connected to reinforced concrete walls

and floors – then most of the disaster-resistantattributes are not achievableMOST OF THE SO- CALLED “CONCRETE HOMES”

BEING CURRENTLY CONSTRUCTED IN NORTHAMERICA ACCEPT THAT WOOD-FRAME ROOFSWILL BE SACRIFICED IN A BIG EVENT 13



DISASTERS IN

GENERAL

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DISASTER MAP OF THE USA(Does not include fire storms, floods, storm surges or tsunamis)

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DISASTERS CONSIDERED

THE PRESENTATION DOES NOT ADDRESS ALLDISASTERS THAT CAN IMPACT THE HUMANENVIRONMENT

IT WILL MAINLY DISCUSS THOSE DISASTROUSFORCES THAT SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT HUMANLIFE AND HABITATION YEAR AFTER YEAR .EARTHQUAKES

HURRICANES = TYPHOONS = CYCLONESTORNADOES FIRESTORMS FLOODS

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NON-LATERALFORCE-RELATED

DISASTERSFIRESTORMS

FLOODS

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OTHER HAZARDS OF CONCERN --TO INSURANCE COMPANIES

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EVENT CONCRETE HOUSES WOOD FRAME HO

Internal Gas Explosion Little structural damage Will burst and burn

Internal Fire Shell will not burn Will burn

Mold No food for mold Mold hostTermites Do not eat concrete Termite diet

Structural maintenance Very low HighStructural water damage Rarely Frequently

Varmints No access AccessibleSustainability Last for centuries Less than a century



FIRESInternal OriginExternal origin

(Firestorms)

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20

STRUCTURAL DISASTER RESISTANCE

COMPARED

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION FIREH-CANE E-QUA

Total Wood Frame None NoneR/C Walls & Frame Roof None Pa

R/C Walls & R/C Roof Total Tot



BONFIRE CONSTRUCTIONU. S. and Canada

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WILDFIRES & FIRESTORMS

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FIRESTORMS AND WILDFIRES

The m ap s ho w s loc at ions th at exp er ienc ed w ild fires g reater than 250 acres, fro m 1980 to 2003. (23 y ears ) Map n o t to s cale.

Sourc es : B ureau of Land Managem ent , U.S.Fores t Serv ice, U.S. Fish and Wild life Servic e, B u reau o f In d ian A ffairs , Nat ion al

Park Serv ice, and th e USGS Natio n al A tlas Par t icular ly im pacted are regio ns in th e w estern United States

Few st ates are un affected 24



FOURMILE CANYON 2010http://www.kdvr.com/news/kdvr-boulder-fire-victims2-

txt,0,3623118.story (Includes video)

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http://www.kdvr.com/news/kdvr-boulder-fire-victims2-txt,0,3623118.story














SAN BRUNO FIRE - 2010

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FLOODS

STORM SURGES

TSUNAMIS27



FLOODS

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U. S. FLOOD MAPPresidential disaster declarations related to

flooding in the United States, shown by county:Green areas represent one declaration; yellow

areas represent two declarations; orange areasrepresent three declarations; red areasrepresent four or more declarations between

June 1, 1965, and June 1, 2003. Map not toscale. Sources: FEMA, Michael Baker Jr., Inc.,the National Atlas, and the USGS

(38 YEAR PERIOD)30



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LATERAL FORCERELATED

DISASTERS

TSUNAMIS

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33





35



36




DISASTERS

EARTHQUAKES

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38


COMPARED






EARTHQUAKESAlaska 1964

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WELL-KNOWN EARTHQUAKESSHOWING RICHTER INTENSITY NUMBERS

1812 New Madrid - Missouri 8.3 1906 San Francisco 7.31964 Alaska 9.21985 Mexico City 8.1

1989 Loma Prieta (San Francisco) 6.91993 Guam 8.11994 Northridge (Los Angeles) 6.71995 Kobe Japan – 6.9

2010 Haiti 7.0 – 7.32010 Chile 8.8Red font = 8.0 or larger

Note that San Francisco, Kobe, Loma Prieta, Northridgeand Haiti were rather minor -- compared to Gu am 1993

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41




DISASTERS

HURRICANES

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HURRICANES



HURRICANES (Source = FEMA: ANDREW IN FLORIDA)

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SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE–



SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE (U. S. classification of hurricane intensity)

Category Wind speed Storm surge mph

(km/h) ft

(m)

5 ≥156

(≥250) >18

(>5.5)

4 131 – 155

(210 – 249) 13 – 18

(4.0 – 5.5)

3 111 – 130(178 – 209)

9 – 12(2.7 – 3.7)

2 96 – 110(154 – 177)

6 – 8(1.8 – 2.4)

1 74 – 95

(119 – 153) 4 – 5

(1.2 – 1.5)

Additional classifications

Tropicalstorm

39 – 73(63 – 117)

0 – 3(0 – 0.9)

Tropical

depression

0 – 38

(0 – 62)

0

(0)

. (

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STORM SURGES(Katrina)

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EYE OF A HURRICANE --STORM SURGE UPPER LEFT

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STORM SURGE



STORM SURGEDuring Katrina, storm surge at Pass

Christian, east of New Orleans, was 27.8 feet

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STRUCTURAL



49


COMPARED




EF5 TORNADO



EF5 TORNADO Greensburg Kansas, 2007

http://www.kansas.com/static/slides/050507tornadoaerials/

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TORNADOESTORNADOES CAN BE ALMOST FOUR TIMES ASDEVASTATING TO BUILDINGS AS A CATEGORY 5HURRICANE (TYPHOON) OR A MAXIMUMCREDIBLE EARTHQUAKE IN NORTH AMERICAPUBLIC ATTITUDE SEEMS TO BE THAT WOOD-FRAMED HOUSES WILL BE SEVERELY DAMAGED

AND THAT VERY LITTLE CAN BE DONE ABOUT IT.“SO LET THEM BLOW AWAY AND WE WILLREBUILD QUICKLY TO GET FOLKS OUT OF THEWEATHER”

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52

FUJITA F SCALE FOR TORNADOES



FUJITA F-SCALE FOR TORNADOESCurrent designation is EF (Extended Fujita)

CATE- WIND SPEEDS SUBJECTIVEGORY mph DESCRIPTION

F0 40-72 GALEF1 73-112 MODERATEF2 113-157 SIGNIFICANTF3 158-206 SEVEREF4 207-260 DEVASTATING

F5 261-318 INCREDIBLE 53

FLAGSTAFF ARIZONA



FLAGSTAFF ARIZONACategory EF1 (Little one) Tornado

October 2010

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THE TORNADO RECORD -- USA

From THE TORNADO REPORT: www. tornadoprojec t .com/

Historical Records up through the end of the year 2000 show that:Every state in the USA has experienced at least onetornadoSome states have been affected by quite a few as willbe shown in the next slides

592 Serious TornadoesOver 11,000 deathsOver 70,000 injuries$ billions in destruction. Houses totally disassembled

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DESIGN OFDISASTER RESISTANT

SHELLS

“DRS” 56

ELEMENTS OF A



ELEMENTS OF ADISASTER-PROOF HOUSE

Must be designed and fabricated with conventionalreinforced concrete as a three-dimensional shellWalls must be reinforced concrete made of :

Cast in place concrete, or can be:Monolithically connected Tilt-up concrete wall panels, or Monolithically connected Precast concrete wall panels

Roofs must be a conventional cast-in-place reinforced concrete diaphragmConnections between roofs, walls and floorsmust be structurally designed so that the entire

box acts as a monolithic reinforced concrete box 57

WOOD FRAME ROOFS VERSUS



WOOD FRAME ROOFS VERSUSREINFORCED CONCRETE

WHEN THE WALLS ARE REINFORCED CONCRETEAND THE ROOF IS WOOD FRAME, THECONCRETE WALLS ARE SUPPORTED ONLY ATTHEIR BOTTOMS AND AT THEIR ENDSREINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS ARE NOLONGER SUPPORTED AT THEIR TOPS AFTER THEWOOD FRAME ROOF IS GONE

WHEN THE ROOF IS AN R/C SLAB (DIAPHRAGM),WALLS ARE PERMANENTLY SUPPORTED ON ALLFOUR EDGESSTRUCTURE BECOMES A 3-DIMENSIONAL “BOX”

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DESIGN CODESStructural reinforced concrete elements (walls,roofs and floors) must be designed in accordancewith standards and procedures as set forth byBuilding Code Requirements ACI-318 aspromulgated by the American Concrete InstituteLateral load analysis must be done in accordancewith the provisions of the following codes or

standards:American Society of Civil Engineers Standard 7-05International Building Code

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BOX FRAME SHELLS



BOX FRAME SHELLS(DRS)

Based on creating a three-dimensional BOX bytightly connecting reinforced concrete floors, wallsand roofsCalled a BOX FRAME in some regions of the worldVery successful in creating earthquake proof apartment buildings in Japan (cite Kobeexperience) )

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FOUR INCH ICF



FOUR INCH ICFCONCRETE WALLS

IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT FOUR INCHTHICK ENGINEERED REINFORCED CONCRETEWALLS USED IN A DRS CONFIGURATION ARESTRUCTURALLY ADEQUATE FOR USE IN SINGLEFAMILY HOUSES WHICH WILL NEED TO RESIST THEMAXIMUM HISTORICAL RECORDED FORCES OF :-----

EARTHQUAKES

HURRICANES = TYPHOONS = CYCLONESTORNADOES (ALMOST FOUR TIMES ASSEVERE AS THE ABOVE)

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STRUCTURAL CONCEPT FOR



DISASTER RESISTANT HOUSE= A BOX

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http://www.cheepcheepboxes.com/cgi-bin/boxes.cgi?product_id=2321&node_id=14607

http://www.cheepcheepboxes.com/cgi-bin/boxes.cgi?product_id=2321&node_id=14607



THINK “BOX”

FOR DISASTER RESISTANCE, DO NOT THINK OFHOUSES IN TERMS OF

FLOORSWALLSROOFS

THINK OF WALLS, FLOORS AND ROOFS INTERMS OF INTEGRAL PARTS OF A BOX

ALL SUCH ELEMENTS MUST BE SECURELYCONNECTED IN SUCH A WAY AS TO EMULATEMONOLITHIC REINFORCED CONCRETE.

THINK “BOAT”



THINK BOAT Floats over the seismic ground waves

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THINK AIRPLANE FUSELAGE



THINK AIRPLANE FUSELAGEResists High Winds

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One Story DRS House



One Story DRS House – With or Without a Basement

Heavy red line outlinesthe box-frame DRSFor a single storyhouse, no special

details are required toachieve full tornadoresistance with astructurally designedfour inch wallRecommend structuralconcrete floor over basement

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WHY A CONCRETE ROOF ?

Reinforced Concrete roofs providesubstantial strength increase anddisaster resistance over any other roof systemConcrete shells with monolithic reinforced

concrete walls and roofs are significantlystronger than non-monolithic concrete walls androofs

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Here is the first all-concrete DRS single



family house constructed in the world – onthe island of Guam – 1963

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GUAM – Where it



GUAM Where itStarted

WHY GUAM?

GUAM IS THE WORLD’S ONLY KNOWN

“DISASTER LABORATORY FOR CONCRETE HOUSES”

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WHERE IS GUAM?



WHERE IS GUAM?

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GUAM












































































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GUAM(Note Military Bases)

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WESTERN PACIFIC REGION HAS A RECORD OF SOME OFTHE MOST SEVERE EARTHQUAKES IN THE WORLDMARIANAS ISLANDS HAVE A RECORD OF SOME OF THEMOST INTENSE WIND STORMS IN THE WORLD

GUAM HAS THE LARGEST AND OLDESTINVENTORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETEDISASTER-RESISTANT-SHELL (DRS) SINGLEFAMILY HOUSES ON EA RTH

IT IS LIKELY THAT THERE ARE MORECONCRETE BOX-FRAME TRACT HOUSES ONTHE ISLAND OF GUAM THAN EXIST ON THEENTIRE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT

WHY STUDY GUAM?

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GUAM EARTHQUAKES



GUAM EARTHQUAKES

“Earthquake risk in Guam is caused by theisland’s proximity to the Mariana Trench,where the sub-duction of the Pacific Platebeneath the Philippine Plate occurs. Thismotion leads to earthquakes throughoutthe Mariana Island chain and north toJapan.” Source: 1999-2009 Risk Management Solutions, Inc.

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The following map is from the U.S. Geological Survey.Shown are earthquakes of the Mariana Trench region (including Guam and



Shown are earthquakes of the Mariana Trench region (including Guam andSaipan to the north).

Each flyspeck represents a seismic event .

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MEXICO CITY BIG ONE 8 1



MEXICO CITY BIG ONE – 8.1(For perspective)

From the EERI Report:“On September 19, 1985, at 7:17 A.M., a Richter magnitude8.1 earthquake occurred on the Pacific coast of Mexico. The

damage was concentrated in a 25 km2 area of Mexico City,350 km from the epicenter. Of a population of 18 million, anestimated 10,000 people were killed, and 50,000 wereinjured. In addition, 250,000 people lost their homes , and

property damage amounted to $5 billion. Over 800 buildingscrumbled, including hotels, hospitals, schools, and businesses. Communications between the Mexican capitol and the outside world were interrupted for many days .”

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GUAM BIG ONE – 8.1



(By comparison)

Newspaper item:“Guam Earthquake of August 8, 1993 ” – 8.1

Even though damage to some structur es f rom the 1993 Guam Earthquake was severe, li ttle human injury and no fatali ties occur red. Hardest hit were the island' s hotels,which had the same design weaknesses typical to many high-r ise hotels damaged in earthquakes worldwide . “

No reported damage to Box-Frame concretehouses

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GUAM TYPHOONS



GUAM TYPHOONS

NEWS ITEM:"Typhoon alley" is a term not taken lightly by the citizens of

Guam. Although the last two years have been relativelyquiet, there are an average of 31 tropical storms in the

western north Pacific every year with one or more affectingthe Island. Guam has been impacted by 16 typhoons since1970 and devastated by four since 1960 .One, TYHOON PAKA , 1997 , was one of the most

powerful ever recorded. Winds to 240 mph -- Thisrepresents the velocity range of a Category F4tornado.(Paka is well documented on the Internet)

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COM PARI NG H URRI CANE (TYPH OON)



PEAK WI ND VEL OCI TI ES (Related to U. S. Saffer-Simpson Hurricane Categories)

NNNN NNNNGUAM ESTIMATED PEAK WINDSS-S PEAK TORNADO

TYPHOON YEAR CAT.* WIND FUJITA CATNAME Mph Mph

Pongsana 2008 4 150 F2Paka 1997 Int 8 240 F4Omar 1992 4 150 F2Yuri 1991 Int 6 175 F3Roy 1988 Int 6 175 F3

Pamela 1976 5 160 F2Olive 1963 Int 7 185 F3Karen 1963 Int 7 185 F3

* Saffir-Simpson Hurricane ScaleInt = Interpolated extension Saffir-Simpson

MAINLAND USA EST. PEAK WINDSPEAK

HURRICANE YEAR CAT.* WINDNAME MphIke 2008 4 145Katrina 2005 3 140Rita 2005 5 180Charlie 2004 4 150Frances 2004 3 145Ivan 2004 4 165

Opal 1995 4 150Andrew 1992 5 175Hugo 1989 4 160Camille 1969 5 190* At point of Landfall

TYPHOON PAKA



LARGEST EVER RECORDED

“On Tuesday December 16 th 1997, with peak winds of 240 mph * the highest wind speeds ever recorded over land, swept across the island of Guam.” *Wind velocity equivalent to a Category F4 tornado”

“Approximately 1500 structures (most of themresidential) were completely destroyed and another 10,000 were damaged leaving an estimated 5000

homeless. Damage estimates were around $645million (2007)”

No known damage to the thousands

of DRS reinforced concrete houses 83

PAKA RECORD



PAKA RECORD

Typhoon Paka proved by actual experience thatDRS reinforced concrete box frames couldwithstand wind velocities equivalent to a CategoryEF4 tornado without structural damageThe high winds of Paka were present for about sixhours – as compared to a tornado which passesthrough a given location in only a few minutes

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HISTORY



HISTORY

HISTORY OF THEDEVELOPMENT OFDRS BOX FRAME

HOUSES ON GUAM85

TYPHOON KAREN



TYPHOON KAREN

One of the more intense typhoons to strike Guam wastyphoon Karen, which passed over the southern part of the island in 1962 . Wind gusts estimated near 185mph destroyed 95% of all homes on the islandGuam governor appealed to President Kennedy for assistanceJFK enlisted the help of Henry Kaiser and Kaiser

Cement companyWith guidance from structural engineer Alfred A. Yee,Kaiser developed the prototype for a DRS house andbegan building in 1963

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THOUSANDS OF DRS CONCRETE HOUSES



BUILT THIS WAY ON GUAM SINCE 1963

88

HISTORY



HISTORY

TYPICALCONSTRUCTION OFCONCRETE HOUSES

ON GUAMIN 1963

(NON-INSULATED) 89

GUAM HOUSE DETAILS



GUAM HOUSE DETAILS

Four inch thick tilt-up reinforced concrete wallsCast-in-place monolithic reinforced concrete flat roof Florida-style hurricane shuttersDesigned as “box -frame” with walls tied securely tothe reinforced ribbed floor slab and to the roof slabStructural engineer Yee says: “You can almostimagine a giant picking these boxes up and dropping

them on the ground with no damage”

(Insulation was not considered necessary on Guamat that time - 1963)

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Preparing for Ribbed Structural



Concrete Floor Slab – On Grade

91

FORMS FOR FOUR INCH



TILT-UP CONCRETE WALLS

92

FABRICATED TILT-UP



WALL PANELS

93

RCF FORMS FOR CIP ROOF



RCF FORMS FOR CIP ROOF

94

CAST-IN-PLACE R/C ROOF



CAST IN PLACE R/C ROOF(NON-INSULATED)

95

2008: Comments by the Structural



Engineer Alfred A. Yee

“The Dededo Houses have been in existence for 30plus years and they have gone through manyheavy typhoons that make Katrina look like only arainstorm. ” (They survived Typhoon Paka without

damage)“They have gone through earthquakes of Richter Scale 8.1, but the Dededo Houses did not evensuffer any cracking”

“Of the thousands of (sic – DRS concrete shell)houses we built, not a single bit of damage wasever recorded from typhoons or seismic action”

96



CONTEMPORARY (2008)CAST-IN-PLACE

CONCRETE DRS HOUSES

ON GUAM97

DRS HOUSES IN PROGRESS



DRS HOUSES IN PROGRESS

98

CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE WALLS(Note heavy reinforcement



(Note heavy reinforcementfor wall-to-roof connection)

99

RCF FORMS FOR MONOLITHIC ROOF



RCF FORMS FOR MONOLITHIC ROOF

100



ROW OF COMPLETED DRS HOUSES



ROW OF COMPLETED DRS HOUSES

102

COMPLETED DRS HOUSE



COMPLETED DRS HOUSE

103





CAST-IN-PLACEREINFORCED

CONCRETE WALLS

AND WOOD FRAMEROOFS105

STRUCTURAL



106

DISASTER RESISTANCE

COMPARED

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION FIRE

H-CANE E-QUATotal Wood Frame None NoneR/C Walls & Frame Roof None PaR/C Walls & R/C Roof Total Tot

ICF WALLS & WOOD FRAME ROOF – WISCONSIN F4 TORNADO



WISCONSIN F4 TORNADO

107

“Concrete Home Still Standing After



Tornado Strikes Stoughton, Wisconsin” (ICF Walls & Wood Frame Roof)

FROM A LOCAL NEWSPA PER:

“The ability of ICF homes to withstand hurricane - and

tornado-force winds has long been known, but wasmade even more evident on August 18th when atornado destroyed most of the homes in a Stoughton,Wisconsin neighborhood. When the air cleared, one

home was still standing with almost no damage: aconcrete home, currently under construction, builtwith insulating concrete forms (ICFs) from RewardWall Systems.” (Tornado was minimum F-3 or possibly F-4 at times)

108

THE PARADIGM 60



THE PARADIGM 60

THE FOREGOING REPRESENTS THE TYPICAL HOME CONSTRUCTION MIND-SET OF THE ENTIRE HOUSING INDUSTRY IN NORTH AMERICAVERY FEW OF THE FOLLOWING HAVE GOTTEN THE MESSAGE ABOUT THEINCREDIBLE DEGREE OF ADDED HOME SAFETY PROVIDED BYSTRUCTURAL REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS PLUS ROOFS:

ARCHITECTSENGINEERS

ICF WALL FORM MANUFACTURERS & DISTRIBUTORSICF CONTRACTORSGENERAL AND SPECIALTY CONTRACTORSHOME INSURANCE COMPANIESHOME BUYERSTHE PRESS

CEMENT MANUFACTURERSREINFORCING STEEL MANUFACTURERSCODE AGENCIES: LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERALREADY MIX CONCRETE SUPPLIERSAGGREGATE PRODUCERSFEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR HOUSING SAFETYAPPROPRIATE TRADE ASSOCIATIONS

109

SURVIVING THE BIG WINDS



NO ONE HAS CHRONICLED ANY DISASTERSURVIVAL RECORDS FOR ANY REINFORCEDCONCRETE DRS HOUSES THAT HAVE SURVIVEDTORNADOES ON MAINLAND NORTH AMERICA

(Most likely because there may not be any)REINFORCED CONCRETE DRS HOUSES ON THEISLAND OF GUAM HAVE ACTUALLY SURVIVEDWITHOUT STRUCTURAL DAMAGE IN RECORDEDWINDSPEEDS EQUIVALENT TO AN F4 TORNADO(TYPHOON PAKA 1997 )

110

PERFORMANCE OF DRS HOUSESIN CONTINENTAL NORTH AMERICA



IN CONTINENTAL NORTH AMERICA

THE ONLY KNOWN DRS CONCRETE HOUSES INMAINLAND USA ARE IN CALIFORNIA AND TEXASTHE CALIFORNIA DRS HOUSES HAVE NOT YETBEEN SUBJECTED TO A TORNADO NOR ASIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKE (ONLY A COLLISIONWITH A TRUCK)

THERE IS NO AVAILABLE INFORMATION ABOUTTORNADO PERFORMANCE OF THE TEXAS DRS HOUSES

111

WE HAVE ACTUAL EQUIVALENT F4 PERFORMANCE DATA FROM TYPHOON PAKA



FOR DRS HOUSES ON GUAM

According to NOAA: (http://www.outlook.noaa.gov/tornadoes/fujita.htm )

F4 tornado (207-260 mph)(classified as“Devastating ”)

We have performance data for category F4TORNADOES from the successfulperformance of thousands of DRS housesimpacted by Typhoon Paka on Guam

112

So what about an F5 Tornado?

http://www.outlook.noaa.gov/tornadoes/fujita.htm

http://www.outlook.noaa.gov/tornadoes/fujita.htm



F5 tornado (261-318 mph)(classified as“Incredible”)

In the absence of field information about thestructural performance of concrete DRS housesin an F5 tornado, we made a comprehensivestructural analysis of a hypothetical DRS house -- to see if four inch R/C walls would also work

under F5 tornado windsA small uncomplicated DRS house was studiedAn arbitrary 350 mph wind was selected for the

calulations113

FOUR INCH WALLS



CONCLUSION : FOUR INCH REINFORCEDCONCRETE WALLS IN A DRS DESIGNWILL WORK FOR F5 TORNADOES ---

WHEN THE ROOF IS A REINFORCEDCONCRETE DIAPHRAGM INTIMATELTYCONNECTED BY REINFORCING BARS TOTHE WALLS

( A separate structural engineering presentation about this analysis andrelated calculations is available upon request)

114

We have architects and engineers unnessarilydesigning 6 inch and even 8 inch thick



designing 6-inch, and even 8-inch, thickreinforced concrete walls for houses

The reported reason : “Contractors request thicker walls because it is easier to pour the concrete” Possible outcomes :

An ICF house costs more than it shouldHomebuyer pays more for the ICF houseReady mix concrete suppliers sell more concreteThe ICF house doesn’t get built, resulting in loss of sales to the ready-mix and ICF form suppliersIf the house goes to frame, homebuyer loses theadvantages of fireproof and wind-proof security

115

VVV

TWO GENERALLY ACCEPTED



TWO GENERALLY ACCEPTEDMETHODS AVAILABLE FOR

CONSTRUCTING DRS REINFORCEDCONCRETE HOUSES:

CAST-IN-PLACE WALLS AND ROOFSOR

TILT-UP OR FACTORY PRECAST WALLSWITH CIP ROOFS

116

ELEMENTS OF A STRUCTURALBOX



FLOORSMUST BE STRUCTUALLY DESIGNED REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS

o

SUSPENDED FLOORS (CAST-IN-PLACE OR PRECAST)o STRUCTURAL SLABS ON GRADE

WALLSCAST-IN-PLACE REINFORCED CONCRETE MADE WITHo REMOVABLE CONCRETE FORMS (RCFs) or o STAY-IN-PLACE INSULATING CONCRETE FORMS (ICFs)

ORPRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETEo FACTORY PRECAST or o SITE PRECAST

o TILT-UP• STACK CAST

ROOFSFOR THE PRESENT, MUST BE CAST-IN-PLACE REINFORCED CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTED WITHo REMOVABLE (REUSABLE) CONCRETE FORMS (RCFs) ORo

STAY-IN-PLACE INSULATING CONCRETE FORMS (ICFs)

TRADITIONAL FORMS USED FORCAST IN PLACE CONCRETE



CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE

Cast-in-place concrete involves the use of moldsinto which concrete is cast into the desired shapeIn the trade, these are called “forms” From the beginning of the use of concrete, forms

have been made from different materials -- wood,plywood, metal , plastic, firberglas and othersThey are erected temporarily to receive the fluidconcrete – then removed

They are still used extensively today and arecalled:

RCF s – Removable or Reusable

Concrete Forms 118

INSULATION WAS NOT USED ONORIGINAL GUAM DRS HOUSES



ORIGINAL GUAM DRS HOUSESBecause of its moderate temperatures, Guam

construction practices did not call for insulation for their concrete houses 45 years agoLittle demand for heat, much demand for A/CThere are no energy resources on the island

All energy must be imported, mostly by tanker Construction of reinforced concrete houses with stay-in-place ICF forms instead of removable concreteforms on Guam would likely:

Reduce yearly energy demand per house by about half Make the houses more comfortableReduce temperature change-related stresses In theconcrete

119

INSULATION IS IMPORTANT TODAY FORENERGY CONSERVATION AND COMFORT



ENERGY CONSERVATION AND COMFORT

FOR MOST REGIONS TODAY, INSULATION IS ANECESSITY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION ANDCOMFORTUNTIL RECENT YEARS, (PRESENTER’SOPINION) THE LACK OF A PRACTICAL ANDECONOMICAL SYSTEM FOR INSULATINGCONCRETE HOUSES HA S POSSIB LY B EEN THE MOST IMPORTA NT DETERRENT A GA INST THE GROW TH IN THE USE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN SINGL E FA MILY HOUSES

120

INSULATING DISASTER-PROOFCONCRETE HOUSES



CONCRETE HOUSES

PROCEDURES FOR INSULATING CONCRETEHOUSES THAT WERE NOT INSULATED DURINGORIGINAL CONSTRUCTION ARE NOT WELLESTABLISHED NOR ARE THEY ECONOMICALAN EFFECTIVE AND ECONOMICAL WAY TOINSULATE CONCRETE HOUSES DURINGCONSTRUCTION IS TO FASTEN EXPANDED

POLYSTYRENE FOAM INSULATION BOARDSDIRECTLY TO THE FLUID CONCRETE DURINGFABRICATION

121

ENERGY CODES IN REVISION



ENERGY CODES IN REVISION

INSULATION REQUIREMENTS FORBUILDINGS, INCLUDING HOUSES, TO BEREVISED BY THE IBC IN ACCORD WITHPROPOSED NEW RECOMMENDATIONS OFASHRAE 189*CANADA MAY SEE R-VALUE REQUIREMENTSFOR WALLS AND ROOFS GO TO R-30 AND R-

40*American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

122

CANADA R-VALUES TO 30 AND 40



123



124

ASHRAE 90.1 ASHRAE 189(proposed)

Zone 1 R-15 R-20

Zone 2 R-20 R-25

Zone 3 R-20 R-25

Zone 4 R-20 R-25

Zone 5 R-20 R-25

Zone 6 R-20 R-30

Zone 7 & 8 R-20 R-35



NEW GENERATION OF FORMSFOR CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE



FOR CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE

INSULATING CONCRETE FORMS -- ICFsAVAILABLE FOR BOTH WALLS AND ROOFSINTRODUCED IN USA ALMOST TWO DECADES

AGOTHE FORMS ARE “STAY -IN-PLACE”THEY ARE USUALLY COATED WITH STUCCOON THE EXTERIORCONVENTIONAL DRYWALL, OR A SPECIALSYNTHETIC COATING IS USUALLY USED ONTHE INTERIOR

126

AN INSULATED CONCRETE HOUSE ISACCOMPLISHED BY A SIMPLE CHANGE OFCONCRETE FORM TYPE TO AN INSULATING



CONCRETE FORM (ICF)

Cast-in-place concrete DRS houses shown previouslyon Guam were not insulated when they were built over 40 years ago because they were located in climateswith moderate daily temperature swings

Energy costs then (1960’s) were relatively lowcompared to todayToday houses would likely be insulated even in mildclimates for comfort and especially so in more severe

climates to save energy costsInsulated concrete houses may be achieved by simplychanging the form types used in construction fromRCFs to ICFs and just leaving the forms in place

127

INSTALLING INSULATION



INSULATING MATERIALS LIKE EXPANDEDPOLYURETHANE CAN BE USED AS FORMS DURINGTHE CONCRETE PLACING OPERATION OR AFTER ITHAS BEEN COMPLETED

THIS PRESENTATION DISCUSSES INSTALLATION OFINSULATION DURING PLACING OF CONCRETEMETHODS FOR INSULATING CONCRETESTRUCTURES AFTER THEY HAVE ALREADY BEENPOURED WITH RCF S ARE BEYOND THE SCOPE OFTHIS PRESENTATIONEPS R-VALUE ABOUT 4 PER INCH THICKNESSPUR R-VALUE 6.0 TO 6.5 PER INCH(PUR = POLYISO CYANURATE)

128

INSULATING CONCRETE FORMS



EXAMPLES OF STAY-IN-PLACEICFs FOR CONSTRUCTION OF

CAST- IN-PLACE CONCRETEHOUSES

129

INSULATING CONCRETE FORMS



Within the past couple of decades, there hasevolved a specialized type of form which isintended to STAY IN PLACESuch forms provide a specialized function – that of

resisting the passage of energy and soundthrough the insulated concrete elements – in either direction

They are called ICF s –

InsulatingConcreteForms

130

This is what insulating concrete wallforms typically may look like for cip



forms typically may look like for cip

131

DRS CONCRETE HOUSESMADE WITH ICF FORMS



MADE WITH ICF FORMS

Structural concrete design and constructiontechniques would essentially be the same for either type of formwork (RCFs or ICFs)Reinforcing bar specs would be the samePlacing concrete in forms would be unchangedThe only change would be techniques in erectingand bracing the forms, and

The insulating forms would stay in place and notbe removed or reused – thus eliminating aseparate operation

132

FEATURES OF INSULATING CONCRETEFORMS – WHEN USED FOR A BUILDING SHELL



Resist the passage of heat energy --From inside to outside – when COLD outsideFrom outside to inside – when HOT outside(Eliminate “Heat Bridges”)

Impede the transmission of soundMaintain the temperature of the concrete moreconstant – avoiding large temperatureexpansion and contraction swings

Impenetrable to passage of • Animals (Mice, moles, rats etc.)• Insects (Termites, ants, centipedes, cockroaches etc)• Molds, dry rot, bacteria

133



DETAIL A- DRS Floor-to-Wall Detail–– Using ICF Wall Forms



Using ICF Wall Forms

135

Detail B --- DRS Wall to Pitched Roof - – ICF CIP Wall Forms plus



ICF Roof Plank Forms

136

Detail C - DRS Ridge (Shallow Beam)ICF Roof Plank Forms



137

C - DRS Ridge (Deep Beam) Detail–ICF Roof Plank Forms



ICF Roof Plank Forms

138

FLAT ROOF DRS Wall-to-Roof Detail With Overhang



ICF Wall Forms & ICF Roof FormsX

139

DRS Valley Beam DetailICF Roof Plank Forms



140

TYPICAL STEPS IN CONSTRUCTION OFA SLAB-ON-GRADE INSULATED DRS HOUSE



This project in Romania in eastern Europe requiredfour feet deep foundations for frostconsiderations. (Frost line at 4 feet) An invertedfoundation was chosen to save cost. (specialdetails by request)For this project, the following sequence wasfollowed:A trencher was used to excavate neat foundation

walls. Foundation may be insulated with EPS.Concrete was poured with careful attention toaccurate grading of the concrete surface. Notevertical rebars used to tie down the DRS walls to

the foundation and floor slab 141

Top of Foundation CarefullyLeveled with Laser



142

First Course of ICF Block



143

Forms Halfway ErectedNote Door and Window Bucks



144

Job-FabricatedScaffolding and Bracing



g g

145

Factory MadeScaffolding and Bracing



Scaffolding and Bracing

146



Walls completed-Begin setting ICF Roof Planks



g g

148



ICF FORMSFOR ROOFS

149

TYPICAL ICF ROOF DECK PLANKS



INSUL-DECK, QUAD-DECK, PLASTBAU

LITE-DECK

BUILD-DECK AM-DECK150

Logix “FORTRUSS” Deck Plank Forms



(Introduced in 2010)

151

TYPICAL ICF ROOF DECK FORMS



AVAILABLE IN SECTIONAL OR FULL SPANLENGTHSSTRUCTURAL CONCRETE DESIGN IS BASED ONORDINARY REINFORCED CONCRETE TEE-BEAMS

PER THE ACI CODE. NO COMPLICATED CODE ORDESIGN REQUIREMENTSTOP FLANGES OF THE TEE BEAMS DOUBLE ASTHE ROOF DECK SLAB AND ACT AS ASTRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGM TO ACCOMMODATELATERAL FORCES

152

Typical Section Through ICF Roof DeckForms for Flat or Pitched Roof

(O di CIP C t T B )



(Ordinary CIP Concrete Tee-Beams)

153

ICF Roof Planks in Placefor a Flat Roof



154

View of roof forms in a flat roof configuration -- Rebars in Place



155

INTEGRAL IMBEDDED BEAMPoured at the same time as the Deck



156

Composite Roof Beam Formed toPour at Same Time as the Deck



157

Placing Roof Deck Concrete



158

How to Build a Pitched Concrete Roof Using

Insulated Concrete Planks



Procedure is not complicated for thetype of house just illustratedBeams and girders are imbedded in the

deck assembly and are poured at thesame time as the deckUsing prefabricated rebars and

assemblies, on this project the totaltime from the beginning of setting andshoring deck forms until the concretewas placed was FIVE DAYS !

159



USING ICF PLANK

FOR APITCHED ROOF

160

Step One: All ICF Concrete WallsCompleted to Roof Line



161

Step Two: Form and Shore Ridge and Valley

Beams (Add columns if required )



( q )

162

Step Three: Form and ShoreOverhangs and Eaves



163

Step Four: Install ICF Roof Planks =Ready for Concrete



164

ICF DECK FORMS USEDFOR A PITCHED ROOF



165

CONCRETING A PITCHED ICF ROOF



166

SUMMARY



SINGLE FAMILY CONCRETE HOUSES DESIGNEDACCORDING TO DRS PRINCIPLES ANDCONSTRUCTED WITH FOUR INCH THICK R/C WALLS

CAN SURVIVE MAXIMUM CATEGORY F5 TORNADOES PROOF :UP TO CATEGORY F4 TORNADOES = ACTUAL RECORDS

THOUSANDS OF DRS HOUSES HAVE SURVIVED THIS

MAGNITUDE OF WIND WITHOUT DAMAGE ON THE ISLANDOF GUAMCATEGORY F5 TORNADOES

NO EXAMPLES WERE FOUND, BUT WIND CALCULATIONSSHOW STRUCTURALSURVIVABILITY WITHOUT DAMAGE

167

CONCLUSION



FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE HISTORY OF MANKIND,WE TODAY HAVE A SOLUTION TO THE AGE OLDCHALLENGE OF BUILDING ENERGY-CONSERVATIVEHOUSES THAT ARE COMFORTABLE AND AT THESAME TIME SECURE FROM DESTRUCTION BY SOME

OF THE MOST DEVASTATING FORCES OF NATUREIT IS ACHIEVED BY BRINGING TOGETHER TWO WELL

ESTABLISHED AND PROVEN TECHNOLOGIES: ONEOF BUILDING ALL-CONCRETE HOUSES USING STAY-

IN-PLACE INSULATING CONCRETE FORMS ( ICFs )AND/OR INSULATED PRECAST CONCRETE WALLS ,PLUS THE PRACTICE OF STRUCTURALLY DESIGNINGWITH FIELD-PROVEN DISASTER-RESISTANT-SHELL(DRS ) TECHNOLOGY

168

THE PO INT ?



THOUSANDS OF REINFORCED CONCRETEHOUSES ON GUAM HAVE STOOD UP TODISASTROUS WINDS AND EARTHQUAKESWITHOUT DAMAGE

WHY ARE WE STILL BUILDING HOUSES INNORTH AMERICA WITH WOOD FRAMES ANDTRUSSES IN DISASTER-PRONE REGIONS OF

MAINLAND USA -- OR ANYWHERE ELSE IN THEWORLD? -- WHEN WE ALREADY HAVETHE ANSWER?

169



BOTTOM LINEPREDICTION:

INSULATED DISASTER-PROOF CONCRETEHOUSES WILL REPLACE WOOD FRAMECONSTRUCTION IN NORTH AMERCICA

OVER THE NEXT 50 YEARS

170



171

Q&A EXPERTS



Kenneth A. LuttrellCalifornia registered structural engineer Former president of the Structural Engineers Association of CaliforniaSpecialist in earthquake and wind design codesChairman of both SEAOC Seismic and of the Wind committees

Bill JuhlCEO of Amvic Pacific, an ICF forms distributor Involved with more than 200 ICF construction projects in the southwestTeaches ICF technology in the collegesPresents a bi- monthly “nuts and bolts” all -day seminar for contractors

172



WHERE TO LOOKFOR HELP

173

HELP FOR INTERESTED PERSONS



WORLD OF CONCRETE – At least 12 prominent NorthAmerican ICF producers have exhibits in the North Hall – Visit every one – talk to the most senior representative of each. You will learn a number of ideas. These exhibitorsare listed in the WOC program and in the next slideNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOME BUILDERS – NAHBTwo seminars for ICF contractors – hbi.org PRODUCERS AND DISTRIBUTORS OF ICF FORMS

Instruction manualsFormal training by some – seminars and courses

Help on the job siteMAGAZINES – ‘ICF Builder’ and ‘Concrete Homes’ – Also In the NorthHall

BOOKS – Check the PCA & ICFA exhibits and the book store at WOC

VARIOUS CONSULTANTS174

SUGGESTED WORLD OFCONCRETE EXHIBITS TO VISIT

ICF DISTRIBUTORS

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



ICF DISTRIBUTORS

Integraspec N165 ARRX N562QuadLock N1023 Fox Blocks N1113Reward N1445 BuildBlock N1654Nudura N1813 AMVIC N1819LiteForm

N1951Greenblock

N2015Logix N2051 InsulDeck N2362PUBLICATIONS

ICF Builder magazine N957Concrete Homes magazine Check with PCA

Concrete Construction magazine Hanley Wood boothINDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS

Insulating Concrete Forms AssociationPortland Cement Association C4213Tilt-Up Concrete Association C4637

175

MAXIMIZE YOUR TIMEAT MINIMUM EXPENSE



Company senior people are here at the exhibits You don’t need an appointment They are receptive – They are anxious to talk withyou about their productsFewer interruptions – phones, secretaries, etc.

You are already here – no extra travel costThey are concentrated at WOC – at considerable

cost to themThe only opportunity to get that many expertstogether in one spot over the entire year .

176



177



178

SUPPLEMENTAL TOPICS



STUCTURAL ANALYSIS FOR F5 TORNADODETAILS FOR INSULATED PRECAST ANDTILTUP WALLSLOWER COST INVERTED FOUNDATIONS FORHEAVY LOADINGINVERTED FOUNDATIONPROTOTYPICAL SUPER-INSULATEDDISASTER-PROOF HOUSE NEARINGCOMPLETION

179

STRUCTURAL ANALYSISFOR F5 TORNADO



Because we could not find any records about theperformance of existing all-concrete DRS houseshaving been subjected to the forces of an F5tornado anywhere , a structural analysis was madeof a SMALL RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WITHFOUR INCH REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLSAND A T-BEAM REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOFSLAB

Subjected to Maximum California seismic loadsANDF5 (350 mph) tornado winds

(Structural calculations are available for inspection).180

Prefabricated Concrete



WALLS:

Tilt-upFactory Precast

181

DRS WALLS WITHCONCRETE ROOFS



TILT-UPSingle-family houses• DOCUMENTED: Guam, California CCH• UNDOCUMENTED: Mainland North America

Multi-Family• See Redwood City slide

FACTORY PRECAST

UNDOCUMENTED: Single-family housesMulti-Family -- See PCI websites, Japan (Kobe)

182

APARTMENT BUILDINGSREDWOOD CITY CA



183

REDWOOD CITY PRODUCTION RECORD



YEAR 1969 1971 1972*

BUILDING Marshall Broadway Casa de

Towers # 4 II Redwood

Number of apt units 112 123 136

Number of stories 7 7 7

Number of panels

Wall 729 685 600

Floor 328 297 340

Total 1,057 982 940

Number of working days

Fabrication 44 24 29

Erection 21 16.5 15.5

*Included Penthouse

184

ICF WALL INSULATION FORP/C & T/U



STACK CASTING SYSTEM TAKEN TOCOLORADOCOMPETED SUCCESSFULLY AGAINST WOODFRAME APARTMENTSDEVELOPED METHOD OF INSULATING THEWALLS

185

INSULATED PRECAST/TILTUP CONCRETE WALLS



THE PROCEDURE IS THE SAME AS FOR CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE IN ICF OR RCF FORMSEXCEPT THAT THE INSULATED WALLS WILL BEPREFABRICATED BEFORE ERECTION

WALL UNITS CAN BE PREFABRICATED IN ANOFFSITE FACTORY AND DELIVERED BY TRUCKOR, THEY CAN BE PREFABRICATED ON SITE

AND TILTED UP• IN EITHER CASE, A CRANE IS REQUIRED .

186

INSULATED PRECAST CONCRETE WALLCONNECTION TO FOUNDATION



187

INSULATED PRECAST CONCRETE WALLCONNECTION TO ROOF – AT EAVE



188



189

STRUCTURAL ANALYSISFOR F5 TORNADO

B ld fi d d b h



Because we could not find any records about theperformance of existing all-concrete DRS houseshaving been subjected to the forces of an F5tornado anywhere , a structural analysis was madeof a SMALL RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WITHFOUR INCH REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLSAND A T-BEAM REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOFSLAB

Subjected to Maximum California seismic loadsANDF5 (350 mph) tornado winds

(Structural calculations are available for inspection).190

COSTS IN GENERALI C d d h U i d S i ld



In Canada and the United States, experience wouldsuggest that the cost of an ICF/ DRS tract housewould be a toss-up with a wood frame tract housein its present stage of developmentWood frame tract houses have a centuries-longhistory in the housing market and have essentiallymatured in the methods, materials, labor andmanagement techniques being usedBy comparison, ICF/ DRS tract house constructionhas a history of not much longer than a decadeConstruction practices for ICF/ DRS are yet on thelow end of the learning curve and are still evolving

191

COST CONSIDERATIONS



Side-by-side comparisons are scarce andgenerally have not been done under meticulouslycontrolled construction management conditionsby a single large-scale tract homebuilder The presenter believes a realistic representation of cost awaits construction of a hundred wood frametract houses and a hundred ICF/DRS houses builtby the same reputable homebuilding contractor inthe same locale and in the same optimumconstruction period.The International Brotherhood of Carpenters areactively training frame carpenters in ICFtechniques 192

CONSTRUCTION TIMECONSIDERATIONS

THE PRESENTER BELIEVES



THE PRESENTER BELIEVES:It may be possible to construct an ICF/DRS housein as much as 25% less time than a frame house.In severe climates, an ICF/DRS house can beclosed in much quicker Interior work can proceed in relative comfort allduring winter weather with only a small heatingrequirement – even a wood stove (Electrical,plumbing, painting, communications, dry-walling,cabinetry, painting, floor coverings, applianceinstallation, etc.)This is based upon actual experience

193

IMPACT OF ICFs

UNTIL THE INTRODUCTION OF ICF A LITTLE



UNTIL THE INTRODUCTION OF ICFs A LITTLEOVER FIFTEEN YEARS AGO:

• (PRIOR TO THE INTRODUCTION OF ICF DESIGNAND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES) NO

PRACTICAL NOR COST-COMPETITIVE METHODHAD YET BEEN DEVISED TO INSULATECONCRETE HOUSES

194



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