Women and SportsWomen and SportsTITLE IXTITLE IX

Equality

❖ Multiple groups began to seek freedom from oppression after the Civil Rights Movement. Examples: Women, Native Americans, Latinos and homosexuals.

Women and Sports

Most of the time women athletes were seen as Most of the time women athletes were seen as more manly than women non-athletes. more manly than women non-athletes.

Water ballet and rhythmic gymnastics were Water ballet and rhythmic gymnastics were thought to be appropriate for women.thought to be appropriate for women.

Bowling Bowling was an early sport in which women were Bowling was an early sport in which women were

welcomed to play. welcomed to play.

Bowling alleys sanitized their alleys by replacing Bowling alleys sanitized their alleys by replacing smoky bars and spittoon with beauty parlors, smoky bars and spittoon with beauty parlors, nurseries and coffee shops.nurseries and coffee shops.

Track and Field Thrived among ethnic working-class white and Thrived among ethnic working-class white and

African American women.African American women.

Black women received more support from leaders Black women received more support from leaders in the community than white women received. in the community than white women received.

It was once stated that a female track and field It was once stated that a female track and field athlete could still maintain a china doll image.athlete could still maintain a china doll image.

Doris Duke❖ An athletic woman who inherited money

from her fathers fortune.

❖ She competed in tennis, golf, surfing and skiing.

❖ Daughter of James Duke, the founder of Duke University and builder of a tobacco empire once donated half a million dollars to promote women’s athletics.

Title IX

❖ Created in 1972

Outlawed any sexual discrimination by Outlawed any sexual discrimination by school districts and institutions of higher school districts and institutions of higher education that received federal aid.education that received federal aid.

Encouraged sexually integrated p.e. classes.Encouraged sexually integrated p.e. classes.

Within five years after the passage of Title IX Within five years after the passage of Title IX in 1972, nearly every college and high school in 1972, nearly every college and high school in the country rushed to form varsity in the country rushed to form varsity women’s teams in a half dozed or more women’s teams in a half dozed or more sports.sports.

College Sports Offered to Women

❖ Basketball, bowling, cross-country, fencing, field hockey, golf, gymnastics, hockey, lacrosse, rifle, rowing, skiing, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball and water polo.

Billie Jean King

First woman athlete to earn $100,000 in a First woman athlete to earn $100,000 in a year.year.

Defeated Bobby Riggs in 1973 at the Defeated Bobby Riggs in 1973 at the Astrodome before a crowd of 30,472 fans.Astrodome before a crowd of 30,472 fans.

Top Female Athletes Include

❖ Nancy Lopez

• LPGA Championship victories: 1978, 1985, 1989

• 48 LPGA Tour Wins

• LPGA Player of the Year: 1978, 1979, 1985, 1988

• LPGA Tour Money Winner: 1978, 1979, 1985

• LPGA Rookie of the Year: 1978

• Won LPGA-record five consecutive tournaments: 1978

• NCAA Champion: 1976

• AP Female Athlete of the Year: 1978, 1985

• Inducted into the LPGA Hall of Fame: 1987

• Inducted into the PGA World Golf Hall of Fame: 1988

• Inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame: 1987

❖ Cheryl Miller

• Olympic gold medalist, basketball: 1984

• NCAA Basketball Championship: 1983, 1984

• College Basketball Player of the Year: 1984, 1985, 1986

• Inducted into Basketball Hall of Fame: 1995

• Martina Navratilova

• Wimbelton Champion: 1978-1979, 1982-1987, 1996

• French Open Champion: 1982, 1984

• Australian Open Champion: 1981, 1983, 1985

• U.S. Open Champion: 1983-1984, 1986-1987

• Inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame: 1984

❖ Babe Didrikson Zaharias

• Olympic gold medalist, 80-meter hurdles: 1932

• Olympic gold medalist, javelin throw: 1932

• Olympic silver medalist, high jump: 1932

• Inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame: 1951

• AP Woman Athlete of the Year: 1931, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1950, 1954

• Jackie Joyner-Kersee

• Olympic gold medalist, heptathlon: 1988, 1992

• Olympic gold medalist, long jump: 1988

• Olympic silver medalist, heptathlon: 1984

• Olympic bronze medalist, long jump: 1992, 1996

• World Championship gold medalist, heptathlon: 1987, 1993

• World Championship gold medalist, long jump: 1987, 1991

• Pan American Games gold medalist, long jump: 1987

• Women in Sport Trophy, International Olympic Committee (IOC): 2007

• Inducted into the USA Track and Field Hall of Fame (USATF): 2004

• Inducted into the International Women's Sports Hall of Fame: 2003

• California Sports Hall of Fame: 1985