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Women Artists and the French Revolution Lena Bondar Blair Garrison

Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

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Page 1: Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

Women Artists and the French Revolution 

Lena Bondar Blair Garrison

Page 2: Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

Status of Women in 18 th Century France 

•  Women­ sensual and natural •  Men­ rational and cultural •  Women limited to housekeeping •  Women subordinate to men •  Conflicting depictions of women 

–  Flattering and compromising 

–  Sympathetic and reproachful

Page 3: Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

Economic Role •  Thought to have no political or 

economic role –  Widows made jobs available to men and practiced trade of former husbands 

–  Women supported husbands therefore supporting French economy 

–  Particular industries: spinning, weaving, embroidering of household linens, ribbon making, baking, and grain brokers

Page 4: Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

Political Role •  Before Revolution: indirect role through 

men –  Marquise de Pompadour –  Mme. De Tencin 

•  October 5­6, 1789: March on Versailles •  Social class influenced nature of demands •  Wanted equal rights 

–  Right to divorce –  Property for widows –  Educational opportunities –  Right to employment –  Exclusion of men from female professions (dressmaking)

Page 5: Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

Olympe De Gouges •  Self educated daughter of a butcher •  Wrote the Declaration of the Rights of 

Woman (to parallel the Declaration of the Rights of Man) –  “Having become free, [man] has become unjust toward his companion…what advantages have you [women] gathered in the Revolution? A scorn more marked, a disdain more conspicuous” 

•  Was accused of being a counterrevolutionary and an “unnatural woman” and consequently guillotined in 1793

Page 6: Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

Charlotte Corday 

•  Supporter of monarchy •  Favored Girondins •  Stabbed Jean Paul Marat­ July 13, 1793 •  Sentenced to death­ July 17, 1793 •  Asked father for forgiveness for “having 

disposed of my existence without your permission” 

•  Inspiration to French people who shared belief that Revolution was corrupted by Reign of Terror

Page 7: Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

Pop Quiz! 

•  What was most people’s perception of women at the time of the French Revolution? 

•  How did women support the economy? •  What kind of rights were women fighting for during the French 

Revolution? •  What did Olympe de Gouges write? 

•  Why was Charlotte Corday sentenced to death?

Page 8: Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

Marianne Loir 

•  (1715­1769) •  Ten portraits identified 

–  Painted predominantly wealthy women 

•  Family of Parisian silversmiths –  Her brother, Alexis Loir, was also an artist (pastellist/sculptor) 

•  Trained by French painter Jean­François de Troy 

•  May have spent time in Rome •  Elected to the Academy of Marseilles 

(1762)

Page 9: Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

Adelaide Labille­Guiard •  (1749­1803) •  Contemporary and rumored 

“rival” of Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun •  Initially a miniaturist •  Later studied pastel and oil 

painting •  She taught in order to make 

additional money –  Accepted into the Royal Academy of the Arts in 1783 

–  Reviewers of the Salon de la Correspondance favored Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun, much to Adelaide’s frustration

Page 10: Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

•  Her works featured portraits of royalty and aristocrats –  E.g. Mme. Adelaide, daughter of Louis XV 

–  Sitters always dressed according to high­fashion 

•  She was, however, a supporter of the Revolution –  Painted portraits of leaders such as Roubspeirre 

•  Active in attempts to reform the Academy –  Her proposal that acceptance of women should not be subject to quota met with criticism and resistance (1790)

Page 11: Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

Elizabeth Vigee Le Brun 

•  (1755­1842) •  Daughter of a Portraitist, Loise Vigée 

–  Taught to draw by her father •  Specialized in portraiture, predominantly 

of European royalty and aristocrats –  She was close to Queen Marie Antoinette 

–  Her self­portraits are modeled after famous works 

–  She portrayed herself in feminine roles as an unthreatening, loving mother

Page 12: Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

•  Accepted to the Royal Academy of Painting and sculpture in 1783 –  (on the same day as Adelaide Labille­Guiard) 

–  Admitted by direct command of King Louis XVI with the honorable title: painter of historical allegory 

•  Despite her royalist affiliation, her work received great acclaim at exhibitions 

•  255 artists, scientist, and writers successfully petitioned the new French authorities in favor of Elisabeth’s return to France

Page 13: Women Artists and the French - Faculty and Staff · 2006-03-21 · Status of Women in 18 th Century France • Women sensual and natural • Men rational and cultural • Women limited

Pop Quiz! 

•  Whose painting is this à •  Who was the “rival” of Elisabeth Vigée Le 

Brun? •  Which artist portrayed herself in feminine 

roles as an unthreatening, loving mother? •  Who is this a self portrait of à •  Which artist was initially a miniaturist 

who later focused on oil and pastel paintings?