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Women in MarketsA Systems Perspective
Some Things to Consider
Presented by Mary MorganFor CARE International
July 1, 2015www.economicsunplugged.com
Institutions = Rules of the Game
Institutions are humanly devised to structure
interaction and improve efficiency.
Institutional Economics ParadigmLevels of Institutions in an Economy
Oliver Williamson, 2000
Source: Williamson, O.E., 2000. The new institutional economics: Taking stock, looking ahead. Journal of Economic Literature, 38 (3), pp. 595-613.
• Customs, traditions, norms• Informal Institutions-gender, ethnicity, class,
religion1. Embeddedness
• Formal rules – property, Law (Judiciary)• Economics of property rights
2. Institutional Environment
• Transaction cost economics• Contracts – aligning governance structures with
transactions3. Governance
• Prices, incentives• Agency
4. Resource Allocation & Employment
Social Regulation
All economic behavior is influenced by social institutions, which motivate the behavior of all the actors in the market (Harriss-White 1998).
Dominant Economic ParadigmNeoclassical Economics
Market Systems• A bounded context • Includes actors and
institutions directly or indirectly engaged in the system
• public and private actors
• a dynamic space
Guiding Questions
• What is the market system telling us?• Is it a women’s market system or a man’s
market system? • Why are women working in those markets?• Where are women working in the market
system?• What access do they have to TA? • What market systems include women?
What are women doing in the system?
Systems Thinking Elements
Feedback • Feedback' exists between two parts when
each affects the other (Ashby, p. 53)• In complex systems, where most of our work
occurs, several parts affect each other, and it is not possible to isolate the feedback between two parts– one can only look at the whole and start to map out the feedback loops
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Feedback
No investment in inputs
No accessible input supplies
Low quality/quantity product
No interested buyers
No accessible/appropriate financial
products
R
Leverage
• Places (points) in a complex system where a small shift to one element can influence change in the whole system
• Points of power• Could be information flows, incentives, rules,
reducing delays, flow of resources• Meadows, D.,1999. Leverage points: Places to
intervene in a system [online]. Hartland, Vermont: The Sustainability Institute. Available from: http://www.sustainer.org/pubs/Leverage_Points.pdf [
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Feedback
Investment in inputs
Accessible input supplies
Quality/quantity product
Interested buyers
Accessible/appropriate
financial products
R
--
- -
Facilitate Rural Distribution
B
+
Facilitate Rural Procurement
+
Delay
+ Increase
- Decrease
B
Facilitate financial products
B
+
+
Boundary of System
• Not just transactions!!!!!• Establishes a limit to the system’s functions
and internal processes: input – process – output
• One market system can be interconnected with other systems
Campbell, R.,2014. Framework for Inclusive Market System Development [online]. Washington, DC: USAID-Leveraging Economic Opportunities (LEO). Available from: https://www.microlinks.org/library/framework-inclusive-market-system-development
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