Women in Science & Engineering in KoreaPast, Present, and Future of Women in S & T in Korea
Eunkyoung Lee
(Chonbuk National University)
International Workshop on
Before 2000
Education : College
BA in Science & Engineering by sex
51,673
21,172
% of women in new MA by year
MA Sci 35% 1,119
MA Eng 8% 1,024
% of Women in new PhD in Sci&Eng by year
PhD Sci
PhD Eng
22% 141
4% 68
Female Regular Faculty 10.2% even in 2004
Science 20.5%, Engineering 3.7%
R&D Researcher: participating in R&D with BA degree or higher
General Sketch
Increase of women in sciences and engineering, esp. in sciences()
Small portion of employment in R&D
Low status, low income, low job security high unemployment, early left from works
Including natural sciences, agriculture, home economics()
Leading women scientists & engineers concerning the
situation
During 2000s or Present
Legitimation and Planning in WISE Policy
1st 5 Year plan for Fostering & Supporting Women in S&T - 5 (2004-2009)
2nd 5 Year Plan (2009-2013)
Act on Fostering and Supporting Women in S&T (2002)
Organization for WISE program
Major Programs
Statistical Resources
1. Korea Report on Women in Science and Technology (since 2004) (Korean & English, download at www.wiset.re.kr)
200 top R&D in private sector
All universities & All public R&D institutes
Private R&D institutes with more than 100 employees
2. Survey of Research and Development in
Korea(yearly)
- According to OECD FRASCATI Manual, includes humanity and social
science since 2007 3. Statistical Yearbook of Education (yearly)
Statistical Resources
(humanity, social sciecne, medicine not included)
Contents
Part I: Status of Fostering Women in S&T and Their Economic Participation
Part II: Status & System of Utilizing Women Resources in S&T R&D
Status of --
Employment New Recruitment Women in Executive Positions Promotion R&D Activities
Operatoinal Status of Work-Family Reconcilation in Support Policies
Big Picture at Present: Education
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
BA
MA
PhD
14.1%
17.2%
32.9%
10.2%
25.1%
54.7%
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
S&T
• Increase in Eng at MA & PhD
Big Picture at Present
Female
37.9%
13.6%
23.2%
absolute and relative quantity
R&D Personnel in Korea 2010 Male Female
12.9 13.1 14.9 15.6
headcount and ratio
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
% of Female Faculty at Univ.
Public Private Total (%)
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
Male
Female
• Result of the WISE policy? Or natural increase?
Employment in R&D in 2009: Public
• Applying Recruit Target System
•GRI: Government-funded Research Institute
spending R&D expenditure per person 3.3 times more than all other public
institutes
18.3 22.4 24.1 22.8 23.8
25.7
% of Female Researchers at Public R&D Institutes
Total GRI National/Public
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
% of Female at Public Sector
(regular)
• the higher position, the better working condition the fewer women
• Recruit Target System as a partial solution
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
Male
Female
2002 (10%) 2006(15%) 2010(25%) ?(30%)
25 GRIs
2003
15.5
26.6
20.9
% of female recruitment
Recruitment in R&D in 2009: Public Sector
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
Recruitment by Public Sector by sex and
condition in 2009
position
Promotion Target System since 2006
To get over the glass ceiling
• officially applied to public sector
• difficult to evaluate the impact of the policy yet
• natural increase? Or the impact of the PTS?
10
% of Female Researchers in Promotion
Univ Public Private Total Since 2007
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
Regular
Male
Female
1.9 3 2.4 3.3 2.2 3.1 4.8
8.6 7 5.5 6.4
Director Senior Researcher technician
researcher
the shortest period in the job
Evaluation
Education
esp. in providing career vision toward higher level
Engineering education innovation: partially working
stimulating women in Eng to get higher degrees
Leadership & Management: partially working, producing a few women at top position
R&D Support: partially working
Employment
PTS: little
Employment : little
Measure to prevent leaky pipe: ?
For Future
Role Model
RTS, PTS,
family friendly
K12 College
MA, PhD
Labour Market
RTS, PTS,
family friendly
• Programs organized and combined • Centralized in budget and government contact
New Policy for Future
1. New returner program
2. Strengthen information/human network
• Returner Program into R&D new, up-to-date technology training • Skill Training Program for Job Creation • Consultation Service for Biz Start-ups
Returner
Information/human network
2. preventing leaky pipe phenomenon
Support cooperative works focusing on promoting employment and elevating status of women in S&T
Officer-in-Charge System
Support creation of women friendly S&T organizational environment in institutions and universities
Women-Friendly Institutional Innovation
Elite group with higher degrees like MA, PhD? – producing good
role models and providing good career vision to smart girls and
women at college
More general but large group with BA degree and relatively low
or non-regular position – providing work-family reconciliation
environment
2. How to push private R&D and business to employ more women?
rapid growth of women with MA degrees in S&T
highest proportion of MA among researchers in private sector
no practical policy means to push industry to employ more
women
High School Education
University
Favorite major related with jobs with high income, high security, high demand in
labour market, esp. after the financial crisis in 1997 & 2008
Most jobs in S&T except for medicine, less popular in those terms
vocational
arts&atheletics() for Korean SAT and future major
Choose 1 path at the end of the first year
Different curriculum and different SAT for each path
some disadvantage when crossing the path in choosing a major, esp. at
prestigious universities
Science high school S&T at university, but few girls, to be elite group
Foreign language school Humanities&Social Science at university,
but a few of them choosing S&T
General rapid increase in arts&atheletics (partly because of the increased
opportunity at college)
High School Education
Hum.&Social Sci Scie&Eng
Path rate of 12th students in Korea
Students in path for hum/social
are increasing as a whole
Girls in path for math/sci had
kept almost same level.
students in each path seems to be
related the change of quota of
freshmen at universities
High School Education
Hum.&Social Sci Scie&Eng
Path rate of K12th students in Korea
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Hum&SS Sci&Eng
Med & Pharma Arts&Atheletics
Thank you for your attention
Past, Present, and Future of Women in S & T in Korea
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