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8/19/2019 Womens History SPS
1/35Berkeley SPS
March is…
To celebrate, the Society of Physics Students has
created posters honoring female physicists, both
modern and historical. Look for them around
LeConte!
“During Women's History Month, we remember the
ailblazers of the past, including the women who are not recorde
n our history books, and we honor their legacies by carrying
forward the valuable lessons learned from thepowerful examples they set…
NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United
States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the
Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby
proclaim March 2016 as Women's History Month.”
8/19/2019 Womens History SPS
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March is…
The Society of Physics Students
has created posters honoring
female physicists, both modernand historical.
The women we’ve featured are only a smal
sample of the brilliant female physicists,scientists, and mathematicians who have
and are contributing to their fields; we
encourage you to look for and be inspired
by the work and lives of them, and manymore!
Berkeley SPS
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Shirley Ann Jackson Nuclear Physicist
Shirley Ann Jackson was the secondAfrican American woman in the US to
earn a doctorate in physics, and the
first to do so at MIT, for her work on
elementary particle theory. There are
still under 100 African American
women with PhDs in physics. She hasperformed research at the Fermi
National Accelerator Lab, CERN, and
the Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center. After this, she went into
private industry at Bell Labs, where
she studied materials to be used in the
semiconductor industry. There, she was published in over 100
scientific articles on charged density waves in layered compounds,
polaronic aspects of electrons in the surface of liquid helium films,
and optical and electronic properties of semiconductor strained-layer
superlattices. She then went on to become to serve as the first
Chairman of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission under
President Bill Clinton. Jackson is now the 18th president of theRensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where she has helped raise over $1
billion for philanthropic causes.
Berkeley SPS
Image from http://ethix.org/
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Chien-Shiung Wu“The First lady of Physics”, “Queen of Nuclear Research”
Chien-Shiung Wu earned her PhD
in nuclear physics from UC
Berkeley in 1940, and afterwards
conducted postdoctoral research at
Radia t ion Laboratory , now
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.
After moving to the East Coast, and
working for both Princeton andSmith, she joined the Manhattan
Project’s Substitute Alloy Materials
Lab, where she helped develop a
process to enrich uranium ore thatproduced large quantities of fuel for the bomb. After the war, she
became an associate research professor at Columbia, and herresearch there helped overthrow the principle of conservation of
parity, a widely-accepted theory at the time. Her colleagues Tsung-
Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang won the 1957 Nobel prize for this
achievement, but Wu’s contributions were not awarded. Wu went on
to author the book Beta Decay in 1965, was appointed as the first
Pupin Professor of Physics in 1973, and was the first woman toreceive an honorary doctorate from Princeton and be elected to the
American Physical Society. She was also a recipient of the National
Medal of Science.
Berkeley SPS
Image from http://www.columbia.edu/
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Mae Jemison Astronaut
Berkeley SPS
Mae Jemison was the first
African American female
astronaut. She graduated
from Stanford 1977 with a
d e g r e e i n c h e m i c a l
engineering and went onto
Cornell Medical College.
A f t e r w o r k i n g a t a
Cambodian refugee camp
in Thailand and as a Peace
Corps medical officer in
Sierra Leone and Liberia,where she taught and conducted medical research, she made a
career change and applied for NASA’s astronaut training program
in 1985. She flew on the Endeavor mission STS47, where she
conducted experiments on weightlessness and motion sickness
during her eight days in space.
Image from http://www.biography.com/
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Katherine JohnsonMathematician
Katherine Johnson graduated from
high school at age 14 and from West
Virginia State College at 18 with
degrees in French and mathematics,
and went on to become the first
African American woman to
desegregate the graduate school atWest Virginia University. In 1953
she worked at NASA with a pool of
women performing mathematical
calculations. She was temporarily
assigned to an all-male flight
research team, and her work was so precise that they “forgot” toreturn her. She then worked as an aerospace technologist for 25
years, calculating the trajectory for the flight of the first American in
space, as well as the launch window for his Mercury mission. She
made backup charts for astronauts in case of electronic failures, and
when NASA first began using computers, they called upon her to
verify the computer’s numbers. Her accuracy helped establishconfidence in the new machines. She was awarded the Presidential
Medal of Freedom in 2015.
Berkeley SPS
Image from http://www.nasa.gov/
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Maryam MirzakhaniMathematician
Berkeley SPS
Maryam Mirzakhani is an Iranian mathematician and professor at
Stanford, with a PhD from Harvard. Her research has contributed
to the theory of moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces. In 2014, she
became the first woman to receive the Fields Medal for hercontributions to geometry and dynamical systems. Her work could
have impacts concerning theoretical physics and how the universe
came to exist because it could inform field theory. It also has
applications to engineering and material sciences, as well as the
study of prime numbers and cryptography. Despite the
applications of her work, Mirzakhani says she enjoys pure
mathematics because of the elegance and longevity of the
questions she studies.
Image from https://www.theguardian.com/
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Grace HopperComputer Scientist
Berkeley SPS
Grace Hopper earned a
master’s degree and PhD in
mathemat i c s f rom Ya le
University and became a
professor at Vassar College. In
1943, she joined the NavalReserve and was assigned to the
B u r e a u o f O r d i n a n c e
Computation Project, where
she learned how to program a
Mark I computer. After the war,
she remained as a researcher
and worked with Mark II and
III computers. She went into
private industry in 1949 and oversaw the programming of the
UNIVAC computer. As well, in 1952, she created the first compiler
for computer languages, a predecessor to Common Business
Oriented Language (COBOL) that would later be used around the
world.
Image from https://en.wikipedia.org
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Willie Hobbs Moore Applied Physicist
Berkeley SPS
Willie Hobbs Moore was the first African American woman to earna PhD in physics. She completed her thesis, " A Vibrational Analysis of
Secondary Chlorides" , at the University of Michigan, where she stayedafterwards to work on spectroscopic work on proteins. She
had publications in the Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, the Journal ofChemical Physics, and the Journal of Applied Physics. She was an activist
in STEM education for minorities.
Image from http://pjenkinslab.org/
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Berkeley SPS
Ellen Ochoa Astronaut
Ellen Ochoa is the current
director of the Johnson Space
Center (the second female and
first Hispanic female in this
position), and has been since
2007. She is the first Hispanicwoman to go to space and
served a nine-day mission on
the Discovery. She received a
bachelor’s degree in physics
f r om S a n D i e g o S t a t e
University and a master’s andPhD from Stanford University
in electrical engineering. She is a veteran of four space flights,
spending nearly 1,000 hours in space as a mission specialist, flight
engineer, and payload commander. She is a pioneer of spacecraft
technology, has patents on an optical inspection system, an optical
recognition method, and a method for noise removal in images.
Image from http://laslatinitas.com/
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Vera Rubin Astrophysicist
Berkeley SPS
Vera Rubin earned a master’s
degree in physics from
Cornell University, where she
made one of the first
observations of deviations
from the Hubble flow in themotion of galaxies, and
received her PhD from
Georgetown University,
where her thesis concluded
that ga lax ies c lumped
together, an idea that was not
pursued again for two decades. She remained on the faculty at
Georgetown and conducted research examining the rotation of
neighboring galaxies. She conducted calculations about the rotation
of galaxies that provided strong evidence for the existence of dark
matter, and is the second woman to join the National Academy of
Sciences.
Image from http://w.astro.berkeley.edu/
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Lene HauParticle Physicist and Applied Physicist
Berkeley SPS
Lene Hau received her doctorate
in physics from the University of
Aarhus in Denmark and spent
seven months researching at
CERN while working on her
doctorate. She began researching
Bose-Einstein condensate at
Harvard University as a postdoc,
and eventually became a tenured
professor of applied physics and
physics there in 1999. In 2006,
her group was able to transfer a
qubit from light into a matter
w a v e a n d ba ck i n t o l i g h t u s i n g B o se - E i n s t e i n
condensates. "While the matter is traveling between the two
Bose–Einstein condensates, we can trap it, potentially for
minutes, and reshape it – change it – in whatever way we want.
This novel form of quantum control could also have applications
in the developing fields of quantum information processing andquantum cryptography."
Image from https://en.wikipedia.org
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Ursula FranklinExperimental Physicist and Metallurgist
Berkeley SPS
Ursula Franklin received her PhD in experimental physics from
Technical University of Berlin in 1948. When she realized there was
no place for someone opposed to militarism and oppression,
she looked for a way out of Germany. She became the first female
professor in the University of Toronto’s Faculty of Engineering and
is an expert in materials science and metallurgy. She pioneered the
field of archaeometry, which uses modern material analysis in the
field of archaeology. Franklin contributed to the cessation of
atmospheric weapons testing.
She is an ardent feminist, pacifist, andQuaker.
Image from http://www.purselipsquarejaw.org/
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Maria Goeppert-MayerTheoretical Physicist
Berkeley SPS
Maria Goeppert-Mayer the
second female Nobel laureate in
physics. She and Marie Curie are
the only women to have received
the Nobel Prize in physics to this
day. She wrote her PhD thesis atthe University of Göttingen on
the two-photon absorption of an
atom; the unit for the cross
section of this is named after her.
S h e w o r k e d o n i s o t o p e
separation a t C o l u m b i a
University for the Manhattan Project, and eventually joined
Edward Teller’s group at Los Alamos. She held positions (without
pay) at Columbia and the University of Chicago, and was a senior
physicist at the Argonne National Laboratory. She developed a
mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells, which won
her the 1960 Nobel Prize with J. Hans D. Jensen and Eugene
Wigner.
She then became a full professor at UCSD in 1960.
Image from https://en.wikipedia.org
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Helen QuinnParticle Physicist
Berkeley SPS
Helen Quinn earned her PhD from
Stanford University in 1967 and is now
a professor at SLAC. She did
postdoctoral work at DESY, the
German Synchrotron Laboratory. Sheshowed how the strong, weak, and
electromagnetic forces look very
similar in high-energy processes and
suggested the near-symmetry of the
universe, with the axion as a
consequence, a possible candidate for dark matter. With several others, Quinn showed that properties of
quarks can be used to predict aspects of the physics of hadrons, now
known as quark-hadron duality.
She was the
2000 winner of the
Dirac Medal of the International Center for Theoretical Physics
and
the president of
the American Physical Society in 2004.
Image from https://web.stanford.edu/
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Hertha SponerParticle and Molecular Physicist
Berkeley SPS
Hertha Sponer received her PhD in1920 from the Univers i ty of
Göttingen, becoming one of the first
women to receive a PhD in physics in
Germany, as well as the right to teach
science at a German university. She
worked for a year at UC Berkeley withR. T. Birge, during which time she
helped develop what is now called the
Birge-Sponer method, a way to
calculate the dissociation energy of a
molecule in molecular spectroscopy. By 1932, she had become an
associate professor of physics and had published 20 scientific articles
in journals such as Nature and Physical Review. She was dismissed fromher position at Göttingen in 1934 when Hitler came into power, after
which time she became a professor at Oslo University and Duke
University. She was the first woman on the physics faculty at Duke
University. She remained as a professor for 32 years, and as a
professor emeritus until her death in 1968. She made contributions
to the application of quantum mechanics in molecular physics andwork on the spectra of near-ultra violet absorption.
Image from https://www.flickr.com/
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Sau Lan WuParticle Physicist
Berkeley SPS
Sau Lan Wu went to Vasser for her undergraduate education on a
full scholarship, initially wanting to be a painter. However, she was
inspired by Marie Curie to do physics. She earned MA and PhD atHarvard University, and has conducted research at MIT, DESY, and
the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she is now the Enrico
Fermi Distinguished Professor of Physics. There, she works with
ATLAS team. Wu has made important contributions towards the
discovery of the J/psi particle, providing evidence for the strange
quark, and was a key contributor to the discovery of the gluon, for
which she won the European Physical Society High Energy and
Particle Physics Prize.
Image from http://miscellanynews.org/
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Louise DolanTheoretical Particle Physicist and String Theorist
Berkeley SPS
Louise Dolan received her PhD
from MIT and became a Junior
Fellow of the Society of Fellows
at Harvard University before
joining the physics faculty of
Rockefeller University in 1979.
She co-authored the paper
"Symmetry Behavior at Finite
Temperature” in 1974, which is
now regularly cited. This paper
became a part of the foundation
of quantitative analysis of phase
transitions in the early universe
in cosmological theories and is widely recognized as a seminal
work. Her work has revolutionized string theory, and she is
considered to be an originator of the field.
In 1981, she pioneered
the uses of affine algebras in particle physics and her contributions
to string theory have included symmetries in the Type II
superstring and integrable structures in super conformal non-abelian gauge theories.
Image from http://web.wellesley.edu/
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Noemie Benczer Koller Nuclear Physicist
Berkeley SPS
Noemie Bunczer Koller was the firsttenured female professor at Rutgers
University. She tried to attend Columbia
University for her undergraduate
education, but they did not accept
female applicants at the time; they
redirected her to Barnard College(affiliated with Columbia), where she
obtained her BA in two years. She went
on to acquire her PhD from Columbia.
While at Rutgers, she has been a major
member of the nuclear physics research
group, working on the tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. She also
works as a condensed-matter physicist, performing experiments using
the Mössbauer effect, by which she investigated the electronic
structure of magnetic materials. She is said to be a pioneer of several
areas of nuclear and condensed matter physics. She was the Director
of the Nuclear Physics Laboratory from 1986 to 1989. At Rutgers,
Koller served on the administration of the university as the Associate
Dean for Sciences of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences from 1992 to1996.
Image from https://www.rci.rutgers.edu/
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Sandra Faber Astrophysicist
Berkeley SPS
Sandra Faber earned her PhD
from Harvard in 1972 in Optical
Observat ional Astronomy.
Afterwards, she became the first
female staff member at Lick
Observatory at UCSC as an
ass i s tant professor . Faberobserved the re lat ionship
between the brightness and
spectra of galaxies and the
orbital speeds and motions of the
stars within them, later to be
called the Faber-Jackson relation,a major clue in how galaxies were
formed. She went on to publish "Formation of galaxies and large
scale structure with cold dark matter” in 1984, which still stands as
the current working paradigm for structure information in the
universe. In 2012 she became the Interim Director of the University
of California Observatories and is a co-editor of the Annual Reviewof Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Image from http://news.ucsc.edu/
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Annie EasleyComputer Scientist, Mathematician, Rocket Scientist
Annie Easley, born in 1933, couldnot receive higher education
immediately due to her race
After reading about twin sister
who worked for NASA as
“human compute r s , ” she
acquired a similar job. While
working as a human computer
s h e a c q u i r e d a B . S . i n
mathematics from Cleveland
University. Her tuition was not
paid for by NASA, unlike that of her male colleagues. She then
ontinued her education through specialization courses offered a
NASA. Her 34-year career included developing and implementingomputer code that analyzed alternative power technologies, supported
he Centaur high-energy upper rocket stage, determined solar, wind
nd energy projects, identified energy conversion systems and
lternative systems to solve energy problems. Easley’s work with the
Centaur project helped as technological foundations for the space
huttle launches of communication, military, and weather satellitesSome say that with her contributions, modern spaceflight would no
have been possible.
Berkeley SPS
Image from http://www.engadget.com/
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Nergis Mavalvala Astrophysicist
Berkeley SPS
Nergis Mavalvala, born in Pakistan, received her PhD in physics
from MIT in 1997. She is now the associate head of theDepartment of Physics at MIT, and lives in Cambridge with her
female partner and child. Mavalvala is part of the LIGO team,
which recently detected gravitational waves for the first time. She
works on laser cooling to optically cool and trap more massive
objects, for LIGO and other experiments. She has also worked on
the development of exotic quantum states of light, which greatlyimproved the sensitivity of the LIGO detector, a significant
contribution to the LIGO experiment.
Image from http://www.dawn.com/
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Kalpana Chawla Astronaut
Berkeley SPS
Kalpana Chawla was the first female astronaut of Indian origin. She
received her MA in aerospace engineering from University of Texas
Arlington in 1984. Determined to become an astronaut despite therecent Challenger disaster, she went on to earn a second master and
PhD from University of Colorado, Boulder. On her first mission in
1997 aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia, she was the mission
specialist and robotic arm operator, responsible for the deploying of
the Spartan satellite. She returned to space again in 2003 to conduct
microgravity experiments, and was, tragically, among the seven
astronauts who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster upon
reentry.
Image from http://alumni.colorado.edu/
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Ida NoddackChemist and Physicist
Berkeley SPS
Ida Noddak attained her doctorate from the Technical University
of Berlin in 1921, and became the first woman to hold a
professional chemist’s position in chemical industry in Germany.
She was the first to mention the idea of nuclear fission in 1934,
which was later verified by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn. Noddak,
with her husband, discovered the element Rhenium, and was
nominated for the Nobel Prize in chemistry three times.
Image from http://36.media.tumblr.com/
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Lise Meitner Nuclear Physicist
Berkeley SPS
Lise Meitner was the second
woman to earn a doctoral
d e g r e e i n p h y s i c s a t
University of Vienna in
1905, after which she became
the first woman to become afull professor of physics in
Germany, working at the
University of Berlin. After
Hitler’s rise, she was forced to
flee to Sweden due to her
Jewish heritage. Meitner led a
group of scientists with Otto
Hahn in the discovery of the
nuclear fission of uranium when it absorbs an extra neutron.
Otto Hahn received the Nobel Prize for this achievement, and
her exclusion has become a point of controversy. Meitner also
discovered the first long-lived isotope of protactinium, as was
referred to by Albert Einstein as a “German Marie Curie."
Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/
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Naomi GinsbergOptics, Condensed Matter, and Biophysicist
UC Berkeley Physics Faculty
Berkeley SPS
Naomi S. Ginsberg received a B.A.Scdegree in Engineering Science from
the University of Toronto in 2000
and a Ph.D. in Physics from Harvard
University in 2007. She held a Glenn
T. Seaborg Postdoctoral Fellowship a
Lawrence Berke ley Nat ionaLaboratory until her appointment a
Assistant Professor in the Chemistry
department at UC Berkeley in 2010
Naomi joined the Physics faculty in
2011. She currently holds the CupolaEra Endowed Chair in the College of Chemistry, is a Faculty
Scientist in the Physical Biosciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, and is the recipient of a David and Lucile
Packard Fellowship in Science and Engineering (2011). Naomi'
research is in the areas of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science. He
current projects include mapping spatio-temporal photoexcitation
trajectories onto the architecture of photosynthetic light harvesterand near-field cathodoluminescence microscopy
Image from http://physics.berkeley.edu/
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Beate HeinemannExperimental Particle Physicist
UC Berkeley Physics Faculty
Berkeley SPS
Beate Heinemann received herDiploma and PhD from the
Universi ty of Hamburg in
Germany. Afterwards, she had a
postdoctoral fellowship from the
Particle Physics and Astronomy
Research Council (PPARC) at theUniversity of Liverpool in the
United Kingdom. From she had a
PPARC Advanced Fellowship and
a fellowship from the Royal
Society at the University of
Liverpool, and in 2006 was appointed as an associate professor at UC Berkeley. She works with
the ATLAS collaboration, which conducts and analyzes data from the
ATLAS experiment, designed to take advantage of the
unprecedented energy available at the LHC and observe phenomena
that involve highly massive particles which were not observable using
earlier lower-energy accelerators with the hopes of finding physics
beyond the standard model.
Image from http://physics.berkeley.edu/
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Mary GaillardParticle Physicist
UC Berkeley Professor Emeritus
Berkeley SPS
Mary Gaillard received her Ph.D.
from the University of Paris in 1968
and has been a professor at Berkeley
since 1981. She was the first tenured
physics faculty member at Berkeley.
She is a fellow of the, National
Academy of Sciences and the
American Academy of Arts andSciences, winner of the E.O.
Lawrence Memorial Award, J.J.
Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle
Physics, and is a fellow of the
American Physical Society. Her important contributions include the
prediction of the mass of the charm quark prior to its discovery,prediction of 3-jet events, and prediction of the b-quark mass. She is
studying effective supergravity theories for particle physics, with the
goal of addressing the problems of supersymmetry breaking and
electroweak symmetry breaking, as well as other aspects of particle
physics and cosmology, in the context of superstring theory. She
recently authored a book titled A Singluarly Unfeminine Profession:One Woman’s Journey in Physics, in which she details her experience
as a woman in the male-dominated field.
Image from http://physics.berkeley.edu/
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Frances HellmanCondensed Matter Physics
UC Berkeley Physics Faculty
Berkeley SPS
Frances Hellman received her BA inPhysics from Dartmouth College in
1978. She received her PhD in
Applied Physics from Stanford
University in 1985, studying what
were then considered the high Tc
superconductors (the A15's). After a2 year post-doc in thin film
magnetism at AT&T Bell Labs, she
went to UCSD as an assistant
professor in 1987, where she
eventually became a full professor.
She joined the Physics Department at UC Berkeley in 2005, and became Chair of the Department in
2007. She stepped down as chair after serving 6 years. Hellman has
an appointment in the UCB Materials Science and Engineering
Department as well as at LBNL in the Materials Sciences Division.
Her current research focuses on the study of thermodynamic and
temperature-dependent properties of materials.
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Mina AganagicParticle Physicist
UC Berkeley Physics Faculty
Berkeley SPS
Mina Aganagic received her BS
(1995) and PhD (1999) degrees
from California Institute of
Technology. From 1999-2003 she
had a postdoctoral appointment
at Harvard University. She was anAssistant Professor of Physics and
a n A d j u n c t P r o f e s s o r o f
Mathematics at the University of
Washington, Seattle from 2003-4.
In 2003 she was named
Outstanding Junior Investigatorby the Department of Energy,
and in 2004 she was awarded the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship. In 2004 she was appointed
Assistant Professor of Mathematics and Physics at the University of
California Berkeley. She was promoted to an Associate Professor in
2008, and to Professor in 2012. She is a string theorist, working at the
intersection of mathematics and physics.
Image from http://physics.berkeley.edu/
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Gabriel Orebi GannParticle Physicist
UC Berkeley Physics Faculty
Berkeley SPS
Gabriel Orebi Gann attended the
University of Cambridge in the
UK from 2000 to 2004, where she
received her BA and MSci in
Natural Sciences. She went on to
the University of Oxford, and was
awarded her DPhil in Particle and
Nuclear Physics in 2008. Her post-
doctoral research was performed at
the University of Pennsylania, in
Professor Klein's research group,
working on SNO and its successor,
the SNO+ experiment. OrebiGann joined the U.C. Berkeley
faculty in 2012. She is an experimental particle physicist, with an
nterest in weakly interacting particles. Her research focuses on
neutrinos and dark matter, and her primary experimental involvement
s with the SNO+ neutrino experiment. She is also involved in the
DEAP/CLEAN dark matter program.
Image from http://physics.berkeley.edu/
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Marjorie ShapiroParticle Physicist
UC Berkeley Physics Faculty
Marjorie D. Shapiro received her
Ph.D. from the University of
California, Berkeley in December
1984. She joined the Physics
Department in 1990. She was a
Presidential Young Investigatorfrom 1989-94 and is a Fellow of
the American Physical Society.
She is an experimental particle
physicist whose interests lie in
probing the most basic interactions
in nature, including questionsaddressing the processes that
generate quark and lepton masses, the determination of the size of
the Fermi constant, and the mechanism responsible for the CP
noninvariance observed in nature. She is currently a collaborator on
the Collider Detector at Fermilab and the ATLAS experiment at
CERN.
Image from http://physics.berkeley.edu/