In the United States, Americans had the freedom to create and make decisions about their

own businesses. In this free-enterprise system, Americans had the freedom to keep their

profits and private property. Many used their profits to buy new technology. In the early

1800’s, new technology allowed people to produce goods with machines, rather than by hand.

This change is called the Industrial Revolution. It began in Great Britain and spread to the

United States.

Americans began utilizing steam engine powered looms, like the spinning jenny, to spin

thread into cloth very quickly. In order to maximize profits, entrepreneurs brought workers and

machines under one roof in a factory to manufacture textiles and other goods. This was

known as the factory system. Factories used machines that could be operated by anyone,

including unskilled workers, women and children. The use of interchangeable parts helped

manufacturers assemble products even more cheaply. Factories now mass produced goods.

With these innovations, more and more factories were built in the Northern United States.

People from the country-side, as well as immigrants from Europe, moved to Northern cities to

get factory jobs. As a result, cities got bigger. This process is known as urbanization.

In the South, new machines increased the rate at which agricultural goods could be produced.

For example, the steel-tipped plow reduced the amount of labor needed to plow a field.

However, the cotton gin was the most important invention for the plantations of the South. It

was a simple machine that quickly removed the seeds from cotton. Using this invention, a

single worker could clean as much cotton as 50 laborers working by hand. Within ten years,

cotton was the South’s most important crop. Eli Whitney had hoped his invention would

decrease the work of slaves. Instead, it made slavery more important to the South.

The United States also industrialized in transportation. The steam engine led to the

inventions of the steamboat and the locomotive. These new methods of transportation

allowed goods to be transported faster, cheaper, and more efficiently. Thanks to the Industrial

Revolution, American consumers now had access to more goods than ever before!

WORDS TO KNOW

free-enterprise system

interchangeable

invention

urbanization

Industrial Revolution

technology

steam engine

manufacture

textiles

factory system

cotton gin

steamboat

profits

private property

mass produced

MODEL by TEACHER:

Non-examples:Limit what you can buyLimit what job you can

haveNo competition means

poor quality and high prices

Examples:spend money they

way you wantfree to do any job or

workcompetition creates

better quality and better prices

Antonyms:non-market economyCommand economySocialist economy

Synonyms:CapitalismFree- marketprivate enterprise

Definition: a system in which private businesses are able to compete with each other with little control by the government.

Free- enterprise

invention

Non-examples:sunwaterhands

Examples: cell phonecomputerapp

Antonyms: old, copy, replica Synonyms: new, original, unique

Definition:creation of something new, a device or process through study or experimentation.

Interchangeable Inter- change- able

Non-examples:lock and keyxbox gamefootball

Examples: batteriessim cardusb plug

Antonyms: unique, one of a kind, custom-made

Synonyms: same, one size fits all, standardized

Definition:capable of being used in place of each other.

urbanurbanization

Non-examples:small townfarmopen space

Examples: Mexico Citycrowded neigborhoodSan Antonio

Antonyms: farm, country, rural

Synonyms: city, town, downtown

Definition:The process of towns growing into cities. A change in way of life from farms to cities.

Match the word to the picture.

Word Bank:

small town urbanization invention replica interchangeable

unique economy free- enterprise

__________________________________ ______________________________

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Clarifying Words With Multiple Meanings:

Definitions for the word Profit

1. There was a rise in profits for the company this year._________

2. It would profit him to take computer classes. ________

Which definition goes with which sentence? Explain why?

A. Profit: money that is made in a business after all costs are paid.

B. Profit: advantage or benefit that is gained from doing something.

Definitions for the word technology

3. Recent advances in medical technology have saved many lives._________

4. The car has the latest fuel saving technology. ________

Which definition goes with which sentence? Explain why?

C. technology:a machine, piece of equipment, or method that is created by technology .

D. technology: the use of science in industry to invent useful things or solve problems.

Definitions for the word manufacture

5. We are developing new methods to manufacture cars._________

6. He manufactured a lie in order to get out of trouble. ________

Which definition goes with which sentence? Explain why?

E. manufacture: to make something in large amounts by using machines.

F. manufacture: to create using your imagination in order to trick someone .

Write a sentence using the words: profit, technology, and manufacture. Share your sentence

with your partner.

I manufactured fake evidence to prove that people do not profit from technology.

Three ways to figure out what words mean independently ( by yourself)

1. Context Clues- Read the sentence before, and after the word and try to find

clues or examples that explain the unknown word.

“In the early 1800’s, new technology allowed people to produce goods with machines, rather

than by hand. This change is called the Industrial Revolution.”

Industrial Revolution means: __________________________________________________.

“In order to maximize profits, entrepreneurs brought workers and machines under one roof in a

factory to manufacture textiles and other goods. This was known as the factory system.

Factories used machines that could be operated by anyone, including unskilled workers,

women and children. “

Factory system is ___________________________________________________________.

“However, the cotton gin was the most important invention for the plantations of the South. It

was a simple machine that quickly removed the seeds from cotton.”

cotton gin is ________________________________________________________________.

2. Word Parts- sometimes in a larger word you can find a root word. A Root ward is a simple

word that you already know. You can predict what a word means by thinking about the root

word.

Let’s look at the word unreachable. un/ reach/ able- the root word is reach.

Reach means to moving your hand to try to grab something.

able- means you can do something. So, reach- able means I can use my hand to grab

something. un- means not or cannot. So, un- reachable- means I cannot use my hand to grab

something.

Break the following words apart to find the root word.

1. transportation- __________________.

2. steamboat- ____________________.

3. locomotion- ____________________.

Word Parts Chart

Verbs- Action Nouns- person, place or thing

Adjectives- words to describe nouns

Adverbs- words to describe action

transport transportation X X

profit profit profitable profitably

urbanize urbanization urbanized X

manufacture manufacturer manufacturable X

assemble assembly assembled X

mass produce mass production mass-produced X

Sentence from the Original Text Rewritten sentence

3. Cognates- are words in two languages that share a common origin. Sometimes words in

spanish are similar to words in English. You can learn new English words if you first ask

yourself- what word is that in Spanish?

industry ( english) : industria (spanish)

Re-read the story of the Industrial Revolution and find English words that are cognates of

these spanish words.

1.________: privado

2.________: propiedad

3.________: empresa

4. ________: tecnologia

5. ________: revolucion

6. ________: producir

7.________: transporte

8. _______: textil

9. _______: invencion

10._______: urbano