I / Give the correct forms of the words in brackets.

1. Remember to turn off all the lights before you leave to save ( electrify )………………….2. Scientists are searching for ( alternate )…………………..fuels, such as the energy of the sun.3. People should conserve ( nature )……………….resources because once used up, it can never be replaced.4. ( Sun ) ……………energy is not only plentiful and infinite but also clean and safe.5. Farmers add fertilizers to their land to make it (production)………………..6. Vehicles are one of the ( majority )…………………causes of air pollution.7. Renewable energy sources such as wind and the Sun are ( limit )…………………..and clean.8. An important part of conservation is the ( prevent )…………………….of waste.9. Power demand is increasing ( rapidity )………………….10. Geothermal heat comes from ( depth )……………………..inside the earth.

11. Thanh Ba Post Ofiice has a ……………and pleasant front office. ( space )12. A person who receives something is called a ………………….. ( receive )13. Express Money Transfer is speedy and ……………..service of transferring money. ( security )14. We are always …………….. and courteous to customers. ( think ) 15. There is a live……………………. of the tennis championship on TV now. ( transmit ) 16. We offer a very ………………….rate for parcels under 15 kg. ( compete ) 17. Sai Gon Giai Phong is a ……………………….newspaper. ( day )18. I like all her novels, but her latest is ……………………….good. ( particular) 19. All mail…………………….were suspended during the strike. ( deliver ) 20. He tried to swim across that river but he was .............................. ( succeed )

21. To protect our environment, industrial factories must stop releasing ………………..…into the atmosphere. (pollute)

22. The red squirrel is now virtually ……………….. in England (extinction)23. The giant panda is an ……………………….….. species. (endanger)24. When did the world come into …………………………? (exist)25. Things have been going badly at work ……………………. ( recent )26. The rainforests are being systematically ………………… (destroy )27. He is working for the World Health ……………………………( organize )28. ……………………beings are changing the environment. ( man )29. They co–exist ……………………… (peace) 30. Thousands of national parks all over the world have been …………to protect animals.( establishment )

31. The aim of the conference is to promote international (friend)……………………….32. The (participate)…………………….in the Asian Games come from all over Asia.33. The news is almost (certain)……………………true although it’s not yet official.34. You have to be highly (compete)…………………..to do well in sport nowadays.35. He has the ability to generate (enthusiast)……………………..in others.36. ( Cycle)…………………..is Europe’s second most popular sport.37. We all need (various)…………………….in our diet.38. The government always encourages the (develop)……………………….of small businesses.39. Their efforts were much (appreciation)………………….when they won 2 gold medals.40. The 15th Asian Games was a (succeed)……………………sporting event.

41. Hobbies keep me ( occupy )……………………..and I’m glad I’m able to do them.42. Tom has a large ( collector )……………………..of foreign coins.43. My ( admire )……………………..for my mother is infinite.44. My doctor advised me to avoid excessive ( indulge )…………………….in sweets and canned drinks.45. The books are ( classification )………………………into different categories.46. Confidence is the key to ( succeed )………………………..47. The room was littered with ( discard )………………………newspapers.48. You should practise your English ( regular )…………………….49. I find it (interest)……………………that she claims not to know him.50. They look so (beauty)……………………..

51. Can you play any (music)……………………..instruments?52. The new law should produce a significant (improve)…………………….in working conditions.53. Jogging is the most (popularity)…………………..form of exercise.54. her leisure activities include tennis and (paint)………………55. She’s the most (sophistication)…………………….young woman I’ve ever known.56. I can recommend him without (qualify)…………………57. They share the housework (equality)…………………………between them.58. Among her (recreation)…………………….activities are chess and gardening.59. She has played a (decide)……………………..role in the peace negotiations60. The proposals for better health care are being (action)……………………..considered

61. Yuri Gagarin became the first person to eat and drink in ………………. ( weight )62. Before Gagarin’s ………….flight, there were still enormous uncertainties. ( history )63. Gagarin might never get back to the Earth if there were a …………… failure. ( technique )64. Movies have influenced standards of ………………… ( beautiful ).65. Your time should be spent ………………( use ) 66. The success of Gagarin’s flight attracted ………………..attention. ( world )67. She got great ……………from helping people learn. ( satisfy )68. The …………..flight of Shenzhou 5 marked a milestone in China’s space project. ( succeed )69. China was the third country in the world to be able to …………carry out manned space flight.( depend )70. ……….., Gagarin died in a plane crash on a routine training flight in March 1968. ( fortunate )

71. She collected up her personal ………………..and left. ( belong )72. We want to give him a decent Christian ………………….. ( bury )73. They are investigating the …………………disappearance of the plane. ( mystery )74. Many forgotten ……………….have been discovered in the attics of the old houses. ( treasury )75. The film is about a …………….of the word. ( wonderful )76. The ………………… of this lamp post is 10 metres. ( high )77. I’ll meet you again at the main ……………..to the theatre. ( enter )78. He sets standards that are likely to be …………….( surpass )79. The structure consisted of ……………. 2 million blocks of stone. ( approximate )80. He works as a worker for a ……………….company. ( construct )

RELATIVE CLAUSES & REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSESA. RELATIVE CLAUSES - Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.

Danh từ đứng trước(Antecedent)

Chủ ngữ (Subject) Tân ngữ(Object)

Sở hữu cách(Possesive Case)

Người (person) Who/That Whom/That WhoseVật (Thing) Which/That Which/That Of which/ whose

1. Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Clauses)a. WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ trong MĐQH. Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son. à I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son. - The woman is standing over there. She is my sister. àThe woman who is standing over there is my sister.b. WHO/ WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH. Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl. à I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to . - The man is my teacher. Your father is talking to him. à The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.c. WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH. Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars

à She works for a company which makes cars . - The elephants are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages. à The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.

- Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.

He passed his exam, which pleased his parents . (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)d. THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son. - The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister. - I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to . - The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher. - She works for a company that/ which makes cars . - The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big.* Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật: Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London. - Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much .... Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting. All that is mine is yours. - Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, only, first, last Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have. - You are the only person that can help us. - Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …) Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence. (Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.) * Những trường hợp không dùng THAT: - Trong mệnh đề tính từ không xác định. Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher. - Sau giới từ Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale.e. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-). Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken. à John found the cat whose leg /(the leg of which) was broken. - This is the student. I borrowed his book. àThis is the student whose book I borrowed .f. OF WHICH / OF WHOM: Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers. à Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers. - He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them. à He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.g. Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính ngữ: (WHOM/WHICH) Ex: - The man speaks English very fast. I talked to him last night. à The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast. - The house is for sale. I was born in it. à The house in which I was born is for sale. * LƯU Ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT sau giới từ.2. Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)a. WHERE (in/ on/ at ... which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place. à The movie theater is the place where we can see films .b. WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day. à Do you remember the day when we first met ?c. WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason. à Tell me the reason why you are so sad.

CÓ 2 LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ LIÊN HỆ:

RESTRICTIVE & NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSESI. Restrictive Relative Clauses:- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ nghĩa. Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week. à I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.* LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH xác định.II. Non-restritive Relative Clauses:- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa. - Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy.- Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định khi:+ Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/…+ Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old. à My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor. - Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him. à Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.

- The sun made the traveller thirsty. It was hot at midday. à The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty

- The boys in the next room are my students. They are making noise. à The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students. * LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không xác định.EXERCISE 1   : Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.1. The girl is my cousin. She chatted with you yesterday. à………………………………………………….……………………………..2. The man is very kind. He spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchenà………………………………………………….……………………………..3. The architect designed these flats. He has moved to HCM City.à………………………………………………….……………………………..4. The young boy is naughty. He rides an expensive motorbike.à………………………………………………….……………………………..5. I’m reading the book. I bought it in 1996.à………………………………………………….……………………………..6. Do you know the man? He is sharing the flat with me.à………………………………………………….……………………………..7. The young man is Ba’s brother. He is talking to our teacher. à………………………………………………….……………………………..8. We visited the monument. It was built a hundred years ago.à………………………………………………….……………………………..9. The boys are interested in the game. It is a popular game all over the world.à………………………………………………….……………………………..10. You have no need to tell me the reason. You are often late for work for that reason.à………………………………………………….……………………………..11. We visited the people. They are homeless after the flood.à………………………………………………….……………………………..12. I don’t like the films. They have unhappy ending. à………………………………………………….……………………………..13. I know the man. His son broke your windows.à………………………………………………….……………………………..14. The girl is very kind. Her parents work with me.à………………………………………………….……………………………..15. The village has around 200 people. The majority of them are farmers. à………………………………………………….……………………………..16. She hasn’t eat anything. This makes her parents worried. à………………………………………………….……………………………..17. The student is from China. He sits next to me.à…………………………………………………………………………………………

18. I thanked the woman. This woman had helped me.à …………………………………………………………………………………………19. Mr. Pike is excellent. I am taking his course.à…………………………………………………………………………………………20. Shakespeare wrote plays . People have enjoyed them for four centuries.à…………………………………………………………………………………………B. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES1) Dùng phân từ:a) Dùng cụm V-ing : Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa chủ động Ex: a. The man who is standing there is my brother. b. The man standing there is my brotherb) Dùng cụm P.P: (V3/ V-ed) Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa bị động . a. I like books which were written by Nguyen Du. b. I like books written by Nguyen Du.2) Dùng cụm to inf : (... Noun/ Pronoun + to infinitive / to be + P.P... )-Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây :ONLY, LAST, FIRST, SECOND...Ex: This is the only student who can do the problem. This is the only student to do the problem.-Động từ là HAVE, CAN, COULD, MUST, MAY, MIGHT, NEED,…Ex: I have something that I must do now. I have something to do now.-Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today. There are six letters to be written today.GHI NHỚ :Trong phần to inf này cần nhớ 2 điều sau:- Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf.Ex: We have some picture books that children can read. We have some picture books for children to read.Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone.... thì có thể không cần ghi ra.Ex: Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about. Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about.- Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu.Ex: We have a peg on which we can hang our coat. We have a peg to hang our coat on.3) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ )Dùng khi mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng: S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪCách làm:-bỏ who ,which và be Ex: a. Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health. à Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health. à Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.Ex: b. Do you like the book which is on the table? àDo you like the book on the table?4) Lược bỏ Relative Pronoun (who, whom, which, that) khi Relative Pronoun – đại từ quan hệ làm chức năng tân ngữ trong Mệnh đề quan hệ.Ex: He is the man who/whom I told you about last night.

à He is the man I told you about last night.

EXERCISE 2: Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses1. He would be happier if he had someone that he could play with.à…………………………………………………………………………………………2. I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything that I could open it with.

à…………………………………………………………………………………………3. I want to have a garden that my brother could play in.à…………………………………………………………………………………………4. The floor is dirty but I haven’t got a brush that I can sweep it with.à…………………………………………………………………………………………5. My files are all over the place. I wish I had a box that I could keep them in.à…………………………………………………………………………………………6. She said that she wasn’t going to buy any cards; she hadn’t anyone to whom she could send cards.à…………………………………………………………………………………………7. You are the last person who saw her alive.à…………………………………………………………………………………………8. He is always the first who comes and the last who goes.à…………………………………………………………………………………………9. The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which had been built on the Clyde.à…………………………………………………………………………………………10. He was the second man who was killed in this way.à…………………………………………………………………………………………11. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.à…………………………………………………………………………………………12. Lady Astor was the first woman who took her seat in Parliament.à…………………………………………………………………………………………13. Here are some accounts that you must check.à…………………………………………………………………………………………14. People who listen to very loud music will suffer gradual hearing loss . à…………………………………………………………………………………………15. He was the man who was saved in the fire . à…………………………………………………………………………………………16. Anyone who doesn’t want to take part in the meeting informs the board.à…………………………………………………………………………………………17. The teacher who takes the responsibility for the class is Ms Lan.à…………………………………………………………………………………………18. .She’s just bought a handbag which was made of crocodile skin.à…………………………………………………………………………………………19. I met a man who had been working in this factory for a long time.à…………………………………………………………………………………………20. The story which was told by my grandma was interesting.à…………………………………………………………………………………………

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN)1. Type 1:điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai 

If clause Main clauseIf + S + V1 / V s(es)             (don’t / doesn’t + V1)

S + will / can/ may + V1       (won’t / can’t + V1)

 Ex: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.      If Mary doesn’t feel better tomorrow, she will see a doctor.

 2. Type 2:điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại 

If clause Main clauseIf + S + V-ed / V2             (didn’t + V1)To be: were / weren’t

S + would / could / should + V1       (wouldn’t / couldn’t + V1)

 Ex: If I were you, I would tell the truth.      If she knew your address, she would send you a letter.  3. Type 3: điều kiện không có thật trong quá khứ

If clause Main clauseIf + S + had + P.P             (hadn’t + P.P)

S + would / could / should + have + P.P     (wouldn’t / couldn’t + have + P.P)

Ex: If I had known the answer, I would have told her.      I would have gotten the scholarship if I had studied harder. 4. Những cách khác để diễn đạt câu điều kiện:

a. Unless = If ….not              If you don’t work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living.            = Unless you work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living. 

b. Suppose / Supposing (giả sử như), in case (trong trường hợp), even if (ngay cả khi, cho dù), as long as, so long as, provided (that), on condition (that) (miễn là, với điều kiện là)             Suppose the news is true, what will you do?             I’ll change my decision provided that you accept my offer.             In case I forget, please remind me of my promise. 

c. Without: không có            Without water, life wouldn’t exist.          = If there were no water, life wouldn’t exist.Note:1. Có thể diễn tả câu điều kiện mà không cần dùng if hay unless bằng cách đảo chủ ngữ ra sau should, were, had. (Không được làm với các động từ khác)

Were I rich, I would help you.= If I were rich, I would help you.Had I known her, I would have made friend with her.= If I had known her, I would have made friend with her.If you should run into Peter, tell him to call me.= Should you run into Peter, tell him to call me. 

2. Có thể kết hợp điều kiện 2 và điều kiện 3 trong một câu.    If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be so tired now.   You wouldn’t be so hungry if you had had breakfast this morning. 

3. Đôi khi thì hiện tại đơn được dùng cho cả hai mệnh đề của câu điều kiện để diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên; nó được gọi là zero conditional.

If we don’t water these flowers, they die. 

4. Mệnh đề chính trong câu điều kiện loại 1 có thể là một câu đề nghị hoặc lời mời.If you see Peter at the meeting, please tell him to return my book.If you are free now, have a cup of coffee with me. 

5. Đổi từ if sang unless:

IF UNLESSKhẳng định Khẳng định (động từ trong mệnh đề chính đổi sang phủ định)Phủ định Khẳng định (mệnh đề chính không thay đổi)

 Ex: If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster. → Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster.

     If she doesn’t work harder, she will fail the exam. → Unless she works harder, she will fail the exam. 6. Dạng câu: Mệnh lệnh + or + Clause

- If you don’t + V1, Clause- If you aren’t + …, Clause

Ex: Go away or I will call the police.        →   If you don’t go away, I will call the police.      Be careful or you will cut yourself.     →  If you aren’t careful, you will cut yourself. 

Rewrite sentences into conditional sentences:1. It’s too cold, we can’t go swimming.à If ……………………………………………………….2. She didn’t go to the concert because she was ill.à If ………………………………………………………..3. The wall isn’t painted, so it looks dirty.à If ………………………………………………………..4. The wall wasn’t painted so it looked dirty.à If ………………………………………………………..5. She didn’t answer his letter because she was angry with him.à If …………………………………………………………6. He’s fat because he doesn’t jog regularly.à If …………………………………………………………7. People didn’t understand him because he spoke too fast.à If ………………………………………………………….8. They didn’t speak English to her, that’s why her English didn’t improve.à If ………………………………………………………….9. We came by bus because there were no taxis.à If ……………………………………………………………10. The bridge was too weak. We had to take another road.à If ……………………………………………………………11. It’s raining, so we stay at home.

à If …………………………………………………………….12. She’s fat. That’s why she can’t get through the bathroom window.à If ……………………………………………………………..13. She was lazy. She didn’t make better in English.à If ……………………………………………………………..14. I would have visited you, but I didn’t know that you were at home.à If ………………………………………………………………..15. It would not have been a good meeting without Rosa.à If ……………………………………………………………….16. I couldn’t have finished the work without your effective help.à If ………………………………………………………………17. I stepped on the brake. Otherwise I would have hit the child on the bicycle.à If ……………………………………………………………….18. Write down the number onto your notebook or you’ll forget it.à If ………………………………………………………………..19. Because John never eats breakfast, he always overeats at lunch.à If ……………………………………………………………….20. I don’t ride the bus to work every morning because I live near my office.à If ……………………………………………………………....21. Today isn’t Sunday, so we can’t go to the beach.à If ………………………………………………………………22. She had a headache and couldn’t come with us.à If ………………………………………………………………23. Come early, or else you won’t find a seat.à If ……………………………………………………………..