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WORD SEMANTICS 1DAY 26 – OCT 28, 2013
Brain & Language
LING 4110-4890-5110-7960
NSCI 4110-4891-6110
Harry Howard
Tulane University
2
Course organization• The syllabus, these slides and my recordings are
available at http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/LING4110/.• If you want to learn more about EEG and neurolinguistics,
you are welcome to participate in my lab. This is also a good way to get started on an honor's thesis.
• The grades are posted to Blackboard.
10/28/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
REVIEWI know, the quiz was the review, but let's review again.
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Linguistic model, Fig. 2.1 p. 37
10/28/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Discourse model
SyntaxSentence prosody
MorphologyWord prosody
Segmental phonologyperception
Acoustic phonetics Feature extraction
Segmental phonologyproduction
Articulatory phonetics Speech motor control
INPUT
SEMANTICS
Sentence level
Word level
5
What causes the priming effect?Table 9.4
Conditions prime ~ probe Priming effect
1. [–sem, +morph] casualty ~ casual no
2. [+sem, +morph] punishment ~ punish yes
3. [–sem, +morph] successful ~ successor no
4. [+sem, +morph] confession ~ confessor no
5. [–sem, +morph] restrain ~ strain no
6. [+sem, +morph] insincere ~ sincere yes
7. [–sem, +morph] depress ~ express no
8. [+sem, +morph] unfasten ~ refasten yes
10/28/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
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A little too early• The previous experiment suggests that prefixes and
suffixes are processed differently.• I want to introduce a model of word semantics first, and then we
will return to this issue.
• Ingram has a good summary of a PET and a MEG experiment on morphological processing.• MEG is more informative, but to understand the results, we need to
wait until we have discussed Broca’s area.
10/28/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
LEXICAL SEMANTICS 1Ingram: III. Lexical semantics, §10.
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Some semantic relations• synonymy
• words share the same meaning: violin ~ fiddle
• antonymy• words have opposite meanings: long ~ short
• hypernymy• one word ‘contains’ the meaning of another in a taxonomy: animal ~ horse
• hyponymy• one word is ‘contained’ in the meaning of another in a taxonomy: horse ~ animal
• holonymy• one word is a whole for the meaning of another: hand ~ finger
• meronymy• one word is a part for the meaning of another: finger ~ hand
• metonymy• a part of a concept stands for the whole concept: Hollywood ~ American movie
industry
10/28/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
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PolysemyWrite down all the meanings of “play” that you can think of.
1. Activity for amusement only, especially among the young.
2. The conduct, or course of a game.
3. An individual's performance in a sport or game.
4. An action carried out when it is one's turn to play.
5. A literary composition, intended to be represented by actors impersonating the characters and speaking the dialogue.
6. A theatrical performance featuring actors.
7. A major move by a business.
8. The extent to which a part of a mechanism can move freely.
9. A geological formation that contains an accumulation or prospect of hydrocarbons or other resources.
10/28/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
10
Semantic anomalies
anomaly
1. a club for married bachelors
2. a vase of whiskey
3. colorless green ideas
4. your heart’s dissent
5. freeze structure
6. bang my hammer with a finger
intended expression
1. ?
2. a flask of whiskey
3. ?
4. your heart’s content
5. phrase structure
6. bang my finger with a
hammer
10/28/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Write down every word that you associate with this object
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Semantic networks
10/28/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Ingram goes into great detail on Quillian’s Teachable Language Comprehender (TLC); I could not find an image, but this illustrates the idea just as well.