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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
FROM^he i'T-ies ""Jll T.ibrar/
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
3 1924 092 322 522
Cornell University Library
The
original of this
book
is in
the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright
restrictions intext.
the United States on the use of the
http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924092322522
WORD
STUDIES
NEW TESTAMENTBY
MARVIN
R.
VINCENT, D.D.YORK.
BALDWIN PROFESSOR OF SACRED LITERATURE IN UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY,
NEW
VOLUME
I.
THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS ACTS OF THE APOSTLES EPISTLES OF PETER, JAMES, AND JUDE
*
The worda that I have spofeen tmto you
are spirit,
and are life." John vi
63,
NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS1900
^.
I
ofeM-
Copyright,
1887,
by
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
TROW'BPniNTINQ AND BOOKBINDtNG COMPAKV NEW YORK.
HENRY
DRISLER, LL.D.
JAT PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATUREIN COLTJMBIA COLLEGE,THIS
NEW TORK
WORK
IS
DEDICATED
IN GRATEFUL
REMEMBRANCE OF THE INSTRUCTIONS OF EARLIER YEARSBY HIS PUPIL AND FRIEND
PREFACE.New-Testament commentaries are so numerous, and, many new essay requires some explanation. The present work is an attempt in a field which, so far as I amof them, so good, that a
aware,fully
is not covered by any one book, though it has been careand ably worked by many scholars. Taking a position
midway between theand grammar,it
exegetical
commentary and the lexicon
aims to put the reader of the English Bible
nearer to the stand-point of the Greek scholar, by opening to
him the ment ingelists
native force of the separate words of the
New
Testa-
their lexical sense, their etymology, their history, their
inflection,
and the
peculiarities of their usage
by
different evan-
and
apostles.
Theand
critical
student of the Greek Testament
will, therefore,
find himself here on familiar,will understand that the
and often on rudimental, ground,book has not been prepared withIt has in view,
any design or expectation of instructing him.first
of
all,
those readers whose ignorance of Greek debarsoriginal words, and to
them
from the quickening contact of theis
whom
unknown the very
existence of those tracks
which the Greekrendered supertranslation.
scholar threads with unconscious ease and in clear light.
Nofluous
scholar will maintain that such a task
is
by even the most idiomatic and accurateconscientious and competent translatoris
The mostdifficulties
fettered
by
inherent in the very nature of a translation.
Some-
thing must exhale in the transfer from one language to an-
VI
PREFACE.;
other
something which
is
characteristic in
proportion tois
its
subtlety.
Eeading an author in a translation
like hearing
through a telephone.
The words may reach
the ear distinctly,
but the quality of the most familiar voicetion, as in
is lost.
In translaorder to
exchange of money, transfer often necessitates breakdestruction of the original symbol, in
ing up
theits
embody
contents in the symbols of another tongue.
A par-
ticular coin of
one country
may;
have no exact representative in
a coin of another country out with small change.
and the difference must be made
A singleits
Greek word often requires
two or three words foror paraphrase.
reproduction in English, and even
then the partial equivalent must be
made good by commentof every
There
are, besides, certain features
language, and particularly of every dead language, which defytransfer
by any process
embodimentsface,
of a subtle play of per-
ception or of thought which has vanished, like the characteristic expression
from a dead
and which, though
it
may
give
some hint
of itself to an English mind, eludes the grasp of an
English formula.Difficulties like these can
be met only by the study of indiis
vidual words.
The
translator
compelled to deal mainly with;
the contents of sentences and periods
to
make the formstranslationits
of
thought subordinate to the substance.shouldliterally
A
whichoriginal
reproduce the idiomatic structure of
would be a monstrosity.andfamiliarly in
If the thought is to circulate freelysociety,
Anglo-Saxon
and
to
do
its
best
work
upon Anglo-Saxon minds, it must assume the Anglo-Saxon It must modify or abandon its native habits. It candress.not be continually thrusting into noticeits'
native antecedents,It
and the forms of theized throughout.
life
which evolvedtranslator;
it.
must be natural-
Hence the
is
compelled to have
mainly
in
view his own audience
to
expound the message
rather than to flatter the nationality of the messenger.
He
cannot stop to show his reader
how each
constituent
word of
PREFACE.the original sentenceis
viilife ofits
throbbing with a
own, andis
aglow with the fascination of a personal history.the work of the commentator;
This
rather
and not of the commentator
whoters,
explains the meaning and the relation of verses and chap-
but of one
who
deals with
words in
detail,
and
tells their
individual stories.
is a
For a language is not made to order and out of hand. It growth out of a people's life and its words are not arbi;
trary symbols fixed by decree or
by
vote, but are struck out, as
needed, by incidents and
crises.
They
are the formulas in
which new needs and
first
impressions of external facts spon-
taneously voice themselves, and into which social customs run.
Hence language becomes more picturesqueits earlier
as
we
recede toward;
forms.
Primitive speech
is
largely figurative
primi-
tive
words are
pictures.
As
the language becomes the expres-
more conventional and artificial life, and of a deeper and more complex thought, new words are coined representingsion of a
something more subjective and subtlethey become pressed into the
;
and the old words, asstretched to cover
new service and
a wider range of meaning, lose their original sharpness of outline.
They
pass into conventional symbols in the multiform;
uses of daily speech
they become commonplace factors of a
commonplace present, and remain historic only to lexicographers and philologists. None the less, these words forever carry hidden in their bosom their original pictures and the mark of the blow which struck each into life and they will show them to him who lovingly questions them concerning;
their birth
and their
history.in a peculiar
These remarks apply
manner
to the
Greek
lan.
guage, which was the outgrowth of a national character at once
and which was poetic and passionate, logical and shaped by an eventful and romantic history and by a rich and powerful literature. The words of a language which traversesspeculative,
the period from
Homer
to Aristotle,
from Marathon
to Leuc-
VIUtrafire;
PREFACE.
which told the
stories of
Herodotus, carried the mingled
and logic of Demosthenes, voiced the tremendous passion
of Oedipus, and formulated the dialectic of Plato and the rea-
soning of Aristotle, must enfold rare treasuresas
;
and the more
we
follow
it
into its later development under the contact ofit
Oriental thought, which fused
in the alembic of Alexandria,
ran the
new combinationlast
into the
mould of the Septuagint, andit
added the
element necessary to constitute
the bearer of
the Gospel message.
The highest testimonyis
to the resources
of this wonderful tongue ness to the touch of the
furnished in
its its
exquisite sensitive-
the expression of the
new faith, and new truth. Itstill
ready adaptation to
contact with the fresh,it
quickening ideas of the Gospel seemed to evoke fromtain deep-lying quality, overlaid
a cer-
then by the baser moral
conceptions of Paganism, but springing up in prompt responseto the
summons
of
Christian thought and sentiment.
Yet
even the words which lent themselves so readily to the new
and higher message of Christianity could not abjure theirlineage or their history.
andits
less sacred
They bore the marks of the older burdens they had carried. In the histories ofredeemer of
choicest words, Christianity asserts itself as a
human
speech.
Theandof
list
of New-Testament words lifted out of
ignoble associations and uses, and mitred as ministers of sacredtruth, is a longsignificant
one
;
and there are few more
fascinating lines
to which Archbishop Trench long ago directed English readers in his " Study of
study than
this,
Words" and his "New-Testament Synonyms." The biblical student may therefore profitably combine twodistinct lines of study;
the one directed at the truth of script-
ure in mass, the other at thedetail.
medium
or vehicle of the truth in
A
thorough comprehension of scripture takes in thethan the woof.
warp no
less
Labor expended upon etymolo-
gies, synonynis,
and the secrets of particles and tenses, upon
the wide range of pictures and hints and histories underly-
:
PREFACE.ing the separate words and phrases of theis
ix
New
Testament,
not thrown away, and issues in a larger result than the
mere accumulation of curious lore. Even as nature fills in the space between the foreground and the background of her landscapes withcountlessdetails
of
form and
color,
light
and
shadow, so the rich details of New-Testament words, once apprehended, impart a depth of tone and a just relation and perspective to the salient masses of doctrine, narrative, and prophecy.
How much
is
habitually lost to
the English student
through the use of one and the same term in rendering two
words which the writer selected with adistinction
clear recognition of a
between them.
How
often a picture or a bit of his-
tory
is
hidden away
in a word, of
which a translation gives and
can give no hint.
How many
distinctive characteristics of a
writer are lost in a translation.
How
often, especially in the
version of 1611, the marvellous play of the Greek tenses, and
the nicely-calculated force of that potentarticle, are utterly overlooked.
little
instrument, the
As
the reader steps securely
over the carefully-fitted pavement laid for him by modernrevisers,
he does not even guess
at
the rare and beautiful
things lying beneath almost every separate block.
Canthem.
the reader
these treasures?It
who knows no Greek be put in possession Not of all; yet certainly of a goodly share
of
of
has seemed to
me
that the following results might
be reached1.
Where
a
word has a
history,
he may learn
it,
and may
be shown through what stages the word has attained its present meaning, and how its variations have successively grownout of each other. Illustrations are furnished by such words as " humility," " meekness," " blessed."2.
He may
be shown, in
part, at least, the peculiar
form
in
which a thought comeslie
to a
Greek mind
;
or, in other words,
may form some
acquaintance with Greek idioms.
Thus, to
take some very simple instances, he can easily see how,
when
;
PREFACE.
he thinks ofthinks ofit
his food as set hefore
him on
the table, the;
Greek
as set heside him,
and writes accordingly
or
how
his idea of sitting
down
to the table
comes
to the
clining ; or he can understand how,the next
when
Liike says, "
Greek as rewe came
day"
the idea of the next or second day comes toso that
him
in the
form of an adjective qualifying we,
himself and his companions as second-day men.
he thinks of Sometimes,
when two languages developclassical usage, the classical
a difference of idiom in their
idiom of the one reappears in the
vulgar dialect of the other.
The
spirit of
numerous Greekre-
words or phrases, even in the I^ew Testament, could bebeen banished from3.
produced most faithfully by English expressions which havepolite diction.
He
can be shown the picture or the figure hidden awaySee, for example, the note
in a word.4.
on
comjpel, Matt. v. 41.
He may
learn something of
Greek synonyms.
He may
be shown
how two different Greek words, rendered by the same English word, represent different sides or phases of thesameidea,
and why each word
is
used iniv.
its
own
place.
Thus,
the word " net " occurs in both Matt.
18 and Matt.
but the Greek word
is
different in each verse,
xiii. 47 and either word
would have been inappropriate6.
in the place of the other.
He may
be shown
how two;
English words, having appar-
ently no connection with each other, are often expressed
by
the same Greek word
and he
the connecting idea.
He;
be put in possession of does not suspect that " bosom," inxxvii. 39, are one any connection betweenv.
may
Luke
vi. 38,
and "creek" or "bay," in Actsor that thereis
and the same word
the " winding up " of Ananias' body (Actsassertion that the time6.is'^
6)
and Paul's
short" (1 Cor.
vii.
29).
He mayseemto
be
made
to
understand the reasons for
many
changes of rendering from an older version, which, on theirface,7.
him
arbitrar}'
and
useless.
He
can be taught something of the characteristic usage of
PREFACE.
Xi
words and phrases by differenttect,
aiithors,
and may learn
to de-
even through the English version, certain differences of(See the Introductions to the different books.)
style.8.
He
can be shown the simpler distinctions between the
Greek
tenses,-
and the force of the Greek
article
;
and how the
observance of these distinctions adds to the vigor and livelinessof the translation.
Muchtaries;
valuable matter of this kind
is
contained in
commen-
and in some popular commentaries considerable promigiven toit,
nence
is
notably in the two admirable works of Dr.
Morison on Matthew and Mark.
But
it
is
scattered over a
wide
surface,
and
is
principally confined to commentaries pre-
pared for thein lexicons
critical
student; while verytreatises,
muchI
lies
hidden
and etymological
and in special essayshave collected
distributed through voluminous periodicals.
amount of this material from various and reliable sources, and have applied it to the treatment of the words as they occur, verse by verse, divesting it of technicalities, and trying to throw it into a form suited to the students ofandsifted a large
the English Bible.I
had these
so prominently in view at the beginning that I
seriously contemplated the entire omission of Greek words. On further thought, however, I decided that my plan might,
without detriment to the original purpose, be stretched so asto include beginners in the study of the
certain college-bred readers
who
have saved a
Greek Testament, and little Greek out
of the wreck of their classical studies.
such I have inserted the original words wherever
For the convenience of it seemed ex-
pedient; but always in parentheses and with the translation
appended.
The English
reader
any value which the book
may may have
therefore be assured thatfor
him
will not
be im-
paired by the presence of the unfamiliar characters.
He
has
but to pass them over, and to confine his attention to the English text.
XilIt is evident that
PREFACE.
my purpose
relieves
me
of the duty of thetlie
exegesis of passages, save in those cases whereconsiderationis
word under
the point on which the meaning of the entire
passage turns.
The temptationit is
to overstep this limit has been
constantly present, and
not impossible that I
may have
occasionally transgressed.
But the pleasure and the value ofwill,
the special study of wordsstudent by detachingit
I think, be enhanced for the
from the jungle of exegetical matter init is
which, in ordinary commentaries,
wellnigh
lost.
Atitle
few words should be
said respecting a
name which
thestu-
of this book will at once suggest to
dents
I
mean
Bengel.
New-Testament The indebtedness of all workers in
this
John Albert Bengel it is uot easy to overstate. His well-known " Gnomon," which still maintains a high and honfield to
orable rank
among commentaries
after the lapse of nearly a
century and a half, was the pioneer in this method of treatingscripture.
My own
obligations to
him
are very great for the
impulse to this line of study which I received in translating the " Gnomon " more than twenty-five years ago more for that, in;
deed, than for any large
amount of help
in the present
work.
For
his
own
labors
have contributed to the great extension
of his special line of study since the appearance of the "
Gno-
mon
" in 1742.
The
entire basis of ISTew-Testament philology
and textual criticism has been shifted and widened, and manyof his critical conclusions, therefore, must be either modified orrejected.
His work retains
its
value for the preacher.his
He
must always stand pre-eminent forinsight,
keen and deep
spiritual
and for that marvellously terse and pithy diction with which, as with a master-key, he so often throws open by a single turn the secret
chambers of a word
;
but for
critical results
the student must follow later and surer guides.
As
to materials, let
it
suffice to say that I
have freely usedis
whatever I have found serviceable.a compilation.
The book, however,
not
My plan
has compelled
me
to avoid lengthy
PREFACE.
Xiii
discussions and processes, and to confine myself mostly to the
statement of results.
In order to avoid encumbering the pageslist
with a multitude of references, I have appended asources on which I have;
of the
drawn and the names of other authors not mentioned there will be found appended to quotations.I have not attempted textualcriticism.
I
have followedit
principally the text of Westcott and Hort, comparing
withread-
Tischendorf's eighth edition, and
commonly adopting anyis,
ing in which the two agree.to say that the very literal
It
perhaps, scarcely necessary
and often uncouth renderings which
frequently occur are given merely in order to throw sentencesor phrases as nearly as possible into their Greek form, and are
not suggested for adoption as versions.
Each word or passage
commented uponsion.
is cited first
according to the authorized ver-
My
task has been a labor of love, though pursued amid thedistractionsit
numerous
and varied duties of a
city pastorate.
I
hope to complete
in due time
by an additional volume conago, in one
taining the writings ofIt is said that there
John and Paul. was discovered, some years
of our Western States, a magnificent geode, which, on being
broken, disclosed a mass of crystals arranged in the form of across.
It will
be a great joy to
me
if,
by
this
attempt to break
the shell of these words of
life,
and
to lay bare their
hidden
jewels, I may help a Bible-student here and there to a clearer vision of that cross which is the centre and the glory of the
Gospel.
MARYINCovenant Paksonagb, New York,
R.
YINCENT.
October 30, 1886.
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
In
this second edition a
number
of errors in the Scripture
references have been corrected, together with sundry typo-
Greek text, such as misplaced accents, A few changes have also been made For many in accordance with the suggestions of my reviewers. pf the corrections in the Greek text I am under great obligations to my old friend Dr. Henry Drisler, of Columbia College, whose invaluable aid it would never have occurred to me to ask in such a matter of literary drudgery, but who voluntarily, andgraphical mistakes in the
omitted breathings,
etc.
most kindly, furnished
me
with a
list
of the errors noted
by
him
in his perusal of the volume.
New
York, December
10, 1888.
LIST
OF AUTHORS AND EDITIONS.
Angus, JosephYork, 1883.
:
Commentary on the
Epistle of Jude.
Ne'rt
Apocrypha, Greek and English.Abbot, Edwin A.9th edition.Arnold,:
Bagster, London, 1871.
Article "Gospels," in Encyclopaedia Britannica,
W.:
T.
:
Roman Provincial Administration. London,:
1879.
G6org Homeric Dictionary. New York, 1880. Augustine Sermon on the Mount. Edited by Trench. 3d edition. London, 1869. 5 vols. London, 1857-61. Alford, Henry Greek Testament. Translated by E. Metcalfe. London, Gallus. Becker, W. A.Autenrieth,::
1849.
Becker,
W.
A.:
:
Charicles.
New3 vols.
edition.
London, 1854.
Barrow, Isaac
Sermons.:
London, 1861.Gothic and Anglo-Saxon
Butler, Joseph
Sermons.
Bohn, London, 1855.:
Bosworth, Joseph, and Waring, G.
Gospels, with the Versions of Wycliffe and Tyndale.
2d
edition.
London, 1874.Bengel:
Gnomon Novi Gnomon Novi
Testamenti.
Edited by Steudel.
Tu-
bingen, 1855.
Bengel:
Testamenti.
Auslegung2vols.
in fortlaufen-
den Anmerkungen vonBengel:
C. F.
Werner.
Stuttgart, 1853.
Gnomon NoviW.:
Testamenti.
Translated by C. T. Lewis
and M. E. Vincent.Burgon, John
2 vols.
Philadelphia, 1860.
Letters from
Eome
to Friends in England.
London, 1862.
XVI
LIST OF AUT'HORS:
AND
EDITIONS.of Jesus.
Bruce, Alexander B.
The Parabolic Teaching
New
York, 1883.
Twelve Apostlea and Francis Brown. Translated and edited by Roswell D. HitchcockBryennios, Philotheos:
The Teaching
of the
New New
York, 1885.
Bryennios, Philotheos: The Same.
Edited by Philip Sehaff.
York, 1886.:
Cox, Samuel Cox, Samuel Cox, Samuel
The Book
of Job.
London, 1880..
:
An
Expositor's Note-Book.
London, 1872.
:
Biblical Expositions.la:
London, 1874.
Cadena, Mariano Velazquez de
Pronouncing Dictionary of
the Spanish and English Languages.
New
York, 1882.
Cheyne, T. K.
:
The Prophecies
of Isaiah.
2d
edition.
2 vols.
London, 1882.Clarke, Mrs.1879.
CowdenJ.,
:
Concordance to Shakespeare.
London,
Conybeare, "W.Paul.
and Howson,
J. S.
:
Life and Epistles of St.
2 vols.
London, 1856.:
Cremer, Hermann
Biblico-Theological Lexicon of
New
Testa-
ment Greek.Crosby,
Edinburgh, 1878.:
Howard:
The New Testament, Old and New Versions.5 vols.
New
York, 1884.History of Greece.
Curtius, Ernst
London, 1868.
Cook, P. C.mentary.
:
Commentary onYork.:
First Peter, in Speaker's
Com-
NewSt.
Davies, S. S.
St.
World andN. Darnell.
Paul."J. J.
Paul in Greece, in series " The Heathen London.:
Dollinger,
John
The Gentile and the Jew.2 vols.
Translated by
2 vols.;
London, 1862.
Dixon, HepworthDavidson, Samuel
The Holy Land.2 vols.:
London, 1865.
:
Introduction to the Study of the
New
Testa-
ment.
2d
edition.
London, 1882.
De Wette, W. M. L. Kurzgefasstes Exegetisches Handbuch zum Neuen Testament. 4th edition. 5 vols. Leipzig, 1857. De Wette, W. M. L. Die Heilige Schrift. 4th edition. Heidel:
berg, 1858.
LIST OPDelitzsch,
AUTHORS AND EDITIONS.
xvii
Library."
Franz: Commentary on Job, "Clark's Theological 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1869.P.:
Di Cesnola, LouisTemples.
Cyprus
;
its
Ancient
Cities,
Tombs, and
New
York, 1878.:
Edwards, Thomas C.don, 1885.
Commentary on
First Corinthians.
Lon2
Edersheim, Alfredvols.
:
Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah.
London, 1883.:
Edersheim, Alfredthe
The Temple
;
its
Ministry and Services at
Time
of Jesus Christ.:
Boston, 1881.
Edersheim, Alfredof Christ.
Sketches of Jewish Social Life in the Days
London, 1876.1st
Expositor.Ellicott,
and 2dJ.:
series.
20
vols.
London, 1875-84.Epistles of Paul.
Charles
Commentary on the
2 vols.
Andover, 1872.Eadie, John:
Eastwood,
J.,
The English Bible. 2 vols. London, 1876. and Wright, W. Aldis: The Bible Word-Book.
New
York, 1874.
Englishman's Greek Concordance to the York, 1859.Findlay, Alexander G.Farrar, Frederic:
New
Testament.
New
Classical Atlas.
London.2 vols.
W.
:
The
Life of Christ.
New
York,
1874.Farrar, Frederic
W.:
:
The Life and "Work
of St. Paul.
2
vols.
London, 1879.Farrar, Frederic W. Farrar, Farrar,
The Messages of the Books. London, 1885. Frederic W. Greek Syntax. London, 1876. Language and Languages. New York, Frederic W.::
1878.
Fuerst, Julius :
Hebrew and Chaldee LexiconS.
to the Old Testar
ment.
Translated by:
Davidson.of St.
4th edition.
London, 1871. London,
Ford, James1851.
The Gospel
Luke
Elustrated.
Grote, George
:
History of Greece.
8 vols.St.
London, 1862.Luke.
Godet, F.2 vols.
:
Commentary on the Gospel of
3d
edition,
Edinburgh, 1879.
XVUl
LIST OF:
AUTHORS
AiO) EDITIONS.
Gibbon, Edwardvols.
Decline and Fall of the
Eoman Empire.2d
8
London, 1838.:
Grimm, C. L. Willibaldtion.
Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti.
edi-
Leipzig, 1879.C. L. Willibald:
Grimm,
The Same.
Translated, revised,
and
enlarged by Joseph H. Thayer.Gloag, PatonJ.:
New
York, 1887.
Critical
and Exegetical Commentary on theEdinburgh, 1870.the Epistle of James.
Acts of the Apostles.Gloag, PatonJ.:
2 vols.
Commentary on
New2 vols.
York, 1883.Geikie,in one.
Cunningham
:
The Life and Words
of Christ.
New
York, 1880.:
Goebel SiegfriedGladstone,
W.
E.
:
The Parables of Jesus. Edinburgh, 1883. Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age.Deutsches Worterbuch.6 vols.
3
vols.
Oxford, 1858.:
Grimm, Wilhelm and JacobLeipzig, 1854-73.
Howson,
J.
H.
:
Hackett, Horatio B.
The Metaphors of St. PauL New York, 1871. Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles.:
Boston, 1858.
Hobart, William K.don, 1882.
:
The Medical LanguageG. L.
of St. Luke.
LonProtes-
Herzog,
J. J.,
and
Plitt,
:
Real Encyklopadie
fiir
tantische Theologie
und
Kirche.
2d
edition.
16
vols.
Leipzig,
1877-85.
Herodotus.don, 1858.
Translated by George Eawhnson.
4
vols.
Loniiber
Huther, John Edward
:
Kritisch Exegetisches
Handbuch
den
1
Brief des Petrus, den Brief des Judas,
und den
2 Brief des
Petrus.
2d
edition.
Gottingen, 1859.:
Huther, John Edward
Kritisch Exegetisches
Handbuch2 vols.
iiber
den Brief des Jakobus.Jameson, Mrs.don, 1865.:
Gottingen, 1858.
History of our Lord.
2d
edition.
Lon-
Jameson, Mrs.
:
Sacred and Legendary Art.
4th edition. 2
vols.
London, 1863.
LIST OPJelf,
AUTHORS:
AifD EDITIONS.of
xix
William EdwardOxford, 1851.:
A Grammar
the Greek Language.
2
vols.
Jowett, B.edition.
The Dialogues
of Plato, translated into
EnglisL
2d
5 vols.:
Oxford, 1875.Translated byTraill.
Josephus1868.
The Jewish War.
London,
Kypke, George Davidbros.
:
Observationes Sacrae in Nov. Foed. Li-
2
vols, in one.J. P.:
Breslau, 1755.
Lange,
Critical, Doctrinal,
and Homiletical Commentary.the Galatians.
New1866.
York.J.
Lightfoot,
B.
:
St. Paul's Epistle to
London,Lon-
Lightfoot,
J.
B.
:
St.
Paul's Epistle to the Philippians.
don, 1869.Lightfoot,J.
B.
:
St.
Paul's Epistles to the Colossians and Phile-
mon.
London, 1875.J.
Lightfoot,
B.
:
On:
a Fresh Revision of the
New
Testament.
2d
edition.
New
York, 1873.
Liddon, Henry P.Christ.
The
Divinity of our
Lord and Saviour JesusGreek-EngUsh Lexicon.
London, 1867. Liddell, Henry G., and
Scott,
Robert
:
7th edition.Liddell,
New
York, 1883.:
Henry G. History of Rome. 2 vols. London, 1855. Lumby, J. Rawson Commentary on Second Peter, in Speaker's:
Commentary.
New
York.:
Lumby,mentary.
J.
RawsonYork.:
Commentary on Jude,
in Speaker's
Comvols.
New
Lewin, Thomas
The Life and
Epistles of St. Paul.
2
Newary.
York, 1875.:
Lewis, Charlton T., and Short, Charles A.
New
Latin Diction-
Oxford and
New York,Ivory:
1879.
Lucas,
Newton
Deutsch-Englisches Worterbuch.
Bre-
mep, 1868.Lardner, NathanielMerivale, Charles:
:
Works.
5 vols.
London, 1815.the Empire.
History of the7 vols.
Romans under
2d edition
of Vols. I.-HI.
London, 1852-62,
XXActs.
LIST OF
AUTHORS AND EDITIONS.:
Meyer, Heinricli
W.
H:
Commentaries on Matthew, Mark, Lukeof
New
York, 1884.
Mommsen, Theodor History4vols.
Rome.
Translated by Dickson.
London, 1867.:
Morison, James
AA
Practical
Commentary on the Gospel
ac-
cording to
St.
Matthew.:
Boston, 1884.Practical
Morison, James
Commentary on the Gospel
ac-
cording to
St.
Mark.
Boston, 1882.:
McClintock, John, and Strong, James
Cyclopaedia of Biblical,10vols.
Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature.
New
York,
1867-81.
The Gnostic Heresies of the First and Second Centuries. Edited by J. B. Lightfoot. London, 1875. Newman, J. H. CaUista. London. Roma Sotterranea. Northcote, J. S., and Brownlow, "W.Mansel, Henry L.::
R
:
London, 1869.
Old Testament.Parker,J.
Revision of 1885.
Cambridge.
H.
:
Primitive Fortifications of:
Rome. 2d
ed.
London.
Palgrave, William Gifford
Central and Eastern Arabia.
LonBos-
don, 1873.
Plutarch: Lives.ton, 1859.
Translated by A. H. Clough.
5
vols.
Phrynichus
:
Eclogae Nominum et Verborum Atticorum. EditedLeipzig, 1820.
by
C. A. Lobeck.J.
Porter,
L.
:
HandbookSt.
for Syria
and Palestine.
New
edition.
2 vols.
London, 1868.:
Plumptre, E. H.
Heathen World andPlumptre, E. H.:
St.
Paul."
Paul in Asia Minor, in series " The London.
The
Spirits in Prison,
and Other Studies onOxford, 1881.
the Life after Death.Revisers' Text of the
New:
York, 1885.
Greek Testament.
Reynolds, Henry R.
John the
Baptist.
London, 1874.
Robinson, Edwardtament.
:
Greek and English Lexicon of the New Tes-
New
York, 1859.
Robinson, Edward:vised
Harmony
of the Gospels in Greek.
Re-
by M.
B. Riddle.
Boston, 1885.
LIST OF
AUTHORS AND EDITIONS.:
xxl
Eiddle, M. B., and Schaff, Philipof Mark.
Commentary on the Gospel:
NewM.
York, 1879.
Eiddle,of Luke.
B.,
and
Schaff, Philip
Commentary on the Gospel2dedition.
New
York, 1879.:
Eawlinson, George
Ancient Monarchies.
3
vols.
New
York, 1871.:
Eawlinson, George
History of Ancient Egypt.
2
vols.
Lon-
don andScott,er's
New
York, 1881.:
Euskin, John
Eobert
:
Modern Painters. 5 vols. New York, Commentary on the Epistle of James,
1862,in Speak-
Commentary.:
New
York.3vols.
Schaff, Philip
Encyclopaedia of Eeligious Knowledge.
New
York, 1882-83.
Schaff, Philip,
and Eiddle, M. B.York, 1879.
:
Commentary on the GospelVols.I.,
of Matthew.
New:
Schaff, Philip
History of the Christian Church.
XL
New
York, 1882.
Stirling,
William
:
Annals of the Artists of Spain.
3
vols.
Lon-
don, 1848.
Salmond,
S.
D. F.
:
Commentary on
First
and Second Peter.
New York,
1883.J.:
Stormonth,
Etymological and Pronouncing Dictionary of
the English Language.Septuagint.
Edinburgh, 1877.to the Vatican edition.
According
Bagster, London.
Skeat, Walter
W.:
:
Etymological Dictionary of the English Lan-
guage.Stier,
Oxford, 1882.
EudolphJ. A.
The Words
of the
Lord
Jesus.
8
vols.
Edin-
burgh, 1855.St.
John,
:
History of the Manners and Customs of Ancient
Greece.
3
vols.J.
London, 1842.:
Schmidt,vols.
H. H.
Synonymik der Griechischen Spraehe.of St. Paul.
4
Leipzig, 187^-86.:
Smith, Jamestion.
The Voyage and Shipwreck
3d
edi-
London, 1866.:
Smith, William
Dictionary of Greek andvols.
Eoman Biography1849.
and Mythology.
3
London and Boston,
XXii
LIST OF;
AUTHORS AND EDITIONS.
Smith, William 2vols.
Dictionary of Greek and
Eoman Geography. RomanAntiquities.
Boston, 1854.:
Smith, William
Dictionary of Greek and
Edited by Anthon.Stanley, Arthur P.
New:
York, 1855.Epistles of St. Paul to the Corinthians.
The
4th edition.
London, 1876.:
Stanley, Arthur P.Stanley, Arthur P.
Sinai:
and Palestine. New York, 1863. The Jewish Church. 3 vols. New York,
1864-76.Stanley, Arthur P..
Sermons and Essays on the Apostolic Age.
Oxford and London, 1874.Scrivener, Frederick H.of the:
A
Plain Introduction to the Criticism
New Testament.:
2d
edition.
Cambridge and London, 1874.of the
Trench, Eichard C.edition.
Synonyms
New
Testament.
8th
London, 1876.:
Trench, Eichard C.
Notes on the Miracles of our Lord.York, 1862.
2d 2d
American American
edition.
New:
Trench, Eichard C.edition.
Notes on the Parables of our Lord.York, 1862.Studies in the Gospels.
New: :
Trench, Eichard C. Trench, Eichard C.Trench, Eichard C.
On
the Study of
New York, 1867. Words. New York, 1856.5th edition.
:
Proverbs and their Lessons.
London, 1861.Trench, Eichard C.:
On
the Authorized Version of the
New
Testament.
New
York, 1873.:
Trench, Eichard C.
English, Past and Present.
13th edition.
London, 1886.Trench, Eichard C.edition.:
Select Glossary of English
Words.
5th
London, 1879.
Theologische Studien und Kritiken.Tholuck, A.:
Thomson, William M. Thomson, William M.York, 1880-86.Thorns, John A.:
The Sermon on the Mount. Edinburgh, 1874. The Land and the Book. London, 1870. The Land and the Book. 3 vols. New: :
Concordance to the Revised Version of theYork, 1883.
New
Testament.
New
LIST OP
AUTHOES AND EDITIONS.:
XXiiiGraece.
Tischendorf, Constantineedition.
Novum Testamentum
8th
Leipzig, 1878.:
Tregelles, S. P.
An Account:
of the Printed Text of the
Greek
Newpels.
Testament.
London, 1854.Litroduction to the Study of the Gos-
Westcott, Brooke Foss
5th edition.
London, 1875.J.
Westcott, Brooke Foss, and Hort, Fenton
A.
:
The New Testa-
ment1883.
in the Original Greek.
American
edition.
New
York, 1881.
Westcott,
Brooke Foss: The Epistles
of St. John.
London,English
Winer, G. B.edition.
:
Edited by
Grammar of New Testament Greek. 8th W. F. Moulton. Edinburgh, 1877.:
Wilkinson, Gardner 1837-41.
The Ancient Egyptians.
7 vols.
London,
Wilkinson, Gardnerdon, 1843.
:
Modem:
Egypt and Thebes.
2 vols.
Lon-
Zeschwitz, Gerhard vongeist.
Profangracitat
vmd
Biblischer Sprach-
Leipzig, 1859.
ABBREVIATIONS.
A. V.
Authorized Version.Apocalypse.Cited.
Apoc.Cit.
=Lit.
Equivalent
to.
Expn.
Explanation.Literally.
Rev.
Eevised Version of the
New
Testament.
Rev. O. T.Sept,
Revised Version of the Old Testament.
Septuagint Version of the Old Testament.Following.Synoptists.
Sqq.
Synop.
Tex. Ree.
Received Text.
Tynd.Vulg.
Tyndale's Version of the
New
Testament.
Vulgate or Latin Translation of theof the in
New
Testament.
Wye. Wycliffe's Version The phrase "only herewordsonly.
New Testament. New Testament" refers
to
Greek
THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO MATTHEW.
INTRODUCTION.CoNCEKNiiiG Matthew personally
we know very
little.
He
was a son of Alphaeus, a brother of James the Little, possibly a brother of Thomas Didymus. The only facts which the gospels record about him are his call and his farewell feast. He had been a publican or tax-collector under the Roman government an office despised by the Jews because of the extortions which commonly attended it, and because it was a galling token of subjection to a foreign power. When called by Christ, Matthew forsook at once his office and his old name of Levi. Tradition records of him that he lived the life of an ascetic, on herbs and water. There is a legend that after the dispersion of the apostles he travelled into Egypt and Ethiopia preaching the Gospel that he was entertained in the capital of Ethiopia in the house of the eunuch whom Philip baptized, and that he overcame two magicians who had afflicted the people with diseases. It is further related that he raised the son of the king of Egypt from the dead, healed his daughter Iphigenia of leprosy, and placed her at the head of a community of virgins dedicated to the service of God ; and that a heathen king, attempting to tear her from her asylum, was smitten with leprosy, and his palace destroyed by fire. According to the Greek legend he died in peace but according to the tradition of the Western Church he suffered mar; ; ;
tyrdom. Mrs. Jameson (" Sacred and Legendary Art") says: "Few churches are dedicated to St. Matthew. I am not aware that
2
INTRODUCTION.is
he
the patron saint of any country, trade, or profession, un;
be that of tax-gatherer or exciseman and this is perhaps the reason that, except where he figures as one of the series of evangelists or apostles, he is so seldom represented alone, or inless it
he is portrayed as an evangelist, and the angel, his proper attribute and attendant, stands by, pointing up to heaven or dictating, or he holds the inkhorn, or he supports the book. In his character of apostle, St. Matthew frequently holds a purse or money-bag,devotional pictures.
When;
he holds a book or a pen
as significant of his
Matthewish
former vocation." wrote, probably in Palestine, and evidently for JewChristians. There are two views as to the language inhis gospel
whichin
was
originally
composed
:
one that he wrote
it
Hebrew
or Syro-Chaldaic, the dialect spoken in Palestine;
by
the Jewish Christians the other that he wrote it in Greek. The former theory is supported by the unanimous testimony of the early church and the fathers who assert this, also declare that In that case the translahis work was translated into Greek. tion was most probably made by Matthew himself, or under his supervision. The drift of modern scholarship, however, is toward the theory of a Gi-eek original. Great uncertainty prevails as to the time of composition. According to the testimony of the earliest Christian fathers, Matthew's gospel is the first in order, though the internal evidence favors the priority of Mark. Evidently it was written before the destruction of Jerusalem " Had that event preceded the writing of the sy(a.d. 70). noptic gospels and the epistles of St. Paul, nothing is more certain than that it must have been directlj' mentioned, and that it must have exercised an immense influence on the thoughts and feelings of the apostles and evangelists. No writer dealing with the topics and arguments and prophecies with which they are constantly occupied, could possibly have failed to appeal to the tremendous sanction which had been given to all their views by God himself, who thus manifested his providence in human history, and showed all things by the quiet;
light of
inevitable circumstances " (Farrar, " Messages of the
Books
").
Matthew's object was to exhibit the Gospel as the fulfilment
;
INTRODUCTION.of the law and the prophecies;
3past with the
to connect the
show that Jesus was the Messiah of the Jews, and that in the Old Testament the New was prefigured, while in the New Testament the Old was revealed. Hence his gospel has a more decidedly Jewish flavor than any other of the synoptics. The sense of Jewish nationality appears in the record of Christ'spresent;
to
words about the "the
lost
sheep of the house of Israel "
(xv. 24)
;
in
not to go into the way of the Gentiles nor into the villages of the Samaritans (x. 5) in the prophecy that the apostles shall sit as judges in "the regeneration" (xix. 28). Also in the tracing of the genealogy of our Lord no further;
command
back than to Abraham in the emphasis laid on the works of the law (v. 19 xii. 33, 37) and in the prophecy which makes the end of Israel contemporaneous with the " consummation of the age " (xxiv. 3, 22 x. 23). On the other hand, a more comprehensive character appears; ; ;
;
by the Gentile magi in kingdom to all the world (xxiv. 14), and the apostolic commission to go in the commendation of the faith of to all nations (xxviii. 19) a Gentile above that of Israel (viii. 10-12 compare the story of the Syrophcenician woman, xv. 28) in the use of the word " Jews," as if he were outside the circle of Jewish nationality in the parables of the laborers in the vineyard (xx. 1-16), andin the adoration of the infant Jesus;
the prophecy of the preaching of the Gospel of the
;
;
;
of the marriage of the king's son (xxii. 1-14)
;
in the threat of
and in the value moral and religious element of the law (xxii. 40 attached to the xxiii. 23). The genealogy of Jesus contains the Gentile names of Eahab the Canaanite, and Ruth the Moabitess. To Matthew Jesus is alike the Messiah of the Jew and the Saviour of thetaking away the kingdom fromIsrael (xxi. 43),;
world.It
being his task to show
how
fulfilled in Christ, his allusions are
the law and the prophets were frequent to the Old Testa-
He has upward of sixty references to the scriptures. Old Testament. His citations are of two classes those which he quotes himself as fulfilled in the events of Christ's life, such and those which are a part of iv. 15, 16 as i. 23 ii. 15, 18ment:
;
;
;
the discourse of his different characters, such as
iii.
3
;
iv. 4, 6,
47,
INTRODUCTION.10;
exhibits the law of Christ, not only as the fulfilment of the Mosaic law, but in contrast with it, as is illustrated in the Sermon on the Mount. Yet, while representXV. 4, 8, 9.
He
new law as gentler than the same time, as more stringent (seeing thegospelis
old,
he represents
it,
at the
v. 28, 32, 34, 39, 44).
His
of a sterner type than Luke's, which has been rightly styled " the Gospel of universality and tolerance." The retribuSin appeals to him tive element is more prominent in it. primarily as the violation of law ; and therefore his word forelse in the " Many are called, but Gospels. He alone records the saying, few are chosen " (xxii. 14), and, as Professor Abbot has acutely remarked, the distinction between the called (kXtjtoI) and the chosen {i/cKsKToi) is the more remarkable, because Paul uses the two words almost indifferently, and Luke, although he too has the parable of the unworthy guests, has not ventured to use kXtjtoi in Matthew's disparaging signification (Art. " Gospels,"
iniquity is dvofiia, lawlessness,
which occurs nowhere
in Encyclop. Britannica).
To him,
also, is peculiar
the record
of the saying that "
Whosoever
shall
commandments, and teach men so, kingdom of heaven " (v. 19). To continue the quotation from Professor Abbot, " Matthew, more than the rest of the evangelists, seems to move in evil days, and amid a race of backsliders, among dogs and swine, who are unworthy of the pearls of truth among the tares sown by the enemy among fishermen;
break one of the least shall be called least in the
;
back again many of the fish caught in the net of the Gospel. The broad way is ever in his mind, and the multitude of those that go thereby, and the guest without the wedding garment, and the foolish virgins, and the goats as well as the sheep, and those who even cast out devils in the name of the Lord, and yet are rejected by him because they work lawlessness.' Where Luke speaks exultantly of joy in heaven over one repentant sinner, Matthew, in more negative and sober phrases, declares that it is not the will of the Father that one of the little ones should perish and as a reason for not beingto cast' ;
who have
suflScient for the of the Jews, their increasing hostility to the Christians, and the wavering or retrogresit is'
distracted about the future,
alleged that
day
is
the evil thereof.'
The condition
; ;
INTRODUCTION.sion of
5
many Jewish
sified shortly
converts when the hostility became intenbefore and during the siege of Jerusalem this
may
well explain one side of Matthew's gospel and the other side (the condemnation of lawlessness ') might find an explanation in a reference to Hellenizing Jews, who (like some of the; '
Corinthians) considered that therestraint,
new law set them
free
from
all
and who,
in casting aside every vestige of nationality,
wished to cast aside morality as well. Yiewed in the light of the approaching fall of Jerusalem, and the retrogression of great masses of the nation, the introduction into the Lord's
Prayer of the words Deliver us from the'
evil,'
and the predic-
tion that
by reason of the multiplying of lawlessness the love of many shall wax cold,' will seem not only appropriate, but*
typical of the character of the
whole of the First Gospel."
As
related to the other synoptical gospels, Matthew's contains
fourteen entire sections which are peculiar to him alone. These include ten parables The Tares ; the Hid Treasure ; the:
Pearl
the Laborers in Sons the Marriage of the King's Son the Ten Yirgins, and the Talents. Two miracles The Cure of Two Blind Men, and the Coin in the Fish's Mouth.;; ;
the Draw-net;
the Unmerciful Servant;
the Yineyard;
the
Two
:
Four events of the infancysacre of the Infants;
:
The
Yisit of the
Magi
;
the M3,s-
the Flight into Egypt, and the Keturn to
Nazareth. Seven incidents connected with the Passion and the Eesurrection the Bargain and Suicide of Judas ; the Dream of Pilate's "Wife the Eesurrection of the Departed Saints the "Watch at the Sepulchre ; the Story of the Sanhedrim, and the Earthquake on the Kesurrection Morning. Ten great passages of our Lord's discourses Parts of Sermon on the Mount (v.-vii.) ; the Revelation to Babes ; the Invitations to the "Weary (xi. 25-30) ; Idle "Words (xii. 36, 37) the Prophecy to Peter:
;
:
;
17-19) ; Humility and Forgiveness (xviii. 15-35) ; Eejecthe Great Denunciation (xxiii.) tion of the Jews (xxi. 43) the Discourse about Last Things (xxv. 31-46) the Great Commission and Promise (xxviii. 18-20). Hence Matthew's is pre-eminently the didactic Gospel, one(xvi.; ;
quarter of the whole being occupied with the actual words anddiscourses of the Lord.
6
INTRODUCTION.
Matthew is less characteristic in style than in arrangement and The orderly, business-like traits which had been fostei-ed by his employment as a publican, appear in his methodical arrangement and grouping of his subject. His narrative is more sober and less graphic than either Mark's or Luke's. The pictmatter.life, character, and work, as Teacher, Saviour, and Messianic King, is painted simply, broadly, and boldly, but without minute detail, such as abounds in Mark. His diction and construction are the most Hebi'aistic of the synoptists, though less so than those of John's gospel. The following Hebrew peculiarities are to be noted 1. The phrase. Kingdom, of Heaven {^aaiXeia toov ovpavwv), which occurs thirtytwo times, and is not found in the other evangelists, who use Kingdom of God. 2. Father ^Vl Heamen, or Heavenly Father This occurs fif(o iraTrjp 6 iv ovpavolv: 6 irarrip 6 ovpdvio