WORDSOR

LANGUAGE, WORDS AND METAPHYSICS

ANIL MITRA PHD, COPYRIGHT © MAY 2023

CONTENTSPLANS

2WORD SYSTEMS 2DOCUMENTS TO INTEGRATE, OTHER SOURCES 3INTRODUCTION 3

General Considerations 3Detailed Systems 3Plan for detailed systems 3Outline and Plan for Words 3

1 SUBSTANCE ONTOLOGY 41.1 Substance Ontology 41.2 Agents, mind… and metaphysics 4

1.2.1 Experience, attitude and agency ascharacterizing ‘dimensions’ of mind 4

1.2.2 Communication 41.3 Examples of some word forms 41.4 Materialism 5

1.4.1 An Agent-Metaphysics 5

2 LANGUAGE 62.1 Propositions 62.2 Speech Acts 62.3 Words, Meaning, and the Subject-Predicate form 6

2.3.1 Syntax, Grammar 6Plans: Alternative Syntax 6

2.3.2 Words 62.4 Word Play 6

2.4.1 Sound, sign, context and symbol 62.4.2 Use, practice and paradigm 62.4.3 Language, languages and linguistics 62.4.4 Metaphysical possibility 6

2.5 Common Word Plays 62.5.1 Being at play in the field of the real 62.5.2 Sentences as words 62.5.3 Compounding of words 72.5.4 Word stems: concept and use 72.5.5 Standard or common stems, affixes and inflections 7

2.6 Linguistics 72.7 Philosophy of language 82.8 Philosophy of language, central concerns –

what are they and what should they be: 82.8.1 Mental aspects of language 82.8.2 Language and the world 82.8.3 Language mechanisms 8

3 ALTERNATIVE METAPHYSICS 10

3.1 Construction of metaphysics: local and universal metaphysics 10

3.2 Systems in which there are no elementary objects10

3.3 Systems in which there are no absolute objects 103.4 Systems in which mind is fundamental 103.5 On the authenticity of local metaphysics 103.6 A Fundamental Principle of Metaphysics 10

3.6.1 The Word ‘Nothing’ and Alternatives 103.6.2 Basis in the Latest Science? 103.6.3 Basis in Metaphysical Argument 113.6.4 Basis in Being 11

Plan: Explore Words for Alternative Metaphysics 11

4 BEING WORDS 124.1 … essential words for basic Metaphysics 124.2 A system of Being Words 12

4.2.1 Some Words 124.2.2 Alternate Words 124.2.3 Generators 124.2.4 Concepts 124.2.5 Sources 12

4.3 Some issues of use and the ontological statusof objects 12

4.3.1 A solution to the metaphysical dilemma 124.4 Comment on being at play in the field of the

evolution of language 12Plan for Being Words 134.5 Being words are among the fundamental 134.6 What is the basis of Being words? 134.7 An a-material Agent metaphysics 13

4.7.1 Introduction 134.7.2 The a-material agent metaphysics 13

4.8 The problems of the Agent-Metaphysics 13Plan for Agent-Metaphysics words 13

5 BASIC WORDS 145.1 The concept 14Plan for being and basic words 14Some plans for basic words 145.2 Key ideas for basic words 14

5.2.1 Word, concept and object 145.2.2 Metaphysics 145.2.3 Word 145.2.4 Concept and object 14

5.3 The implementation 145.4 Topics and Words to be Explained 14

5.4.1 Metaphysics 145.4.2 Language and Metaphysics 145.4.3 Language and Logic 145.4.4 Language 155.4.5 Elements of Language 155.4.6 Grammar and Syntax 155.4.7 Sentences - parts of speech 155.4.8 Semantics 16

5.5 Linguistics glossary 16Sources and plans for language and linguistics 16

5.5.1 Concepts – linguistics 161

5.5.2 Thoughts – language 16Additional Plans for basic words 16Plan: develop and mesh the following with being words 17

6 MIND WORDS 186.1 Introduction 186.2 Theory: words for the study and philosophy of

mind 186.2.1 Metaphysics and theory 186.2.2 Aspects of Mind 186.2.3 Biological Aspects 206.2.4 Artificial Intelligence 206.2.5 Scientific Aspects 20

6.3 Description: words that are used to communicatemental function 20

Plan: words descriptive of mental state 206.3.1 Cognition and attitude 206.3.2 perceiving qualities, sensing 206.3.3 perceiving objects, perception 216.3.4 conceiving, thinking 21

6.4 Feeling and experience 226.4.1 experience 226.4.2 alertness 22

6.5 Emotion 226.5.1 simple emotions 226.5.2 other emotions, mental states

characterized by emotionality 226.5.3 mood 22

6.6 Agency 226.6.1 willing or conation 226.6.2 acting 22

6.7 Being 226.8 Integration and personality 22

6.8.1 dynamics 226.8.2 neurosis 226.8.3 personality factors 226.8.4 gestalt 22

7 KNOWLEDGE WORDS 237.1 Preliminary 23Some Plans for Knowledge Words 237.2 Knowledge Words of a general nature 237.3 Functions 23

7.3.1 Cognition 237.3.2 Emotion 237.3.3 Motivation 237.3.4 Intuition 23

7.4 Degrees of Certainty 237.5 Modes of Expression and Communication 23

7.5.1 General communication 237.5.2 Action - stylized as/for communication 237.5.3 Iconic Expression or Depiction 237.5.4 Language 237.5.5 Para-verbal 237.5.6 Combined symbolic and iconic 23

7.6 Specialized Knowledge Words 247.7 Innate Knowledge 24

7.7.1 Innate Knowledge - Human 24

7.7.2 Innate Knowledge - Species 247.7.3 Innate Knowledge - Physical, Ultimate 24

7.8 The Object of Knowledge 247.9 Relation Between Mind and World 24

7.9.1 How the world presents or appears in knowledge 24

7.10 World Constitution - Relation to Mind 247.10.1 World is "made" of knowledge categories 247.10.2 Realism - world exists independently of knowledge 24

7.11 Theories of truth 247.12 Traditional 247.13 Deflationary 24Plans for the second part of Knowledge Words 25

8 TRANSFORMATION WORDS 268.1 Seeing 268.2 Doing 298.3 Being 318.4 Other 34

LATEST REVISION AND COPYRIGHT 35

PLANSLong term plan 3Plan for detailed systems 3Outline and Plan for Words 3Plans: Alternative Syntax 6Plan: Explore Words for Alternative Metaphysics 11Plan for Being Words 13Plan for Agent-Metaphysics words 13Plan for being and basic words 14Some plans for basic words 14Sources and plans for language and linguistics 16Additional Plans for basic words 16Plan: develop and mesh the following with being words 17Plan: words descriptive of mental state 20Some Plans for Knowledge Words 23Plans for the second part of Knowledge Words 25

WORD SYSTEMSWord System 1. Categories and Generators 3Word System 2. Words for Linguistics 7Word System 3. Philosophy of Language 8Word System 4. Nothingness 10Word System 5. Alternative Metaphysics 11Word System 6. Some Being Words 12Word System 7. Agent-Object Metaphysics 13Word System 8. A Set of Basic Words 17Word System 9. Mind Words 18Word System 10. Knowledge Words: Concepts

23Word System 11. Knowledge Words

Systems for the disciplines and practical arts25

Word System 12. Transformation Words. Seeing,Doing, Being and other Transformation Words

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DOCUMENTS TO INTEGRATE, OTHER SOURCESLong term planLong term: study languages

INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of Words is to list a set of words adequate to the purposes of Journey in Being. Language is a window on reality or, more accurately, a window on reality as known to the bearers of language. A second, implicit and related purpose is to formulate principles – critical and imaginative – by which such a list may be formulatedJourney in Being has a number of levels – from the personal to the universal and it includes the human “enterprise” of being and of knowledge. Thus the purpose of Words is to write principles for formulation of a system of “words” adequate to the being and knowledge “purpose.”What is the purpose behind the purpose? It is not that such a list would be a complete specification of the possibilities of the Journey or of a metaphysics. Rather, such a list would be a contribution toward such purposes that would need supplement and correction according to occasions. Additionally, I expect to learn about the Journey, the world and metaphysics by study of linguistic possibility and the relation between word and world – between language, metaphysics and metaphysical possibilityIt is clear that, regarded as a formal or logical task, the formulation and specification of a complete list of words is difficult if not impossible. The best that can be hoped for is to have a partial list that is otherwise open and would be adjusted to the needs as they arise. The purpose includes but is not primarily focused on the formal aspects of the enterpriseGeneral Considerations Accordingly, Words begins with a standard western metaphysics, the substance ontology, and its relation to a standard western form of truth expression, the subject-predicate form of the proposition or assertion. This is immediately generalized to the variety of kinds of speech act regarded as relation between word [or mind] and world. This system has a number of limitations which are considered nextOn the side of metaphysics, I consider other metaphysical systems in which certain narrowing assumptions of the substance ontology are relinquished. On the side of language, I consider that thought is not restricted to language as conventionally understood and that the relationship between language and metaphysics is not as tight as may have been presupposed in the development based on the substance ontology. To some extent this is anticipated by allowing kinds of speech act beyond the proposition. Implicit here, since the other kinds of speech act are not directly about the world, is the consideration that not all meanings and uses can be specified by a dictionary, i.e., a listing of words and the ‘objects’ to which they refer. Some words have no direct referents but have effects upon the listener; language is also a vehicle of communication. Additionally, any system of words, regardless of its rational basis is in some ways no more than suggestive – formal language is [analogous to] a growing axiomatic system; this is because any actual system of metaphysics cannot pretend to completeness and because language, again, as usually understood, is not the only vehicle of thought. Is language [or its possibilities] adequate to the possibilities of thought, thought adequate to the possibilities of metaphysics and metaphysics adequate to the possibilities and actualities of being?The standard metaphysics suggests a basic set of words and the alternative considerations suggest additions and

refinements. The working out of a basic set requires some elaborations of metaphysics and occasionsDetailed Systems Variety is built up by considering a variety of occasionsPlan for detailed systems Plan for detailed systemsEliminate this sectionGather all ideas and execute – including the followingWord System 1.Categories and Generators

WORDS AND THEIR GENERATORSBASIC / BEING WORDS

Word categories, parts of speech – elements of metaphysics, e.g

Substance OntologyA system of Being Words [see]What is the basis of Being words?

Syntax – metaphysical possibilityExistence – being, becomingAlternate systems

USE [fills in details, the practical side of theory for basic / being words]SurvivalGrowth… culture, exploration… growth into all beingMIND WORDS

Generators of mind wordsMind Words: Words for the study and philosophy of mind | Words that are used to communicate mental function

QualityKnowledge and concepts of knowledgeVision and transformation

TRANSFORMATION WORDSThe system of Experiments in Transformation of Being

SYSTEMS OF KNOWLEDGEFormal systems – including descriptions, specifications of informal systems

Content and theory or conceptsPractical arts

Outline and Plan for WordsOutline and Plan for WordsChange this section title to “Outline;” eliminate the heading in “Plan” MS Word-StyleWords begins with the substance ontology and its relation to the subject-predicate form of the proposition. The five standard forms of speech act are introduced as functions of propositional content and illocutionary force. Various interpretations of the substance ontology are considered. This system forms a foundation for the standard vocabulary and syntaxAlternatives are based in [1] alternative metaphysics, [2] use and [3] thought that is not in language as conventionally understoodMore on metaphysics and its relation to kinds of words and combinations [syntax…]More on word construction and forms – alphabets, syllabaries, phonemes…

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A variety of specialized systems is introduced as outlined above in Detailed Systems from Vision and the Words documents

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1 SUBSTANCE ONTOLOGYI start with substance ontology because, despite its recognized inadequacies, it remains in the background. It is ever present; when we forget it enters into our intuitive thinking; it is present in language in the often implicit presupposition that the ‘subject-predicate’ form of proposition embodies the finally adequate mode of statement about the actual world [Whitehead.]1.1 Substance OntologyOn a simple substance metaphysics, the world is made up of objects with the following nature or predication:

Constitution. Each object has a constitution that is either elementary or compound. [Can an elementary object have interactions?]Properties. The features that define an object and distinguish one from another are its properties. Properties are sometimes distinguished as primary and secondary. The primary properties are intrinsic, objective or true properties – simply the properties. The secondary properties are apparent, subjective qualities. However, the distinction is not clear. Thus, simply, the features that define and distinguish objects are properties. This leads to the Leibniz principle of indescernibles: for all objects x, y and properties φ, if φ(x) = φ(y) for all φ then x = yExamples of properties are mass, position, temperature. Constitution may be regarded as a property. Examples of qualities are color and tasteChange. Objects may change with respect to constitution, properties [and qualities.]Interaction. Objects have effects upon one other. ‘Effects’ cause ‘change.’ [If origins are regarded as effects, then effects determine the [properties of] the object.]Examples of effects are force, heat transfer, creation/transfer of constituent objectsObjects have various types of relationship. They may be near or far, one object may be hotter than another… Relationships are expressed through comparison and difference of properties. Relationships among constituent objects constitute properties of the object

1.2 Agents, mind… and metaphysicsThe point regarding truth and propositions can be expressed as follows: there are sentient beings or objects that perceive objects… and this may be generalized:There are beings or agents that know [feel, perceive, and conceive,] think and decide, intend and execute action. Agents are effectualThus agents have Objecthood Sentience – experiencing, feeling and perceiving

Feeling is a form of perceptionIn the basic use perception is limited to direct awareness through sensation. Of course, to perceive a objects as such requires some degree of conception. There is another use of “perception” includes cognition and contemplation

Cognition – knowing and conceivingCognition includes perception and contemplationJust as feeling is a form of perception, so feeling and emotion are forms of cognition

Contemplation – thought and decision Communication

When an agent shares the contents of its mind with other agents, he or she communicates. Talking, gesturing, writing, acting are usually intentional communication. Body language, tone of voice, facial expression are often non-intentional communication. In ‘acting,’ however, behaviors that are often or normally not intentional may

be used intentionally. This kind of acting is, obviously, not limited to plays. Some actions that are not primarily communication may result in a communication, e.g., not going to someone’s birthday party; and such cases of communication may be intentional or incidental

Agency – intention, choice, will and executionIn this use, intentionality is distinct from intensionality; intentionality, however, is commonly used in the sense of intensionality

Agents have mind, that is, the characteristics of mind are among those of agent hood. To what extent do/must the above appear in combination and how does that affect metaphysics…In the present state of human knowledge, there appears to be no universally accepted given or fixed simple set of categories or poles in terms of which all states, aspects and processes of mind can be specified. In the set of characteristics above, decision is a part of contemplation [which itself has multiple uses] and is a necessary part of the knowledge/judgment process even though it seems that it would also fit under agency. A tentative set of poles [Samuel Guttenplan, ed., A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, 1994] is:1.2.1 Experience, attitude and agency as

characterizing ‘dimensions’ of mindHere, “agency” is somewhat different than above. These pure poles do not, perhaps, exist in themselves. Pure experience is close to feeling and, in itself, is not about the world; attitudes are about the world and are close to “intensionality…” they include propositional attitudes such as belief, knowledge… and other attitudes that correspond, more or less in their kind, to the Speech Acts below; some of the speech acts other than the propositional are “on the way” to agency which is acting or doing ExperiencePhenomenal consciousness is close to being identical to experience but what is called “access consciousness” is attitudinal in some measure. Awareness, pain, are very close to pure experience. The emotions are largely experiential but are also, as being about the world, attitudinal. Among emotions, feelings about the closest to pure experience; and anger has a higher agency content than most emotions since anger is conducive to action AttitudeThinking, belief, desire, knowledge are highly attitudinal AgencyAs an example, reaching is very close to being pure agency. Intending, willing, inferring, deciding, choosing are characterized highly by agency1.2.2 CommunicationCommunication is, perhaps, roughly equidistant from experience, attitude and agency. There is clearly an action; and what is communicated may be an experience and/or an attitudeCommunication is not necessarily about the world; communication does not necessarily indicate, in itself, a mind-world or symbol-world relationship. Imagine early communication: an animal is about to run from, say, a threat. First, the threat is registered. Then, perhaps, the autonomous system is engaged. Between the engagement of the autonomous system – adrenaline is pumped into the bloodstream – and the action, running, there may be preparatory signs – a tensing of muscles, a larger inhalation, a grunt as part of the effort and getting ready for effort. All this is rapid and yet noticed by others of the group; and it is part of what galvanizes action in the others. There is communication but it is in the world and not about the world. We may, perhaps, say that the system of the group and the communication is, in the action from first observation to the

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group in running motion, about the world… but the communication, itself, is about the world. It is with later development that the communication itself is about the world1.3 Examples of some word formsAbove is the source of some word forms. ‘I’ the agent as agent, as subject; ‘me’ the agent as object. I is the nominative or subjective case; me is objective. The possessive case ‘mine’ is more complex and requires the relationship of possession – a social constructThe object and agent [of the subject ontology] and their predicates form the foundation for common word forms – the parts of speechSystematic treatment will come later1.4 MaterialismThere are objects that have none of the features of agency except objecthood. These are ‘material’ objectsThe world is made up of material objects. According to materialism ‘I’, ‘mind’ are constituted by material objects1.4.1 An Agent-MetaphysicsWhile materialism is a substance ontology, substance ontology is not necessarily materialism. In materialism, agents are material even if the that is difficult to see. The agent can also be the basis of a substance ontologyAn agent has a ‘body’ but the agency is not the body. In materialism, the agency is the organizing-processing of the body or it otherwise reduces to the body as in behaviorism and functionalismIf the agent is understood as above, the agent-metaphysics would seem to be a dualism because agency and objecthood are distinct and to be a true monism, the substance must be simple, i.e., it must have no features. From a theoretical point of view, this dualism is simpler because there is less to explain. However, monism, is aesthetically pleasing and efficient because the assumptions in a monistic theory are fewer than in dualism. However, aesthetics is subjective and efficiency is secondary to truthFurther, the metaphysics of A Fundamental Principle of Metaphysics is simpler, even, than monismAt the present, I leave the question of dualism vs. monism in the local metaphysics open. From the practical point of view the agent as object plus agency is a reasonable basis for ontology

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2 LANGUAGE2.1 PropositionsA claim to truth [about an object] is a proposition and the expression of a proposition is an assertion or, in language, a propositional sentence. A propositional sentence is often, conveniently, called an assertion or propositionColloquially, when propositions and propositional sentences are not distinguished, a proposition is the expression of a claim to truth[‘Declaration’ is sometimes used to mean ‘assertion;’ however, ‘declaration’ has another use and will not be used, here, as synonymous to ‘assertion.’]2.2 Speech ActsLanguage has uses other than expression of truth assertions. There are five forms of speech act [for details see Kinds of Knowledge, Origins of Language] each of which has propositional content and illocutionary force. By varying the illocutionary force the five kinds of speech act are obtained: assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, declarative2.3 Words, Meaning, and the Subject-Predicate

formA proposition is about the world. The world is made up of elements that are denoted by words. Thus propositions [speech acts] are made up of words2.3.1 Syntax, GrammarThe standard form of the proposition [thus of speech acts] is the subject-predicate form. This is a foundation of the standard syntax, i.e. the syntax of the sentence. Note that the subject is not necessarily an object as described above but may also be a process or other elements, e.g. “Running is good.”Plans: Alternative SyntaxPlans: Alternative SyntaxAlternatives to the standard syntax are, currently, sparsely spread in this document. When Basic Words is incorporate the simple standard syntax will be described in detail. Further alternatives may then be given2.3.2 WordsAs noted above words denote the elements of the world. In the standard syntax, a word or a part of the subject-predicate form do not constitute complete independent meaning or sentence. However, it is not clear that a conventional sentence is either necessary or sufficient to bear complete independent meaning. The correspondence between words and elements is only approximate; some words do not clearly refer to any thing or subjectWe can tell the following story. The first words denoted the common objects in the immediate world. This is an approximation because, possibly, the first words were involuntary natural sounds that occurred in certain situations – fear producing inhalation and a tone of “surprise,” effort producing a “grunt” as the result of straining. [Something may be said about the coevolution of primitive communication, voice boxes and ears.] Clearly, words also denote feeling. We may improve upon the assertion above – the first words were the common elements of speech acts occasioned in the worldHowever, the number of elements is many. Likely, writing was the occasion for development of word-elements such as alphabets and syllabaries. Likely, the original elements were derived from icons originally associated with basic wordsCompound words are formed by joining the elements of speech acts [elementary words] just as compound subjects [including objects] are constituted of various kinds of join of elementary subjects; this, then, becomes the metaphor for compounding in general. There are common elements of compounding: prefix, suffix and infix. Other forms of compounding include “conjunction;” the conjunctions [and,

but…] may be seen as denoting the combination of elements of the world or, alternatively but somewhat equivalently, the elements of speech acts. In some languages [German, Inuit,] word compounding is a part of the language process rather than an act of authority. Objecthood has a degree of arbitrariness that is reflected by freedom in word compounding. Objecthood is not completely arbitrary and hence limits to compounding in context; different languages have different norms, perhaps as the result of different attitudes to the real. What is an object in one context is a “compound” in another context; flexibility in compounding recognizes this “duplicity of objecthood;” and it also recognizes the creative aspect of perception and cognition. Clearly this affects the background metaphysics. The account of differences among languages is approximate; languages tend to go through periods of flux and rigidityAs a [non-exclusive] alternative to the account based in writing, phonemes – likely based in natural sounds, the sounds naturally produced in context – form the “alphabet” for words. What is a natural sound? As suggested above, there are no true natural sounds but, rather, there was likely a coevolution of sound, voice and hearing. The natural sounds, then, are the earliest sounds in this coevolution or, alternatively, they are those sounds selected for purposes of explanation from the evolution of sound that form a basis of all spoken wordsThis simple account is only an approximation. That words correspond to elements of the world and that the standard form of the proposition is the subject-predicate form are founded in the substance ontology. In fact, the meanings of words are founded in use; the dictionary is an approximation even at a given point in time. There are forms other than the subject-predicate. The sentence “Flow” as the statement of a feeling or expression makes “sense” even on the substance ontologyThe foundation of much linguistics and philosophy is thus, at least implicitly, in the substance ontology. This provides a convenient approximation that is the source of much errorIn a materialist [substance] ontology, mind is constituted of matter; and mind and matter are distinct. This, too, is the source of much error2.4 Word PlayWords are relatively fixed, phrases and sentences are relatively mutable; but the distinction is not absolute. Word play refers to word use and formation; included are sounds, syllables, phonemes; signs and symbols; words – simple and compound, words and [common] word stems – prefix, suffix, infix; phrases, sentences and other forms that build [descriptions of] occasions and environments in language or out of “words.”2.4.1 Sound, sign, context and symbol…Origins2.4.2 Use, practice and paradigmIncluding the implicit…Synthesis and synthesizingUse and paradigm come before the dictionary. Two aberrations of the dictionary are: meaning as word-object correspondence, and meaning as fixed. Word-object correspondence is a special case of meaning. There are degrees of fixity and authority. In all cases, use is prior2.4.3 Language, languages and linguistics2.4.4 Metaphysical possibilityUse and paradigm come before metaphysical possibilityMetaphysical possibility is possibility – there is no distinction. I use the word metaphysical to emphasize the fact that the real includes and is much greater than the given… and that the given is fluid, mutable and mutating, psychological rather than logical

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The idea of metaphysical possibility may employ metaphysical systems but does not endorse any given metaphysical system2.5 Common Word Plays2.5.1 Being at play in the field of the realOr, word play is part of our being-in-the-world… see Basis in BeingThis includes Word Play2.5.2 Sentences as wordsE.g., Inuit2.5.3 Compounding of wordsE.g., German2.5.4 Word stems: concept and useStem = underlying word form = root [+affix, i.e., prefix, suffix, infix]Word = stem [+inflection]2.5.5 Standard or common stems, affixes and

inflectionsThis is worked out in the following. Comprehensiveness is not an object2.6 LinguisticsWord System 2.Words for Linguistics

alphabet of soundsanalogy, role ofanthropological linguisticsapplied linguisticsassimilatedatomismautolexical syntaxautonomy of linguistic competenceclassification;cognitive grammarcommunication-and-cognitioncommunication-and-cognition perspectivecomparative methodcomparative philologycompetencecompoundingcomputational linguisticsconstructive grammarcontextCreolesdeductiondescriptiondescriptive adequacydiachronicdiachronic linguisticsdialect atlasesdialect geographydialectologydiscovery proceduresexplanationexplanatory adequacyexplanatory criteriaFrench functionalismfunctional grammarfunctionalism

generative grammarGrimm’s lawhead movementhead-driven phrase structure grammarillocutionary forceinductioninner formlanguage abilitylanguage acquisitionlanguage and logiclanguage classificationlanguage of thoughtlanguelinguistic competencelinguistic geographylistememathematical linguisticsmeaning-textmeaning-text theorymentalist theorymicro vs. macrominimalismmorphemesmorphologymorphosyntaxnatural language processingobservational adequacyouter formparolephilology philosophy of languagephonemephoneticsphonological rulephonologypidginpolysyntheticpoverty of stimulus argumentpragmatic adequacyPrague schoolPrague school dependency grammarpsycholinguisticspsychological adequacyrole and reference grammarsemanticssocial dialectologysociolinguisticsspeech perceptionSt. Petersburg school of functional grammarstratificational approachstratificational grammarstructuralismstylisticssynchronicsynchronic linguisticssynchronic vs. diachronic

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syntactic unitsyntactocentricsyntaxtagmemicstheoretical vs. appliedtheory of markednesstransformational grammartypological adequacyunderstandinguniversal featuresuniversal tendenciesuniversalsverbal proformWhorfian hypothesisword grammar

2.7 Philosophy of languagelinguistics – the study of language, studying language itself, especially as spoken, and as written; not essentially distinct from philology; modern linguistics emphasizes scientific method and that is a strength but also limiting if science means anything other than being critical, discerning, penetrating, imaginative and insightful and realisticphilosophy of language – the concept of language: what is language, the relation of language to other abilities – language and communication / thought / expression, the origin and function / role of language, relation of language to other mental function [this is repetition] – consciousness, emotion etc., language and logic… and mathematics… and science, and evolution; philosophy tends to have esoteric connotations but there is a sense in which it is most central and basic, a sense in which philosophy as an exercise is the name for any discipline that comes before all disciplines, conscious being attempting the final adventure of thought and being is philosophical; analytic philosophy is the modern school that has language as a basic focus – originally the central focus and the essential methodlinguistics and philosophy of language, relationship – there is much potential for relationship yet there is little mutual influence between modern linguistics and modern philosophy of language. Lack of a relationship does not imply a poverty but insistence on rigid compartments would. Chomsky has suggested that work in generative grammar lends support to the rationalist view of the source of knowledge; and linguists have shown interest in treatments, in philosophy of language, of reference, quantification, and presupposition, in systems of modal logic, and in the “philosophy of ordinary language.”origins of language – this has a bio-psycho-social component, with interpretation in philosophy of language and implications for linguisticsWord System 3.Philosophy of Language2.8 Philosophy of language, central concerns – what

are they and what should they be:2.8.1 Mental aspects of languageThe subjective side: what is happening in the individual as he or she is “languaging” – what is the sense or meaning and what is the nature of meaning… to which the formal answer is in theories of meaning

analyticconventiondispositional statesholismintentioninterpretation, radical

inverted spectrum and privacyknowledge, non-linguisticknowledge, tacitlinguistic meaningmeaningmeaning, linguisticmeaning, speakermetaphormetaphysicsmolecularitynaturalizing semanticsnaturalizing: everything is described by the natural sciencesnon-linguistic knowledgenormspragmaticspragmatismprivacyprivacy and inverted spectrumproblem of the inverted spectrumpropositional attitudesradical interpretationrule followingrulessemanticspeaker meaningsynthetictacit knowledgetruth conditionsunderstandinguseverification

2.8.2 Language and the worldThe objective side: thought includes the function of being about the world, so how is language about the truth and reality of the world… or how language enables expression and communication of the individual’s thoughts and other mental function that is about the world

analytic truthanalyticitycoherencecorrespondencecustomsdictionary theoryepistemic vaguenessfactmetaphysical realismmetaphysical realism, model theoretic argument againstobjectivityopennesspragmatismrealismredundancyrule followingrulessemanticsemantic vaguenesssorites

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synthetic truthtranslation, indeterminacy oftruthtruth theories

2.8.3 Language mechanismsHow does language accomplish what it does: to which a formal answer is in the concepts of reference, identity and necessity

contingencydemonstrativesessentialismidentity over time, paradoxes ofidentity, criteria ofidentity, relativeindexicals and demonstrativesindexicals, designation of, depends on contextindexicals, e.g. i, you, that, then, here, now, today, yesterday, actual, presentmetaphysical essentialismmodal realismmodalitynamingnecessityobjectspossibilitypossible worldsreferencerelative identityrigid designation, names andsortals, counting and

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3 ALTERNATIVE METAPHYSICSThis section is about metaphysics that are alternative to substance ontology3.1 Construction of metaphysics: local and

universal metaphysicsA local metaphysics is a metaphysics of the immediate world e.g. of human experienceA universal or global metaphysics is one of all possible beings and universes; a universal metaphysics goes beyond experience to what is real, beyond the immediate to the universalHow is a universal metaphysics possible? Two approaches are extrapolation and the transcendental method associated commonly with the name of KantThere remains a sense in which a universal metaphysics is a shortcut way of describing, understanding or formulating the local metaphysics3.2 Systems in which there are no elementary

objectsE.g. objects are inherently transitional, always have structure. Since there are no elementary objects there are no substances. Thus the subject-predicate form is not the general form of the proposition. This has consequences for languageAn example is the sentence “Flow.”Other examples of propositions that are not expressible in the subject-predicate form:

An object is in transition into another object; this is not expressed in the subject-predicate formTwo or more objects in interaction[Use the formulations of physics to make these examples concrete.]

3.3 Systems in which there are no absolute objectsWhat constitutes a perceived object as an object? The dual problem of the object is the one of perception [cognition] and reality. An object-as-known is at once real and an assignment-in-perception. Given that genesis and agents are the joint authors of the objecthood but only genesis or being is the author of the existence of objects, what constitutes an object apart from our authority? The object behind the object-as-known: what is that?It is not that the perception creates the object nor is the question at all one of accuracy of perception. Since we have no handle on the world apart from cognition, we have no handle on objects in themselves: the object behind the object-as-known is the object-as-better-known or, in the limit, the only knowable object is the object-as-known through the sum of all perceptions and reasons. We may think that there is a real object behind the object-as-known but even the real object is a theoretical assignment e.g. through science. What constitutes the absolute objecthood of the elementary particles of physics or the species or organisms of biology?We may say, metaphorically, that “raw” reality has confluence in objects and agents and the perceptions or cognitions of agents; these are the stable concretizations of the primal real. Thus the perceived object is possessed of objecthood. However we do not know, even in the metaphor, whether the objects-as-we-know-them are the only stable concretizations or that the stability of known objects is absolute. All this, though metaphorical, is suggestiveAn approach to the existence of absolute objects is outlined in the sections on the Metaphysics of Presence in Metaphysics and secondary linked articles3.4 Systems in which mind is fundamental…but not mind-as-we-immediately-experience-itExamples:

Dualistic systems – mind is a fundamental category, perhaps a substanceMonistic systems – mind is the only category or substanceSolipsism – what is otherwise called the “contents-of-mind” is the only real category; regardless of the ontological status of solipsism, it seems that everything including the unknown [as unknown, as vaguely known, as inferentially known] that is known is known as the content of some mindMore generally systems in which Being and Agency are fundamental

3.5 On the authenticity of local metaphysicsThere is an interpretation of the being of the individual as the fundamental ontological category. Such a metaphysics not only promotes the local metaphysics as fundamental but has the most radical interpretation of “local metaphysics.” Heidegger’s metaphysics – an ontology of being – may be seen in this way… that there is a valid way of seeing the universe that being-in-the-world is the most fundamental category; and a fundamental characteristic of being is that it can ask “what is the nature of being?”What is the relationship between agency and being?3.6 A Fundamental Principle of MetaphysicsThe following may also be placed in Metaphysics where it would be supplemented by the Metaphysics of PresenceA possible Fundamental Principle of Metaphysics is:THE WORLD IS EQUIVALENT TO NOTHING

This is not at all the same as ‘The World is Nothing,’ or ‘The World is Equal to Nothing,’ or ‘The World has its Origins in Nothing.’In this metaphysics [see linked documents] there is ‘something’ but it is not guaranteed to be [have the characteristics of] this world. This metaphysics is ‘universal.’There is a local metaphysics, e.g. the given, mind, matter, being, agency and sentience… these are examples not characterizationsThe local and universal metaphysics, in application to this world, must mesh. What does this say about the local and universal metaphysics?The universal metaphysics is local in that the local metaphysics is [equivalent to] ‘something.’3.6.1 The Word ‘Nothing’ and AlternativesInstead of “nothing,” the equivalent “nothingness” can be used. In this case the subject [nothing] and the property [nothingness] are the same. Owing to the equivalence of subject and predicate, and consequent implications for language, this section will be retained as long as this document is maintained as independent even if the content is copied to MetaphysicsWord System 4.NothingnessWhat are some alternative ideas for ‘nothing’?

chaosemptinessemptynon-existence [but, “then there was neither existence nor non-existence;” but, again, avoid mere word play]nothingno-thingnothingnessthe formlessnessundifferentiated [gray] beingvoid

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3.6.2 Basis in the Latest Science?It might be nice to provide a basis of the principle above in the latest science – especially modern physics. Actually, it is not so much the ‘latest’ science as enduring principles that would provide the most satisfying and secure scientific basisThe enduring principles from physics would be the conservation principles, especially of energy and momentum. It is well known that the origin of ‘something from nothing’ is consistent with the conservation of energy and momentumHowever, ‘something from nothing’ is not consistent with the determinism of classical physics. The quantum mechanics, however, appears to support indeterminism. I say “appears” because there is debate on this issue – the debate being whether the indeterminism enters through the state evolution [Schrödinger equation] or the process of observation [collapse of the wave function.] In my view the indeterminism enters through, at least, state evolution – although the Schrödinger equation is deterministic, it is the evolution of a probability distribution that is described. In the ‘final’ quantum mechanics, the state evolution will also describe observation as a physical process and it is very likely that indeterminism will enter here also since the process of observation is tied in with perception [cognition] which, I have demonstrated elsewhere, must also have elements of indeterminismI have also discussed in numerous other places the basic problem of indeterminism which is the argument that indeterminism is not a solution to the problem that determinism does not provide for the origin of new elements in the world or, in the moral case, the problem that determinism does not allow true choice by ‘moral agents.’ The supposed reason that indeterminism is unable to provide support for a metaphysics of the world or of ethics is that “pure randomness cannot make for a world with structure.” The resolution of the problem of indeterminism is discussed in Metaphysics and numerous documents. The resolution is that an indeterministic world is not a world with ‘pure randomness.’ An inspiration for the argument is from quantum mechanics and from the idea of evolution as variation plus selection from evolutionary biology. The indeterministic element provides a variation from given structure [including from nothing] and the conditions of stability provide for selection of the occasional new and stable structuresThe inspiration from science for the form of the argument and the possibility of something from nothing is not necessary… but the partial foundation from science serves only to strengthen the argument3.6.3 Basis in Metaphysical ArgumentNothing and nothingness are not simple concepts. What is pure ‘nothing?’ It would seem that pure nothing requires a deterministic constraint and is, therefore, ‘something.’ The closest real to the vacuous image of absence of existence is a minimal, ephemeral state of indeterministic ‘coming into transient existence’ of unstable entitiesOccasionally, from nothingness stable structures emerge. And, occasionally, from stable structures, new stable structures emergeNothingness is ‘before’ cause and pattern; therefore, the original becoming includes an origin of causality and law. And, similarly, the evolution of being includes the evolution of law; law may, of course, remain sensibly constant for relatively vast periods of time. Also, similarly, is the possibility of destruction of all being and lawNote, here the near original confluence of word, world and ideaThe metaphysical arguments show the equivalence of the world and nothingness

3.6.4 Basis in BeingBasis in being includes our being-in-the-world. That comes before judgments – about being, the world or being-in-the-world. This has been said before – existence before essence, the map is not the territory, but not only in these somewhat special and metaphysical accounts but in the common… and in science the ongoing iteration of hypothesis and testing. Basis in being includes science, metaphysics, and common experience. The meaning of the latter is not clear from the phrase – common experience. But since the world comes before judgment, the basis will emphasis the suggestive, metaphorical nature rather than an a priori, categorial, essential or necessary natureI add that, of course, the only world we know is the known world and therefore, in alignment with Kant, we note that there is a ‘pre-conditioning’ of our judgment that make it seem, at least, that the forms our judgments are on an equal footing with the forms of the worldHere we are in the world without clear foundation – whatever that might mean – without full knowledge of the world including our being and without a clear future. We will make of it what we can. Metaphysical statements, like any statement, must be of an experimental character. There is an ideal of timeless, certain knowledge. That ideal intersects with our being cast into a world that is not completely given in requiring our thoughts, and lives to be experimental and that includes risksPlan: Explore Words for Alternative MetaphysicsPlan: Explore Words for Alternative MetaphysicsWord System 5.Alternative MetaphysicsExample: The Word ‘Nothing’ and Alternatives

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4 BEING WORDS4.1 … essential words for basic MetaphysicsThe concept of “Being Words” is to examine whether language – words and syntax – reflects the fundamental metaphysics and, if language is found lacking to consider, design and introduce theoretical [conceptual] and practical remedies. What does “language” refer to? The following shall be considered: particular languages such as English, all languages, and the concept of language, i.e. the possibilities of language4.2 A system of Being WordsWord System 6.Some Being Words4.2.1 Some Words

all, some, noneexistence and non-existenceis, beingnot

4.2.2 Alternate WordsCommonly, we can replace “is” by “appears;” and “being” by “phenomenon”However, see a solution to the metaphysical dilemma, belowObserve that the meanings of “appear” and “phenomenon” become inverted in some uses, e.g. where “apparent” means “true,” perhaps by way of being “apparent to anyone and everyone.”

4.2.3 GeneratorsMetaphysics: being, meaning and action or being, relationship and process; determinism and indeterminismForms: number, tense, gender4.2.3.1 GenerationBeing as actor. Action: agency: acts [on object]; agent: has agency

Being as object. Agents and knowers are objects. Not all objects have actual agency and gnosis; all objects have the elements that constitute agency and gnosis

Differentiation: indescerniblesKinds: species

Qualities [adj.]Relations: far, near; on, under…

Being as process…

Species: running, walkingQualities [adv.]: fast / faster, slow

Being as relationshipMeaning

KnowingObjective relations: near, far

Being as knower. Knowledge: gnosis: knows [object]; mind: has gnosis

Objecthood, qualityProcesshood, …

4.2.4 ConceptsMetaphysics: extension, duration; object – thing; relation – interaction; being – phenomena; ideas, concepts, words4.2.5 SourcesEssays on Being, Evolution and Design, Thinkers and Actors, and other Core Essays for Journey in BeingEncyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Dictionary of PhilosophyMetaphysics – Indian, Western and Primal

4.3 Some issues of use and the ontological status of objects

Above we considered a problem regarding the ontological status of objects. The problem is not new, it is Kant’s problem of objects. The problem is not whether anything exists but, rather, what constitutes the existence of an object-as-an-object? We saw that there is a possibility of absolute objects but that without some theoretical background, objects are at once real and an assignment. Further, while there is always the question of the theoretical background we saw that there are reasons to consider that the theoretical background [the Metaphysics of Presence in Metaphysics and secondary linked articles] is necessaryDoes the system of some words above reflect this situation? There is also the practical concern that, despite the conceptual considerations, objects do present themselves in perception as independently existing entities with absolute existence. The following practical argument may then be made. In a world or universe where there are beings such as the life forms on earth, beings that survive and negotiate the world with some degree of success, such beings are objects/agents that as part of the conditions of negotiation participate in the local and temporal being of the world… and within that context, but not within the universal, efficiency of survival and negotiation is the intrinsic assumption of objects-as-known as absolute objects. Intrinsic assumption means something like built in to the perceptual apparatus4.3.1 A solution to the metaphysical dilemmaAlthough there are famous solutions to the metaphysical dilemma [e.g. Kant, Heidegger, Wittgenstein] the ontological status of knowledge and of objects remains problematicA practical solution is that day-to-day language would not normally carry around the metaphysical apparatus of the conceptual distinction between objectasknown and absoluteobject. Further, when considering the possibilities of language to reflect the distinction[s], it should be remembered that it is only on the assumption that the practical metaphysics is the absolute metaphysics that the basic being words such as “is” have the single absolute meaning. Otherwise “is” can have both meanings, the absolute and the asknown meaning. It may be a good thing to allow language this flexibility. Practically, language does have such flexibility – it is, perhaps, only in our attitudes and our theories that language becomes rigid or completely lacking in any mooring in reality. Thus, in day to day situations, the alternate words are not necessary; however, in the same spirit, we can posit the “alternative words” and say that the “original” words are unnecessary. In fact the label “alternative,” here, carries a metaphysical presupposition. The richness of language avoids certain metaphysical commitments without subscribing to a solution to the problem of metaphysics. This is a flexibility at more than one level that allows but does not require certain kinds of precision in metaphysics4.4 Comment on being at play in the field of the

evolution of languageThe origin and evolution of language is partly conscious and partly designed. Two factors make us tend to forget or not be aware of this: we are removed from the origin of our language, English; and the polarization of everyday use and authority. In the origin, although there were likely key or focal individuals and occasions, use and creation were not as distinct as todayAs a result of the modern distinction, language is regarded as given, the fact that it had an origin obscured, its tentative nature replaced by an attitude that it is absolute – even in its trivial and accidental elementsSo when we consider the possibility of new words – language play, we should remember that we would not at all be the first to engage in such play; play occurs at all times but not uniformly; play may be conceptual, theoretical but it is as

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much playful, experimental; and playful, theoretical, experimental constructs are subject, always, to the conditions of survival. So, when playing with language in a self-conscious way, it would be good to remember that one is doing neither a great nor a trivial thing; one is a thread in the fabric of beingPlan for Being WordsPlan for Being WordsEliminate this sectionTo what extent are these considerations practically and conceptually reflected in language – English, other languages, all languages, the possibilities of language?If language is found lacking, what will be a theoretical and practical course of action?To possibly present and use in a practical and philosophical way a alternate, modified systemSo that such a system will not be completely artificial, pay attention to the way in which languages originate, evolve and dieModify the section A system of Being WordsWhen introducing Vision Words and the remaining documents from Words, consider conceptual and practical syntheses:Mind words as the qualities of being; as expressing knowledge and visionKnowledge words as expressing the variety of beingBasic words, syntax as expressing the variety of concepts for being and its possibilitiesIncorporate the following important supplement4.5 Being words are among the fundamentalBeing words are among the fundamental. Not all words are of equal significance

Secondary systems are added as needed. All systems evolve with range of experience and theory. Older versions may remain as shadow systems. These are some ways in which the system of words and concepts of Journey in Being are in evolution

4.6 What is the basis of Being words?That is, how will we generate and select the words… what are the criteria for inclusion and exclusion? To begin with the obvious and the sense of intuition –

subject to modification, in series and parallel, to the remaining considerations… i.e., the intuition is not fully innate but subject to education. Thus, Some Words and subsequent sections above; these, naturally, include “is,” “exist,” “real” and “being.” Intuition suggests “word,” “idea…” but these may be, alternately, listed in the systems of basic / linguistic or mind words

Then: the Agent-Object metaphysical system. This system will require words and words for substance, object, property, quality, change and process, interaction, effect, cause, relationship, agency, mind, sentience, awareness, cognition, perception, feeling, emotion, choice, decision, will, intention, action, execution. As an example of the level of generality desired, the main classes of property but not detailed classes or properties may be included; as an example, the main visual qualities of color, shape… but not the system of colors – violet, indigo… [shape is visual but not merely visual?]Note that change / process lead to the notion of time; and position / place [relationship] to space

Other metaphysical systems Systems such as Kant’s Understanding: the categories…

[not taken as given, fixed or absolute]However, concrete or detailed specification should wait upon “getting the metaphysics / ontology right.” That might, of

course, never happen. However, it is allowed that any metaphysical / ontological system – actual and formal or intuitive, informal, paradigmatic – is and will be in evolution. Further, in questions of pinning down the ontological status of matter, mind, or more generally of objects, much may be gained from specifying a metaphysical framework that is flexible and not specific or concrete in nature. This leads to…4.7 An a-material Agent metaphysics4.7.1 IntroductionThe following important observation now occurs. The reality of agency [the reality of perception is the existence of appearance] even to the professed and strict materialist [central state materialist, behaviorist, identity theorist, functionalist] – else what is it that the materialist theories are trying to explainThis reality of the agency is not questioned by the strict materialist who questions only the ontological status of agency as fundamental. There are, of course, epiphenomenalists and other anti-idealists whose value appears to be that they provoke the sharpening of thought. Given that the reality of perception is the existence of appearance and so on, the anti-idealist is not only questioning whether agent-phenomena exist but even whether there can be confusion about the issues. Further, it may be asked “what is it that the eliminativist is trying to eliminate?” He or she is not only eliminating mind and agency but, also, that there could be such ideas, concepts, debate even confused onesThus agency [the idea] has the following ontological status:Reality, existenceAs stated above, this is not questioned – or even questionable. What is questioned by the materialist is the primacy of the ontological status of agency. He or she is saying I do have perceptions, thoughts and feelings and these are very real but they are also – and at the same time – something else and that something else is more fundamental. It is more fundamental in the sense, according to the materialist, that it pervades and is all of existence and everything else is made up of it4.7.2 The a-material agent metaphysics Real ontological status is accorded to agency Real epistemic status is accorded to objecthood

[matter…] and, of course, also to agency… the accord of epistemic status to mind is analytic since the ontological status of agency is its epistemic status

Objects and objecthood are neither given nor denied ontological status

This is a flexible metaphysics as conceived above. The claim being made here is that nothing at all is lost by relinquishing an agent-object ontology and “retreating” to an agent ontology, nothing in the agent-object universe and knowledge system is not found or devalued in the agent universe and knowledge system. Science, especially physics, are unaffected; humanities, matters of the human spirit are not impoverished. This much is analytic. I believe it to be true, and this is synthetic, that the agent metaphysics enriches and will enrich both science and the humanities including the esoteric and the mundane4.8 The problems of the Agent-MetaphysicsClearly the agent-metaphysics has “work to do.”What is it that is to be explainedThe worldThe metaphysical structure of the worldThe explanation itselfPlan for Agent-Metaphysics wordsPlan for Agent-Metaphysics wordsMain

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Sub-systems from concretization…Word System 7.Agent-Object MetaphysicsOpen

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5 BASIC WORDS5.1 The conceptA minimal set of words and other language elements to express local [practical] and universal [theoretical] ontologies; and the action of an individual being living luxuriantly in its own domain and in knowing and becoming ultimate being. The concept is similar to that of being words except that being words is at a higher level of abstraction and generality while basic words is concerned with practical day-to-day detail – without being too detailed. Imagine someone entering a culture – he or she is to be taught the essentials of communication of ideas and needs without the “10,000” details that are better learned through assimilation in the day-to-day. That person would be taught the basic wordsPlan for being and basic wordsPlan for being and basic wordsEliminate this sectionMesh the systems and their metaphysicsSimplifySome plans for basic wordsSome plans for basic wordsSimplifyTake syntax to a higher level… introduce concepts from linguistics…5.2 Key ideas for basic words5.2.1 Word, concept and objectIt is not meaningful to consider object, concept and word separately – here, concept includes percept and, naturally, feeling… and “object” is used in a general way to include process, quality, relationship and function. Concept is the way in which object is known – on a representational view. Or, on a presentational view, concept is object. Therefore, on the latter view it is not meaningful to consider concept and world separately. In some views word and object or word and concept are identical or equivalent; these include analytic philosophy and the concept of “mantra.” In any case, from onomatopoeia and psychology, word and object or word and concept are closely bound in human mind5.2.2 MetaphysicsThe world is not understood merely as a collection of objects; it is a whole. And the holism derives not only interaction but also from the mutuality of existence. Therefore, the meaning of a concept cannot be given without a metaphysics of a system of objects. But there is no given metaphysics that is generally agreed upon [except, see, metaphysics of presence in Metaphysics] and therefore there is an empirical element to meaning. We knew this anyway, but the empirical element in question here is essential5.2.3 WordOrigins in communication see Kinds of Knowledge. Sign and symbol… word and pictographTheory: language, syntax, semantics, linguistics, semioticsGenerators: iconic elements, syllable and syllabary, alphabetCompound word generators: word, word stem, prefix, infix, suffixGenerators: varieties of form based in metaphysics: declension, inflected forms5.2.4 Concept and objectObject, relationship, process and the generalization to being, meaning, actionQuality – property – and numberElement and combinationObject: kind of object and specific object [noun and name]

5.3 The implementationEveryday language is the base; then consider any metaphysics - what are the categories required to depict and describe that metaphysics - rendered in language. With regard to foundations – [1] Metaphysics, [2] Metaphysics-language or language-itself… Formalization, completeness and consistency, other meta-issues. Is there a need for depiction?5.4 Topics and Words to be Explained5.4.1 MetaphysicsLocal metaphysics - intrinsic beingUniversal metaphysics - Being, Meaning, and Action5.4.2 Language and MetaphysicsThere is an essential connection between language and metaphysics"Language is thoroughly indeterminate, by reason of the fact that every occurrence presupposes some systematic type of environment." "A precise language must await a completed metaphysical knowledge." The words of Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality, 1929 express the connection between metaphysics and language and a related indeterminacy in language. Any essential incompleteness in metaphysics represents a further limit to the determinacy of languageWhat is metaphysics? It is knowledge of the world as world. It includes the remote but also what is so common as to remain unnoticed - seen but unrecognized; it infuses each moment, each place, each life. It is omni-present in an unquestioning being in the worldWhen we consider the most present and most basic elements of life - waking up in the morning, love, war, idyllic peace, a moment, an intention, the sum of a life we find, on a simple analysis that there are objects, relationships, action which includes changeLanguage is a way to express these possibilities. Thus being-relationship-action leads to nouns, verbs and so on. It is easy to give explanation to other parts of speech and language elementsHowever, it is not that simple. Is being-relation-action an adequate expression of the metaphysical possibilities and is language as conceived in its descriptive and prescriptive aspects adequate to any given metaphysical expression? And is there any need for language to completely cover metaphysical possibility? If knowledge of the world in its details and general character is in evolution, is not some flexibility in language, some under-specification a good thing?Metaphysics is never quite right or complete. What is the "being of entities," "What is the nature of being," and "What is the nature of the question on the nature of being?" That is the spirit of Heidegger - the last question is mine. Even if we hold with Wittgenstein that it is all visible and that is all that needs to be made clear - the only thing to be explained is that there is no explanation or need for explanation, then that process in a state of incompletionBecause of common context there may be seen to be some universality in description, in discussion and in education - and that can benefit communication in the common realm but also limit exploration beyond that realm. Before grammar the question does not ariseThus the following is seen to be true. Language is an open model for metaphysics; it is not exact and it allows for experiment and tinkering - this before syntax and its concretization, e.g., in the outline or details of the being-relationship-action model. Language continues to become refined in that process even though there is, naturally, a plateau that is common to all languages corresponding somewhat to a common stage of human being and action

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There is almost no point to a merely empirical study of language - but is there such a thing as a merely empirical study? We may think that we are doing an empirical study but that is only superficial5.4.3 Language and LogicVarieties of linguistic expression: declarative or assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, declarative (two-way fit); the related mental attitudes; origin; organic foundation and hierarchyGenerating knowledgeSemioticThe sentence, the proposition, the unit of meaning and use and their philosophy5.4.3.1 PropositionCommon definitions of the proposition are given in Kinds of Knowledge – a proposition is the primary bearer of truth; the meaning of a declarative sentence or, alternatively, a declarative sentence. A canonical form for the proposition is the subject-predicate form; this may be too limiting5.4.3.2 Propositional AttitudesPropositional attitudes are generalizations from propositions in more than one way. First: an attitude need not count as knowledge as, say, in justified true belief; rather the propositional attitude may be one of belief, intrinsic knowledge state, action-base, intrinsic truth state and so on. Second, the form need not be that of the declarative sentence or even of proposition; it may be a visual picture of how the world is - and that may entail a basis for action, an intrinsic knowledge state... What do I mean intrinsic knowledge state? In everyday action we feel, without any necessary further reflection or analysis, without question a certain way about our pictures or propositions about the world; in day to day communication and action, for all practical purposes there is sometimes that unreflective intrinsic feeling "this is knowledge" - that is the intrinsic knowledge state. Further an attitude need have no direction of fit such as word to world and so on5.4.4 LanguageSigns, symbols and proto-language5.4.5 Elements of LanguagePhoneme, syllable, word, phrase, clause - simple, complex and compound, sentence, paragraph, stanza, verse, chapter, text; presentational formVarieties of speech act - and types of sentence5.4.5.1 LetterA symbol representing a speech sound and constituting a unit of an alphabet5.4.5.2 AlphabetSet of symbols or characters that represent the sounds of a language. Each character in an alphabet usually represents a simple vowel, a diphthong, or a consonant. "Alphabet" sometimes includes the concept of syllabaries5.4.5.3 SyllabaryA set of written symbols that represent the syllables of the words of a language... Writing systems that use syllabaries at least in part include Japanese, Cherokee, ancient Cretan scripts (linear A and linear B), and Indic and cuneiform systems5.4.5.4 PhonemeSmallest unit of speech distinguishing one word from another, e.g. the sound f distinguishes "fat" from "pat" and "bat". A phoneme may have more than one variant sound, called an allophone that has no significance5.4.5.5 SyllableA segment of speech that consists of a vowel, with or without one or more accompanying consonant sounds immediately

preceding or following--for example, a, I, out, too, cap, snap, check. Any more precise definition of the syllable in phonetics and phonology a matter of debate5.4.5.6 WordA speech sound or series of speech sounds that symbolizes and communicates a meaning without being divisible into smaller units capable of independent use; or the entire set of linguistic forms produced by combining a single base with various inflectional elements without change in the part of speech elements5.4.5.7 PhraseA word or group of words forming a syntactic constituent with a single grammatical function e.g. an adverbial phrase5.4.5.8 SentenceA word, clause, or phrase or a group of clauses or phrases forming a syntactic unit which expresses an assertion, a question, a command, a wish, an exclamation, or the performance of an action, that in writing usually begins with a capital letter and concludes with appropriate end punctuation, and that in speaking is distinguished by characteristic patterns of stress, pitch, and pauses5.4.5.9 ClauseA group of words containing a subject and predicate and functioning as a member of a complex or compound sentence5.4.5.10 ParagraphA subdivision of a written composition that consists of one or more sentences, deals with one point or gives the words of one speaker5.4.5.11 ChapterA main division of a book5.4.5.12 BookA treatise or literary work a major division of a treatise or literary work5.4.5.13 TextSomething written or spoken considered as an object to be examined, explicated, or deconstructed5.4.6 Grammar and Syntax5.4.6.1 GrammarSentence construction, the way sentences are constructed; the rules of sentence constructionGenerative grammar: a set of rules whose output is all and only the permissible sentences of a languagePrescriptive grammar: exposition of rules based on correct or incorrect usageA general meaning for grammar: the elements of any science, art, or subjectWittgenstein's use:5.4.6.2 SyntaxThe first meaning of grammar, aboveThe wffs [well formed formulas] of a logical system, study of the same; the rules that generate such a system 5.4.6.3 Alphabet, numerals, signsPeriodCommaQuestion markInterjection markColonSemi-colonEnd marks: paragraph, chapter, text..

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5.4.7 Sentences - parts of speech5.4.7.1 AdjectiveDescribing - nice day, best studentDelimiting - other years, some peopleQuantifying - one dog, all things, some fruitAdjectival - functioning as or forming an adjective phrase, clause5.4.7.2 AdverbAdverbial5.4.7.3 CaseNominative or subjective - indicating the subject of a finite verbObjective - indicating the object of a transitive verb or possessionPossessive - indicating possession, ownership, originAblative - indicating the starting point of an actionAccusative - indicating the direct object of a verb or certain prepositions5.4.7.4 Conjugation5.4.7.5 ConjunctionA small number of words - connectors between words, phrases, clauses or sentences. Examples: and, but, because, unless5.4.7.6 DanglingTo occur in a sentence without a normally [expected] syntactic relation to the rest of the sentence, e.g., the word turning in "Turning the bend the mountain appeared." is dangling5.4.7.7 Inflected formsNouns - pluralVerbs - past tenseAdjectives: comparative, superlative5.4.7.8 InterjectionWords typically used in grammatical isolation to express feeling, emotion: Ouch! Oh! Hey! Ugh!5.4.7.9 NounNouns function as the subject or object in a construction - typically things [persons, places, animals...], states, qualities e.g. darknessProper, commonMass, countableName, person, gender, numberGerund n [LL gerundium, fr. L gerundus, gerundive of gerere to bear, carry on] (1513) 1: a verbal noun in Latin that expresses generalized or uncompleted action 2: any of several linguistic forms analogous to the Latin gerund in languages other than Latin; esp. the English verbal noun in -ing that has the function of a substantive and at the same time shows the verbal features of tense, voice, and capacity to take adverbial qualifiers and to govern objectsComplex gerundive..5.4.7.10 PronounA pronoun is one of a small group of words "used as replacements or substitutes for nouns or noun phrases mentioned in or understood from the context and having very general reference". Examples: I, you, he, she, them, this, who, what, it..He - nominative or subjectiveHis - possessiveHim - subjective

5.4.7.11 PrepositionPrepositions are typically used before nouns, pronouns or other substantives to form phrases with adverbial, nominal or adjectival function5.4.7.12 VerbThe main element of a predicate, typically expressing action, state, or a relation between two things, formally distinguished as being inflected for tense, aspect, voice, mood or agreement with the subject or objectFinite verb, transitive / intransitive verbsInfinitiveInfinitive n (1530): a verb form normally identical in English with the first person singular that performs some functions of a noun and at the same time displays some characteristics of a verb and that is used with to (as in "I asked him to go") except with auxiliary and various other verbs (as in "no one saw him leave") Split infinitive n (1897): an infinitive with to having a modifier between the to and the verbal (as in "to really start")Usage The split infinitive was discovered and named in the 19th century. 19th century writers seem to have made greater use of this construction than earlier writers; the frequency of occurrence attracted the disapproving attention of grammarians, many of whom thought it to be a modern corruption. The construction had in fact been in occasional use since the 14th century; only its frequency had changed. Even though there has never been a rational basis for objecting to the split infinitive, the subject has become a fixture of folk belief about grammar. You can hardly publish a sentence containing one without hearing about it from somebody. Modern commentators know the split infinitive is not a vice, but they are loath to drop such a popular subject. They usu. say it's all right to split an infinitive in the interest of clarity. Since clarity is the usual reason for splitting, this advice means merely that you can split them whenever you need toParticipleParticiple n [ME, fr. MF, modif. of L participium, fr. particip-, particeps] (14c): a word having the characteristics of both verb and adjective; esp: an English verbal form that has the function of an adjective and at the same time shows such verbal features as tense and voice and capacity to take an object Perfect participle n (1862): past participle [a participle that typically expresses completed action, that is traditionally one of the principal parts of the verb, and that is traditionally used in English in the formation of perfect tenses in the active voice and of all tenses in the passive voice]Present participle n (1864): a participle that typically expresses present action in relation to the time expressed by the finite verb in its clause and that in English is formed with the suffix -ing and is used in the formation of the progressive tenses Past participle n (1798): a participle that typically expresses completed action, that is traditionally one of the principal parts of the verb, and that is traditionally used in English in the formation of perfect tenses in the active voice and of all tenses in the passive voice5.4.8 SemanticsFigures of speech: metaphor, simile, hyperbole5.5 Linguistics glossarySources and plans for language and linguisticsSources and plans for language and linguistics5.5.1 Concepts – linguisticsBeing and the Elements of Being; Metaphysics; linguistics and philosophy of language

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Texts: Encyclopaedia Britannica; A Companion to the Philosophy of Language, Bob Hale and Crispin Wright, eds., 1997; The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences, Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil, eds., 1999Plans: rounding out philosophy of language and linguistics glossary is left for later5.5.2 Thoughts – languageLong term: study languagesTo talk, interact, understandAs examples for linguistics and philosophy of languageSources for metaphysics – as medium, as generator, intrinsically in that the structure of language reflects metaphysicsHere it is objected: Human metaphysics is not metaphysics, is not the world…Counter objection: preliminary – if I say human it is in the inclusive sense in which humans are animals, animals are alive… and not in the hierarchical sense; this almost obviates the next and main counter that, in a way, we cannot go beyond the human way: everything including criticism is human. “Obviates?” if we are one with all being why would we want to go beyond? It is only when we are separate that the need to go beyond arises…Additional Plans for basic wordsAdditional Plans for basic wordsFind sources / contacts; review and work through concept-implementation-topics-sourcesPlan: develop and mesh the following with being wordsPlan: develop and mesh the following with being wordsWord System 8.A Set of Basic WordsThis is developed in interaction with the above considerations, especially in ongoing interaction with the empirical level - use and the theoretical level - metaphysics

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6 MIND WORDSWord System 9.Mind WordsObjects and, more generally, the elements of the world are known by their qualities and [measurable or objective] properties… or, alternatively, as phenomena6.1 IntroductionWhereas being and basic words refer to the world, to the real, mind words refers to phenomena and qualities. The distinction is not ultimate and there is a translation: objects <-> properties. However, the emphasis is different and so the sets of words are significantly differentMind words was originally a set of keywords for On Mind and Metaphysics and MetaphysicsMind words is in two parts: theory and description6.2 Theory: words for the study and philosophy of

mind6.2.1 Metaphysics and theory

absoluteanalytic certaintyanomalous monismanti-dualistartifactualitybeingbeing-in-the-world-before-I-theorize-about-itcategoriescausecentral state materialismChomsky's poverty of stimulus argumentcognitivismcompleteness of physical explanationconceptconjecture and refutationdatumdescriptionsdualismepistemologyethicalexistenceexplanationfolk psychologyfunctionalismfunctionalism, computerfunctionalism, machinegivengood and evilhard problemhumanhypothesishypothesis and testidealismidentity theory, tokenidentity theory, typeincarnationindividualslifelogicmind body problemmonism

moral sensemythnecessitynon-existenceontologypan-materialismpan-psychismparadigmsperception and propositional attitudesphilosophypractical metaphysic of experiencepresenceprocessprocess metaphysicsproximate and ultimatepsychismpsychoanalytic theoryrealreductionremote-yet-immediate metaphysic of existencesubstancesubstance ontologysuperveniencesystemsystemstheorytheory of mindtheory of the recognition of mindtranscendental analyticultimateultimate and proximateunderstandinguniverseworldzombies

6.2.1.1 psychologybehavioralbehaviorismcognitivefolk psychologyFreudHelmholtzHorneyJungmoral sensepersonalitypersonality factorspsychoanalytic theoryRankSullivanWundt

6.2.2 Aspects of Mindagencyanimal mindattitudeawareness

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binding problemexperiencehigh levelinnateness of languageintensionalityknowledgemanifestation of mind: concentration, organization and hierarchymoral senseobject constancyrationalitysentience

6.2.2.1 characteristics of mind[The following characteristics of mind and, in the next section, of consciousness are each intended as partial. Additionally, some of the proposed characteristics are tentative or hypothetical in nature. Are there [groups of] characteristics that completely specify mind, consciousness? Perhaps, but note that the concepts of mind and consciousness, even though obvious in day to day life and philosophy, are, likely, in evolution. What are mind and consciousness? And what [groups of] characteristics are “best?”]

actionadaptabilityagencyattitudebehaviorchoiceconnection of the organism to beingconsciousnessdesignexperienceincarnation of adaptationincarnation of adaptationincarnation of evolutionincarnation of evolutionincarnation of natureincarnation of natureinformationinformation processingintelligenceintensionalityknowledgelife – the basic divide as aware vs. unaware or living vs. non-livinglocomotion – the mind of animals and of plants; locomotion and the nervous systemmeaningmeaning and referencemental contentoriginalityoriginalityphysical organization and processingphysical organization/processingpowerpresencepresence of the organism in the world

presence of the universe to itself, of all its parts to one anotherpresence to another, to the othersocietywill

6.2.2.2 characteristics of consciousnessaccess-consciousness [Is it a conceptual or empirical error to conflate this with phenomenal consciousness?]

adaptationavailabilityawarenessawareness of awareness [second order reflection and the quality of cognition]beingcompetitive advantagecondition of beingcondition of existencedeep unconsciousnessdiscreteness of individuals, implications forevolutionevolutionary adaptationfirst person perspectiveindeterminismineffableintelligenceits necessitylanguage – language as enhancing consciousness and cognition, as essential to consciousness and cognitionlocus – limited to vs. not limited to brain or bodylocus in the brain or body – definite vs. dynamic vs. distributed vs. multiple in degrees of communication [zero to one]most fundamental mode of existence and beingmysteryon-off vs. gradations ontologically objective even though epistemically subjectivephenomenal consciousness [The primary, central meaning]plenitudepresencequalitative or phenomenal experienceselfself-reference, self-awareness […and the quality of cognition]social selfunconscious – distinct vs. blending into the unconscious

6.2.2.3 functions, mentalcognitionexperiencemap of mindmind of plantsmodularity of mindnervousperceptionthought

6.2.2.4 memoryassociative [memory function]

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mental causationmental content

6.2.2.5 unconsciousmapping the unconsciousSearle's connection principle

6.2.2.6 dreaming6.2.2.7 language

language and communicationmeaning and reference

6.2.2.8 personalitypersonality factors

6.2.3 Biological Aspectsadaptationsbodybraincellularendocrinegeneticimmune systemlocalization of functionmap of brainphysiology

6.2.3.1 evolutionemergence and accumulationevolution as a simplifying principleevolution taken literallyontogenyorigins

6.2.4 Artificial Intelligencecombined hardware and software approachescomputationcomputational theory of mindcomputersconnectionismhardwaremachinesrobotssoftwarevon Neumann architectures

6.2.5 Scientific Aspectselementary particles and interactionsexperimentmathematicsmattermolecular structuresphysicalismsciencescientific

6.3 Description: words that are used to communicate mental function

Plan: words descriptive of mental statePlan: words descriptive of mental stateEliminate this sectionInclude / point to the following

knowledgequality, properties, feeling, phenomena

vision / transformationUse

Plan for Being WordsAgents, mind… and metaphysics6.3.1 Cognition and attitudeNote that the associations cognition and attitude, feeling and experience, willing and agency are only partial. Experience, attitude and agency are the main landmarks on a modern [philosophical] map of mind6.3.2 perceiving qualities, sensing[Here, there is no justice to the variety of sensation – of types and qualities within a type. There is some basis for assessing completeness when a material basis for the sense is known or hypothesized. For example, vision is based on light and the physical properties of light are the combinations of frequencies and their intensities… but what of the effect of one’s emotional state upon vision – is this merely at a higher level of integration or do emotions affect the transformations in the retina… then what of tiredness, of vision fatigue – do these factors merely alter quality or do they introduce qualities of vision not otherwise experienced and again is this high/central or low/peripheral… what of transients in the physical signal…][Stimulus]

changegradientintensitypositionqualityquantityshapesizevariety

6.3.2.1 hallucination6.3.2.2 vision, seeing6.3.2.2.1 intensity

darkdimbrightbrilliantblinding

6.3.2.2.2 colorhue or color – the colorsluminosity or brightness, amount of whitesaturation or intensity of color

6.3.2.2.3 size6.3.2.2.4 shape6.3.2.2.5 distance6.3.2.3 hearing

intensitytones and combinations

6.3.2.4 smelling[The material basis for smelling and tasting appears to be the physical state and chemical composition, and combinations. Odor stimuli can be detected at very low concentrations; olfaction is said to be 10,000 times as sensitive as taste. Since many lower animals detect chemicals in the environment with receptors in various parts of the body and do not have special apparatus – nasal cavities – for detection, many authorities refer to distance and contact chemo-sensation rather than smell and taste.]

burnt22

floweryfoulfruitypungentresinousspicy

6.3.2.5 tastingastringentbittersaltsoursweet

6.3.2.6 touchfeelingirritationitchpainpleasure

6.3.2.6.1 sense of heat6.3.2.6.2 sense of vibration6.3.2.6.3 sense of fluid

flowingslimeviscous

6.3.2.6.4 sense of texturecottonplasticprickly silksmooth/roughsoft/hardwaxywoodwool

6.3.2.7 proprioception[Perception, sensation that originates within the individual or organism. Includes the kinesthetic senses.]

blink, feeling of urgency, of occurringbreathing…claustrophobia, feeling ofcoughdefecation…energy, sense ofexhaustionfeelingflatulence…lack of breathnauseaorgasmsneezesuffocationtickletirednessurinationvertigovitality

6.3.2.7.1 Sense of spacedistancelocationorientationshapesizevolume

6.3.2.7.2 Sense of time[as distinct from perception or inference from amount of light, position of sun]

passingtime of day

6.3.2.8 kinesthetic senseforceexertion

6.3.2.8.1 Balance sense6.3.2.8.2 Dynamic sense6.3.2.8.3 Sense of motion

accelerationchange in directionmotionspeed

6.3.2.9 apperceptionawareness of one’s mental states and processesintrospectionrememberingself-awareness

6.3.3 perceiving objects, perception[The distinction between sensation and perception of objects is not absolute. In perceiving an object the different sensations are integrated. Or, perhaps, in sensing one recognizes aspects of perception or sense.]6.3.3.1 examples

animalsbouldersbuildingchaircityfaceshumansplantsriversskystonestrees

6.3.3.2 hallucination6.3.4 conceiving, thinking

believecreationdelusionfaithideaimaginationinsightintrospectionjudgmentparanoia

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reasoningsense and referencethinking, images or icons, analogthinking, symbols, digital, in languageunderstanding

6.4 Feeling and experiencearchetypessymbolsrace conscious

6.4.1 experienceconsciousnessdepersonalizationdissociationennuiimagerynear-deathout-of-bodyphenomenonreveriestreaming consciousnessthe othervague familiarity

6.4.2 alertnessalertawakedreamingdrowsysleepingsleepyunconsciousvigilant

6.5 Emotion6.5.1 simple emotions

angerfearhappinessjoysorrow

6.5.2 other emotions, mental states characterized by emotionality

alienationaliveness, vitalitycenterednessconfidenceconnectedness, being in contactdejectiondespairdisgustdowncastecstasyenvyhatejealousylovewholeness

6.5.3 mooddepressedemotional labilityeuphoriamanic

6.6 Agency[Note that for every action, there is some corresponding feeling; a feeling could also be an experience…]

affectbehaviorcommunicationconcentratecontrolcrydominancefocusgigglegrinideationlaughresponsesneertalkwrite

6.6.1 willing or conationdesireintend

6.6.1.1.1 drivedominancehungersex

6.6.2 acting6.7 Being

awarenesspowerpresencesentience

6.8 Integration and personality6.8.1 dynamics

defensedepthegoidneurosisrepressionsuperegounconscious

6.8.2 neurosisantisocialborderlinehistrionicnarcissistic

6.8.3 personality factorsintroversion, extraversion

6.8.4 gestalt

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7 KNOWLEDGE WORDSWord System 10. Knowledge Words: Concepts7.1 PreliminaryKnowledge is a key to being - either as such or in potential. The answer to "What is?" and "What is possible?" is tied in to "What can I know?", "What is knowledge?", and "What is knowable?"The idea of a set of Knowledge Words arises as a tool in answering these questions. Additionally, a carefully chosen set of words also helps define and advance the endeavor. The Words and the Ideas develop in parallelKnowledge Words is in two parts – a conceptual part for words central to the idea of knowledge and epistemology and a practical part devoted to words used in various disciplines chosen for their interest and their usefulness in Journey in BeingKnowledge Words is part of the system of Words and can be seen as supplement to Being Words and Basic Words and mirror to Mind Words.Some Plans for Knowledge WordsSome Plans for Knowledge WordsA set words is a preliminary to building up possibilities for thought in symbolic / language terms. What are additional possibilities? Concepts, word combinations - elements of metaphysics, ontology?Sources: Evolution and Design for ideas, words, modes systematizationPlans and sources are the same or shared for Knowledge, Being and Basic Words7.2 Knowledge Words of a general nature

adaptattention - focus, backgroundattuneawareness - in one sense does not necessarily involve consciousnessconsciousnessdreamideavision

7.3 FunctionsThe following functions -cognition and so on- are practical and not meant to be definitive7.3.1 Cognition

believecognizeconceptcorrect, rightdataempiricalinformationintuitionjudgmentknowmeaningperceivesense - 5 senses + kinesthetic..thinktrue, false

7.3.2 Emotionemotefeel

7.3.3 MotivationDoes motivation fit into a perceive-judge / know-think-act cycle? Relation between emotion of motivation? Status of motivation?

desireintentwill

7.3.4 Intuitionintuitionmysticprayeryoga

7.4 Degrees of Certaintyactualassertioncertainconjecturefactguesshunchhypothesisimaginarypossibleprobabilityrealspeculationtheory

7.5 Modes of Expression and Communication7.5.1 General communication

action as communication - action perceived is communicated and so communicationaction – intentional: as action and as communication... action is [potential] communicationaction – intentional, non-intentionalstance, movement

7.5.2 Action - stylized as/for communicationAffective expression of emotion - visual e.g. facial expression, auditory - vocal including tone, volume, cadence, vocalization i.e. a variety of sounds [phonemes], tactile, olfactory..Stance, movement

7.5.3 Iconic Expression or Depictionacting out and recreating - various motor and sensory modalitiesmolding [sculpting]onomatopoeiasketching

7.5.4 Languageelements of language: signs and symbolsspeechwritten

7.5.5 Para-verbalAny of the foregoing modes

affectcadencequality of voice - tone and overtone, volume, rate, continuitystance and gesture

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7.5.6 Combined symbolic and iconicGeneral human and animal communicationDirect communication is generally multi-modal with regard to expression. And it may be questioned whether behavior is para-verbal or speech para-behavioral... or either

artdancedramapoetry - includes language used to evoke emotionritualsong and music

7.6 Specialized Knowledge Wordsconceptexplanationjustificationlogicmathematicsmyth - tradition, customphilosophy - humanities - the disciplinespropositionreligionscience - sciencestheorytruthunderstanding

7.7 Innate KnowledgeInnate knowledge is more basic, prior to knowledge acquired by the individual organism. Knowledge acquired by the individual organism is ontogenetic - that is another word for knowledge acquired in the development of the organism and usually by specialized organs of cognition and perception; this kind of knowledge is what is commonly understood as knowledge and is simply referred to as knowledge or acquired knowledge. It is, however not the only kind of acquired knowledge. Innate knowledge is phylogenetic - acquired in evolution and innate to the individual organism. Is all knowledge acquired by some system?The distinction between innate and acquired knowledge is not absolute in all ways or even in any particular way. To a degree, innate knowledge is bound into the organism. Innate knowledge may be accessible to the acquired modalities or their organs, and may be expressed. Innate and acquired knowledge may and do join together. Acquired knowledge functions on a base of innate knowledge. Acquired knowledge is free and alterable in the living of the organism. It is possessed or remembered and is expressible. Innate systems include the organs of acquisition, memory, alteration and expressionAs a generalization, innate knowledge is focused in the body, unconscious, not expressed, a-linguistic or pre-linguistic. As a tendency, acquired knowledge is focused in the nervous system, conscious, expressible, iconic - language being regarded as a elaboration of iconic expression and memory. In perception and cognition what is called the background is a mesh of acquired and innate formsTo a significant degree motor, perceptual, iconic, memory, symbolic and linguistic, and expressive / communicative abilities are innate - they may however be developed; the related skills and repertoires are significantly acquired - but may be innate to some degreeInnate knowledge - what modes of expression?7.7.1 Innate Knowledge - HumanWhat modes?

endocrine

immuneneural..dreams, freeing up due to un-censoringrelation to group, race, species, life... elements of creationunconscious

7.7.2 Innate Knowledge - Speciesgenotype - genotype as expression... of what?group function

7.7.3 Innate Knowledge - Physical, Ultimate"laws" of naturebroken / symmetrychemistry as expressionparticle / field interaction

7.8 The Object of Knowledgeabstractconcretegeneral, conceptualinferredinstanceparticularspiritualuniversalvisible, tangible vs

7.9 Relation Between Mind and World7.9.1 How the world presents or appears in

knowledgepresentationalismrepresentationalism

7.10 World Constitution - Relation to Mind7.10.1 World is "made" of knowledge categories

idealismmaterialismphenomenalism

7.10.2 Realism - world exists independently of knowledge

This does not say much for materialism, idealism, phenomenalism can all be seen as forms of realism7.10.2.1 External RealismThere is a world that is not constituted of ideas, mind but includes mind. The world is not dependent on mind for its creation or existence

behaviorism, functionalism etcmaterialism

7.10.2.2 Idealistic Realismsabsolute idealism - the world is one absolute ideaall ideas are realante-rem - instances requiredconcepts are realPlatonic realism - platonic idealismpluralistic idealismsrebus - concepts do not require instancesthe world is constituted of ideasuniversals are real - vs. nominalism: universals are names

7.11 Theories of truth7.12 Traditional

correspondence - wittgenstein's picture theory is a theory of relationships

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pragmatism - truth is utility i.e. truth is the basis for good actionsverificationist: truth is verifiability

7.13 Deflationary"The proposition that p is true if and only if p." (A)The traditional theories accept this and some further propertyThe deflationary theory has an infinite axioms of the form (A)

Allows us to express attitudes to propositions that can be designated but not explicitly formulatedImplies that verification is truth, true beliefs have practical value

ProblemsRequires an infinite number of axiomsLeads to liar type paradoxes

Plans for the second part of Knowledge WordsPlans for the second part of Knowledge WordsThe disciplines and practical arts will be selected and the systems of words developed as needs ariseWord System 11. Knowledge Words. Systems

for the disciplines and practical arts

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8 TRANSFORMATION WORDSThe related conceptual document is Experiments in Transformation of Being. The current divisions in the Experiments… are: Yoga and Vedanta, Meditation, Vision and Perception, Dreams, Journey-Quest: Wilderness, Dynamics of The Real and of BeingWord System 12. Transformation Words.

Seeing, Doing, Being and other Transformation Words

8.1 SeeingIncludes all mental functions – cognition, feeling and emotion, will, and memoryAlso see Mind Words and Knowledge Words and, from Experiments in Transformation of Being, the topics: yoga, meditation, vision and perception, and dreams

abstractionalienationalteredbrain structure or chemistrymental states and process, perception, meaning…, chemical statestimulation of sensesambition, my, vision ofanalogyanimalmode, in, what one sees is what one knowssignsthinkinganticipationapperceptionarchetypal dreams or symbolsartand contactand technique of observationand visionas a way of heightened vision and transformationassociationspontaneousand mindscapingmultiple and fluidattitude, experience, agencyaurasauthorityawareness, level and content ofaweaxiomatic systems as experimentalbeingis not the finite sense of the selfsense ofbelief and magicbrain structure or chemistry, alteredbridgecatalyst to seeing, interactions, intense, physical and mental, ascausecleaning, emptying of mindcognition® perception+ feeling ® emotionconceptionfeeling ® perceptionexperiments in

concentrationconceptionand thoughtas perceptionconcepts and metaphysics or world viewconsciousness, centers ofconscious-unconscious dialogcontactwith the depthwith the unconsciouscontact, art andcontemplationcontent of awareness, mental spacecontextcontrol of imagerycosmologies, naturecrisis sensecritical momentcusp of transformationdance and trancedarkdart and sweepdecisiondecrease preconceptiondeep sleepdeeper consciousnessdefensesdefocusdepressiondepth, contact with thedhyana [“concentrated meditation”]direct intuitive knowledge and identity with of ultimate reality, mystic visiondiscoveries in the real, of limitsdissociationdream is a multi-dimensional flow of imagerydreamsand symbols, archetypalas hallucinationsas transitional between deep sleep and the waking statemay be more true than “reality perception”hyper-realisticless vivid occur during non-rem sleepreality ego control is asleepthought and waking experience, likedrugsd-statedynamic integration of art, emotion, actiondynamicsof intense physical and mental interactionsof lawsof limitsof perceptionof reality and beingearlier mode of symbolic / iconic processingemotionempathyesotericeternity is an instant to the absoluteevolution

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experiencemultifacetedmulti–modality ofmultiplicity ofstark and active form ofexperiences in my journeysexperientialexperimentalaxiomatic systems asidealism asmathematics asmathematics, platonic idealism asplatonic idealism asexperimentsin cognitionminimal set ofexplicit, consciousextended experienceextreme stress as a source of vision and transformationfact and fictionfearfeeling ® perceptionfeeling-imaginationfiction and factfinal principlesfinite sense of selffixityfleeting phenomenafluid sense of the realfocus cycles with defocusglobal metaphysicsGñana yogagrow, continue to, and to not let a few discoveries characterize my entire lifehallucinationshallucinatory visionshallucinogensheightenedawarenessvision, motion control, art as a way ofhuman mode of alienation and overcominghypnagogic – while falling asleephypnopompiciconic processingidealideas and images of the real and of beingidentities of intuition and reasonidentity with all things, sense ofimagine performanceimmersionimprisoned faculties of perceptionin analogy to compression of geologic timeinnerplace where pleasure and pain are not distantpoetry and musicwhispers become voicesinspiration, inner poetry, music, voices, fromintegration of reality and perception dynamics in relation to yoga, shamanism, the ideas of Freud and Junginterpretation of my lifeintuition

intuitive knowledge and identity with of ultimate realityJaynesian experimentsJourney, nature of thejudgment, suspendedJungknowledge [Gñana Yoga]knowledge; and being; modes of; dimensions of; general and humanLakeat thewhat I learned at thelanguage, thinking withoutlayers of mind and selflimits, absolute / non–absolute nature of, perceivinglocal metaphysicslogiclucidand auto-hallucinationdreaminghallucinationmagic and religionmeaningand function of dreamsmeaning, experiments in meaning, personalitymemory associations including the unconsciousmentalprocesses, acceleratingspacestates and process, perception, meaning…, chemical, alteredmerging with concepts and metaphysics or world viewmetaphysicsas description of all of beingas world viewgloballocalmindbeing andcoloring by expectations and view of the worldmindfulnessmindscaping, association andmoment, criticalmotivesmulti-dimensional flow of imagerymultiple voicesmultiplicityand multi–modality of experienceas/is interactive unitymutability of beingmyself, what is the entity I callmysticvision and transformationvision, apperception...and sciencemysticism, European and Middle Easternnatural symbolsnatureof talentvisionnature: immersion and navigationnorepinephrineobject relationsobservation, art and technique of

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observing object relationsorganic wholeotherpassive – active/dynamic vision and transformationpassive experiencepathologically firm sense of realitypeak concentrationperceptionincludes feeling, mood, emotion, self-awareness and awareness ofperception, dynamics ofperception, feeling, thoughtperception, meaning, personality, body, will, actionperception, ways to effectperception, aspects ofabstractionanticipationapperceptionauto-hallucinationautosuggestioncommunication with the unconsciousconcentrationconsciousness amplificationconservatism, extremecontemplationexcessively firm sense of realityexertion, physical, to point of alteration of mental stateextreme conservatism, rigidityfluid sense of the realfocusfocus cycles with defocusidentity with all things, sense ofimmutable as fluidpreconceptionrigidity, extreme conservatismsense of reality, excessively firmperceptualand being-in experience, primarydynamicsdynamics in relation to the realexperiencepersonalityand meaningand the bodydynamicsphenomena, fleetingphysical exertion to point of alteration of mental statephysiological correlates of dreamsplasticity of selfPlatonic Idealism as experimentalpoisonspossibilitiespre-conceptual mindpre-individual contact with the unconsciouspre-languageprimal presentprinciples, finalpsychoanalysis and psychiatryquest, transformation and visionreal psychological state of the individual before defenses and interpretationreality gridreceiving and tuningreflection, extendedreflexive

repeated dreamssacred symbols: sacred places, rituals and textsscanning functionseeingquiet voices, whisperswhat is knownseeing, heightened, art as a way ofself, plasticity ofself-awareness-observation-observation and consciousness-rulesenseof othersof self, finite, infiniteof the real, fluid / firm / pathologicalShamanic vision and transformation questsigns, animalsleep deprivation, as a source of vision and transformationsource of all thingssplittingand psychosisof the unitiesstagnation – grow, continue to, and to not let a few discoveries characterize my entire lifestark and active form of experiencestimulantsstimulating and releasestimulation of senses, alteredstress, extreme, as a source of vision and transformationsubstances – and combinations – that alter mindsuspended judgmentsweep, scan visionsymbolsymbolic experiencessymbols, sacred: sacred places, rituals and textssynthesistexts, sacredthinkingwithout languageanimalthoughtcovers all aspects of mind including perception, feeling and emotionmodes oftimestretchingbeing in the present is eternalcompression of, analogy to geologic timeeternity is an instant to the ultimatetransformationand vision questand vision, extreme stress as a source ofultimateunconscious, communication with theunderstandingunionwith the realwith the ultimateunity as/is interactive multiplicityuniverse

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unknownunusual / dissociative senses of self and othersVedanta, Yoga andvisionand transformation questand transformation, extreme stress as a source ofof my ambitionmysticvoices, seeingwakingcontrol of imageryexperiencestatewhat closes the heartwhat I learned at the Lakewhat is the entity I call myselfwilderness, vision and transformationwomb as a source of vision and transformationwork -general, specific- as a source of vision and transformationworld = nature, society, psyche, universeworld as a personality laboratoryYoga, GñanaYoga, Rajaα wavesβ wavesδ wavesθ waves

8.2 DoingIncludes action, choice, building, construction, and communicationAlso see Being Words and, from Experiments in Transformation of Being, the topics: yoga, vision and perception, journey-quest, and dynamics of the real and of being

accelerating mental processesaction and willaction or work [Karma Yoga]action, experiments inagencyand healingalienation and overcomingapproach to realization of all beingarching from individual to ultimate beingart as a way of heightened seeing or vision and transformationarts, physicalasana [physical postures]behaviorbiology, experiments inbreath controlchange, diffusion, disintegration, plasticity of selfchanging negative emotions and patternscommunicationexperiments insociety and action, experiments incomputationexperiment intheory ofcreative acts

cultivationof dreamsof dreams by “messages” to oneselfof the dynamicsdance and trancedecisiondeep relaxationdefine and execute a complete, minimal set of experimentsdefining experimentsdevotion and prayerdialogdreamjournalrecorddynamics of creative actsecstatic practicesengagement, activeexecute and defineexperience and experimentexperimentand theory of computationas a stark and active form of experiencein computationexperimentsin actionin beingin biologyin cognition and actionin communicationin instrumental psychologyin meaningin my lifein psychologywith computerscomplete set ofdefiningJaynesianlocalminimal set ofworld ofextremestrenuous activity as a source of vision and transformationstress as a source of vision and transformationfastfeeling and behavior, offlow, goal andfrenzygoal and flowHatha Yogahealing, agency andhypnotistinner vision and transformationinterpersonal dynamicsJaynesian experimentsjourneyas extended experience and perceptionas inspiration that I worked outin beingjourney-questas immersionas inspirationas inspiration for life and metaphysicsas occasion for extended reflection

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journey-quest: nature and processjourney-quest: wildernessjourneys to the source of all thingsKarma Yogalearning in stagesletting golife, goals, projects

passive – active/dynamic vision and transformationPatanjali Yogaphases and issues of a life

physicalarts limitsdynamicspushing in order to find reality ofsequence oflocal experimentsmantramartial artsmathematics, Platonic Idealism as experimentalmeaning, experiments inmeditation [Raja Yoga, ]meditation as the release of imprisoned faculties of perceptionmental processes, acceleratingmetaphor for life, journey-quest, asminimal set of experimentsmusic/drummy life, experiments inmystic vision and transformationnew environments, immersion inniyama [observances]observancesopen sky and sunlightovercoming limitsovercoming, alienation andexertion to point of alteration of mental stateposturesPlatonic Idealism and mathematics as experimentalpranayama [breath control]prayerprocesses, accelerating mentalpsychic and physical renewalpsychology, experiments in [, instrumental]purification yama [restraint]pushingin order to find limitsmodern knowledge to its limits to find limitsquest, journeyquests to sacred placesquieting, cleaning, emptying of mindRaja and Hatha Yoga are both empty without the otherRaja and Karma Yoga and the Yoga of the Bhagavad-GitaRaja YogaRaja Yoga – self-rulerealizationof all being, approach toof identity with the ultimate by uncovering and bringing to consciousness the

regenerationrelease, ways of, catalystsreleasing imprisoned perceptual facultiesrenewalphysicalpsychicsacred circleSamkhyasensory deprivationseparation/immersionsequence of limitsset of experimentscompleteminimalShamanic vision and transformation questsignslarge: shinings and dullings, pressure releasesmedium: rubs, nicks, scratches, gnawings and bitings, breaks and abrasions in twigs, sticks and logssmall: hairs, stone and leaf disturbances, compressions and side headingsitting meditationsleep deprivation, as a source of vision and transformationspatter visionstrenuous activity as a source of vision and transformation, extremestress as a source of vision and transformation, extremestudysun dancesweep, scan visionT’ai Chi Ch’uantheory of computationtrackstrails and runstrance, dance andtransformational rolestravel lighttravels in natureunpredictable consequencesvision, techniques ofvisionary and transformational rolesvision-questwalking meditationways of release; catalystswide-angle visionwilderness, vision and transformationwill, action andwithdrawalwork -general, specific- as a source of vision and transformationwork, action or [Karma Yoga]worldas a personality laboratoryof experimentsyamaYogaof Bhagavad-GitaSutraGñanaHatha

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KarmaVedanta and the Journey in BeingZen

8.3 BeingIncludes being, becoming, meaning, personality, transformation of being and body; and the dynamics of the real and of beingAlso see Being Words and, from Experiments in Transformation of Being, the topic: dynamics of the real and of being

absolutenon–nature of limitseternity is an instant toaction or work [Karma Yoga]active/dynamic – passiveadaptabilityagencyand healingalienationall being, accessible to every beingall being, existence and non-existencealwaysat homecentered, even at the edgeanimal beinganimal mode, inat the edge, despite fear one is always centeredwhat one sees is what one knowsanimal thinkingarchetypalartas a way of heightened seeing or vision and transformationemotion, actionatlas of beingAtmanAtman = Brahmanof Vedantagoal of Mysticismin all religionsin secular experiencein Shamanic practicesother ecstatic practicesattitude or devotion [Bhakti Yoga]awebehavior and feeling, patterns ofbeingBeingbeingand mind, animalin the worldopen to depthbeinganimalatlas ofconstruction ofcontinuum ofculture anddance ofdiffusion ofdirect window todynamics ofevolution ofexperiments infaculties or

ideas andimmersion andmodes ofmutability ofopen tosense ofstory ofthe principle ofultimatebeing-inexperience-in-the-worldbeingsand computersand mindsBhagavad-GitaBhakti Yoga – devotion or attitudebody, personality and thebody-dynamicsBrahmanbreath controlbreathing and heart ratebridging overcaringcatalystscause, centralcentered, always, even at the edgecentral causeCh’ancharisma and empowermentcharismatic relationscommunication, experiments incomplete set of experimentscomputation, theory ofcomputers, beings and mindsconscious decision to “travel light.”construction of beingcontact with depthcontinuum of beingcrisis and releaseculture and beingcusp of transformationdance of beingdeathdynamics ofreality ofdepressiondetachmentdiffusion of beingdirect transformationdiscovery of limitsdiscreteness and continuity in beingdisintegration of beingdissociation, hypnosis anddream affects lifedynamic integrationdynamicsas bridgeas bridge between modes of knowledge and beingof beingof death

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of intense physical and mental interactionsof limitsof limits and lawsof lossof loss and deathof reality and beingof the entityof the realof the real and of beingof the real and of being - experiments in being… personality, meaning and the bodydynamism requires the entire range of mentaldysfunctionecstasyego-controlego-lessempowerment, charisma andenduranceand visionlimits ofengagement, active, of whole beingentities, dynamics ofentity I call myselfeternity is an instant to the absoluteevolutionexcessively firm sense of realityexertionexistenceexperience, attitude, and agencyexperientialexperiment, kinds ofexperiments in being - dynamics of the real and of being… personality, meaning and the bodyin lifein transformation of beingexperiments, complete set offaculties of mind and beingfailure and successfinal principlesfinite existencefixity and freedom in patterns of feeling and behavior with others – in social contextfloating and swimmingflowfluid as immutableforgivenessformfoundationfragmentationfragments in the story of beingfreedomfunction of perceptiongoal and flowgreat in their prime, the branches are fragments in the story of beinggrounding: metaphysicsgrow, continue to, and to not let a few discoveries characterize my entire lifehard and softhealing, agency and

heart rate, breathing andherohome, always atHorizons Enterpriseshumanbeingmode of alienation and overcominghypnosis and dissociationidealismas experimentalplatonicidentityof the self with Brahmanwith the ultimateimmediate enjoyment of open sky and sunlightimmersionand beingin new environments, worlds, cultures, naturein the immediate to the ultimateimmutable as fluidin risk, I am aliveindividual being, limits toinnermusic and poetrypoetry and musicvision and transformationworldintegrationof mental functionsdynamicisisolationJesusJourney in Beingjourney, to not, is deathkindsof experimentknowledge; and being; modes of; dimensions of; general and humanLake, at thelanguagelawsdynamics ofletting goliberationlifeexperiments inissues of aphases of alimitsof enduranceto individual beingabsolute / non–absolute nature ofdiscovery ofdiscovery of the nature, is through experimentdynamics ofpushing in order to find reality ofliteraturelocal to globalloss, dynamics oflovemantra

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mapof mindof worldof world, use of simple local and global metaphysicsmeditationas the release of imprisoned faculties of perceptionyoga, and lifein-actionmental spacemetaphor for life, journey-quest, asmindand no–mindbeing andminds and computersmodeanimal, at the edge, despite fear, one is always centeredanimal, what one sees is what one knowshuman, of alienation and overcomingmodesof beingof knowledgeof knowing-beingof process; action, dynamics, evolutionof relationship; caring, mental-function / intension, force, transferof thoughtmomentum and pacemultiplicityinteractive, as / is –identical to– unitymusicand poetry, innerinner poetry andmystic vision and transformationmythNative American traditionnatureas potentialimmersion and navigationnew environmentsno-mindnon–absolute / absolute nature of limitsnurtureas the realization of specific potentialsobjectopen to beingopenness to life, othersorganic wholeovercoming and alienationpassionpassion and enjoymentpassive / active-dynamicvision and transformationpathologically firm sense of realityphases and issues of a lifephysicaland mental interactionsrealityphysiologicalplaces, sacredplantspleasurepoetry and music, innerpower

pre-individualpre-languagepresentprimaryprinciple of beingprocessapplied to itselfmodes ofprocessingproperties are not purely givenpsyche and psychic spacepsychological transformationpsychosisquestfor visionjourneyragerange of mental, the entirerealvaluesdynamics of therealitygridof deathexcessively firm sense ofrealizationof all beingof identity with the ultimateof identity with the ultimate by uncovering and bringing to consciousness theof selfof self in the presentof ultimate beingrealm, socialreceptivereductionscognition ® perceptionemotion = feeling + cognitionfeeling ® perception and feelingwill – what is itreflexivityrelations, charismaticrelationship, modes ofre–programmingrituals, sacredriver as metaphor for lifesacred placesselection, variation andselfknowledgeplasticity ofsenseof being and identity with all thingsof othersof reality, firm, excessivelyof reality, pathologically firmsensory modalitiessequence of limitssexShamanic vision and transformation questsimulation of being

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sleepdeprivation, as a source of vision and transformationalteredsocial realmsocieties and culturessoftsomaticsource of all thingsspace, psychicspiritual connection to life is a natural capacitystagnation – grow, continue to, and to not let a few discoveries characterize my entire lifestateof consciousnessof mindstaying in the presentstory of beingstrenuous activity as a source of vision and transformation, extremestress as a source of vision and transformation, extremestyle of livingsuccess and failuresurrenderswimming and floatingsymbol for the primal presentsymbolic sciencessymbols– the sacred: sacred places, rituals and textsfor state of mindsynthesissystemsof vision and transformationaxiomatictalenttexts, sacredthemetheory of computationthinkingwithout languageanimalthoughtand actionmodels ofmodes oftranquil or turbulenttransformationof beingpassive – active/dynamictransition statetravel light, conscious decision totrue selfultimate beingunconsciousunionof forcewith the realwith the ultimateunitaryuniversalunusual / dissociative senses of self and othersvalues

variation and selectionVedanta, Yoga andview of the worldvision, mysticvisionary and transformational roleswaitingwaking statewilderness, vision and transformationwildlifewillactionwhat is its reduction?womb as a source of vision and transformationworld= nature, society, psyche, universeYogaand VedantaKarmaRajaYogiZen

8.4 OtherIncludes texts, theory, religions, biology, simulation of being

adaptive functionsaltar, being atambitionanalogy, explanation and understanding byarchetypalartartistic and humanistic disciplinesassigned functionautonomicand central nervous systemaxiomatic systemsbeing, dimensions ofBhagavad-Gitabiologybrainstemstructurestructure or chemistry, alteredBuddhaBuddhismCartesiancenters of consciousnesscentraland autonomic nervous systemcomputation, theory ofcomputersconsciousness, centers ofcontrol, keys todescription, explanation and understandingdimensions of beingdisciplines, humanistic and artisticdynamicsbridges over to science, philosophy and the rational, humanistic and artistic disciplinesof the [autonomic] nervous systemdynamismEckhart

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electroencephalogramemphasizing nature, ideas and being… including the social realmEnglishEnterprises, Horizonsescapesexplanation and understanding by analogyFreudfunctionadaptiveintrinsic vs. assignedof dreamsground of beinghero storyhistoryHorizons Enterpriseshumanistic and artistic disciplineshumanitiesiconicidealism, platonicinstrumental psychologyintegrationJesusJourney-Quest, much of the material, so keen at the time of writing turned out to be on the wayMake Prayers to The Raven, Richard Nelson, 1983mathematicsmind, aspects of, or functionsmoderninstitutionsvision-quest, details of amodernismmodes and models of thoughtMohammedmythologynature cosmologiesnervous system, central and autonomicneuro-physiological correlates of dreamsontogeny and phylogenyPatanjalipeoplepersonality laboratoryphilosophyphylogeny and ontogenyphysical realitypontine tegmentumpower of modernismpsychological statepsychologyinstrumentalRaja and Karma Yoga and the Yoga of the Bhagavad-Gitareality, physicalSanskritsciencesand humanitiessymbolicserotoninShamanismsplitting and psychosis

symbolic sciencessymbolssystems, axiomaticthought, modes and models oftransformational rolesvariation and selectionvision quest, modern, details ofvocabularyYoga and VedantaZarathustra

LATEST REVISION AND COPYRIGHTANIL MITRA PHD, © WEDNESDAY, APRIL 16, 2003 9:38:43 PM

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