Work and Energy - xraykamarul | Just another … 102 CHAPTER 1 PHYSICS FOR RADIOGRAPHERS 1 ENERGY AND MATTER PREPARED BY: MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH SCHOOL OF MEDICAL IMAGING FACULTY

HDR 102

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS FOR RADIOGRAPHERS 1

ENERGY AND MATTER

PREPARED BY:MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH

SCHOOL OF MEDICAL IMAGINGFACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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CHAPTER 1: Energy and Matter

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:-

Define what are energy and matter, and their conservation.

Explain the relationship between energy and matter.

Differentiate between temperature and heat, and their relationship.

Explain the mechanism of heat transfer.

Explain the relevant energy used in medical imaging.

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TOPIC OUTLINES

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Energy

1.1.1 Definition

1.1.2 Overview of Energy

1.1.3 Unit of Energy

1.1.4 Law of Conservation of Energy

1.2 Matter

1.2.1 Definition

1.2.2 Law of Conservation of Matter

1.3 Physical Quantities

1.4 (Thermal Energy) Heat and Temperature

1.4.1 Overview of Heat

1.4.2 Internal Energy

1.4.3 Unit of Heat

1.4.4 Specific Heat

1.4.5 Definition of Temperature

1.4.6 Absolute Temperature (0 K)

1.4.7 Heat Flow (Transfer)

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INTRODUCTION

ALL THINGS IN THIS WORLD ARE MADE UP OF ENERGY AND MATTER.

OK, NOW LOOK AROUND YOU,

CAN YOU IDENTIFY ALL THE ENERGY AND MATTER SURROUNDING

YOU???

Energy Matter The Earth

Figure 1 Figure 2:

Figure 3

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1.1 Energy

1.1.1 Definition

CLICK on each menu for more info.

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Energy can exists in many

forms and can be converted

from one form to another.

Other forms of energy

include:-

POTENTIAL ENERGY (P.E.)

KINETIC ENERGY (K.E.)

CHEMICAL ENERGY

THERMAL ENERGY

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

NUCLEAR ENERGY

ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

1.1 Energy


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1.1 Energy

Figure 7: The diagram shows the difference between

potential energy and kinetic energy.


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1.1 Energy

Figure 8: The difference between potential and kinetic energies.


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1.1 Energy

Figure 9: Does this rock have potential energy or kinetic energy?


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1.1 Energy

The SI Unit for energy is Joule.

In radiology, the unit used is electron volt (eV).

1.1.3 Unit of Energy

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1.1 Energy

It states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

It also states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system

remains constant over time.

However, the energy can change its location and form within the system. For

instance, chemical energy can become kinetic energy, but that energy can be

neither created nor destroyed.

1.1.4 Law of Conservation of Energy

Figure 32

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1.2 Matter

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass (or invariant mass). It is a

general term for the substance of which all physical objects consist.

Matter is composed of atoms and other particles which have mass.

Mass will distinguish the type of matter according to its characteristics.

Mass can be defined as quantity of matter as described by its energy

equivalence.

1.2.1 Definition

Figure 33

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant_mass



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_body



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles

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1.2 Matter

Matter exists in 3 main states:-

Solids

Have definite

volume and shape.

Gas

Contains randomly

moving molecules

with spaces in

between

(intermolecular

spaces).

Liquids

Have no definite shape but contain molecules which are held by week

forces.

1.2.1 Definition

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1.2 Matter

It states that matter can not be created or destroyed in an isolated system,

but can be changed from one form to another form by physical or chemical

means.

In other words, the mass of an isolated system (closed to all matter and

energy) will remain constant over time. However, it may be rearranged in

space and changed into different types of particles; and that for any chemical

process in an isolated system.

1.2.2 Law of Conservation of Matter

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1.3 Physical Quantities

Quantities Description Unit

Velocity distance / time m/s

Acceleration rate of change of velocity m/s –2

Force ma (mass x acceleration) newton (N)

Work (or energy ) Fd (Force x distance) joule (J)

Power rate of doing work = work done / time watt (W)

kV maximum electric potential (voltage)

applied across the x-ray tube during an

exposure.

electron volt (eV)

mA current passing through the x-ray tube. -

mAs unit of x-ray density = mA x seconds. -

HU measure of heat energy produced within

the anode of the x-ray tube = kV x mA x

sec.

-

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1.4 Thermal Energy (Heat) and Temperature

Heat is a form of energy, it is defined as the average (or mean) vibration

energy of atoms or molecules.

The vibration of these atoms and molecules releases kinetic energy (K.E).

The faster the molecules of a substance vibrates (higher KE), the more

thermal energy the substance has and the higher is its temperature.

Equations to calculate kinetic energy (KE) of those atoms/molecules can be

shown as below:-

Where, m = mass, v = velocity (m/s)

KE = ½ mv 2


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In Solids:

Molecules has less Kinetic Energy

(KE), causing less vibration speed and

thus less heat is produced.

However, it has stronger Potential

Energy (PE) than in liquid and gases.

Figure 15: The different size,

shape, and form of molecules

in solid, liquid and gas.


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In Liquids and Gases:

Molecules move faster therefore

has more Kinetic Energy (KE),

causing more average vibration

speed and therefore more heat is

produced.

Figure 15: The different size,

shape, and form of molecules

in solid, liquid and gas.


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Internal energy is defined as the energy associated with the random,

disordered motion of molecules.

It is separated in scale from the macroscopic ordered energy associated with

moving objects; it refers to the invisible microscopic energy on the atomic

and molecular scale.

For example:-

Figure 16: An example to explain the internal energy.

No apparent

energy of the

glass of water on

a macroscopic

scale.

Does a glass

of water

sitting on a

table have

any energy?

Microscopic

kinetic energy is

part of internal

energy.

Molecular attractive

forces are

associated with

potential energy.

1.4.2 Internal Energy

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Heat is the total internal kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules that make

up a substance.

Since heat is a form of energy, it is measured in Joules.

• 1 Joule = 1 N*m = 1 kg m/s2 * m

• 1 calorie is the heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree

Celsius.

• 1 calorie = 4.186 Joules.

1.4.3 Units of heat

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The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one

degree Celsius (°C) is called the specific heat capacity of the substance.

The quantity of heat is frequently measured in units of Joules (J).

Another property, the specific heat, is the heat capacity of the substance per

gram of the substance.

For example, the specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g °C.

1.4.4 Specific Heat

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Temperature is a degree of hotness

[average vibrational energy (K.E.)] due to

the speed of molecules.

Changes in heat (adding or removing

heat energy) can usually be detected as

changes in temperature.


as freezing point

of water (or

melting of ice)

as a boiling point

of water

Figure 31

Figure 31

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Figure 17: Adding heat energy will give rise in temperature

because of vigorous motion atoms and removing heat energy will

drop the temperature.

High temperature

means atoms, particles,

or molecules are in

vigorous motion.

Low temperature means

that molecules are moving

more slowly.


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It is the temperature measured with relative to absolute zero. Absolute

temperature scales in Kelvin (K).

When the molecules are (at rest) and their vibrational velocity (v) = zero (no

internal energy, or heat).

It is lowest possible known temperature, which;

1.4.5 Absolute Temperature (0 K)

is equals to - 273.16 oC

Figure 31

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Heat transfer always move from the hotter object to the colder object.

Heat transfer to and through some materials better than others.

Heat flows (transferred) from one place to another by three main processes or

mechanisms:


Figure 25: The heat transfer. Figure 26: The heat transfer.

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in solids in liquids

and gases

in vacuum (or space)

“Hey Duke, doesn’t that

fire feel good.”

“ Ouch! That poker’s too

hot to hold with my bare

hands.”

“ I’ll turn on the fan. All the

warmest air is up near the

ceiling.”

Click each mechanisms for more info.


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Answer the question.

Test Your Knowledge

Activity

What is the push or pull of an object that can cause it to accelerate called?

Mass

Speed

Force

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SUMMARY

All things are made up of energy and matter.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Mass will distinguish the

characteristics of matter.

Energy can be defined as ability to do work.

Energy can exist in many forms. The SI unit of energy is Joule but in radiology

the electron volt (eV) is commonly used.

Heat is a form of energy. It is the average vibration energy of atoms or

molecules.

Temperature is the degree of hotness because of the changes in heat energy.

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NEXT SESSION PREVIEW

CHAPTER 2: ELECTROSTATIC

In chapter 2, students will be taught the electrostatic theory.

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REFERENCES

Ball, J., Moore, A. D., & Turner, S. (2008). Essential physics for radiographers.

Blackwell.

Bushong, S. C. (2008). Radiologic science for technologists. Canada: Elsevier.

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APPENDIX

FIGURE SOURCE

Figure 1 http://www.actors.co.ke/en/news/Energy1.jpg

Figure 2 http://intechweb.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/shutterstock_77399518.jpg

Figure 3 http://www.solarenergybook.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/solar-energy-example.gif

Figure 4 http://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/energy/image/potencial-and-kinetic.bmp

Figure 5 http://iws.collin.edu/biopage/faculty/mcculloch/1406/outlines/chapter%206/SB7-2b.JPG

Figure 6 http://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/energy/image/potencial-and-kinetic.bmp

Figure 7 http://www.physics4kids.com/files/art/motion_energy1_240x180.jpg

Figure 8 http://www.sciencebuilder.com/michigan/science/images/p/potentialenergy.jpg

Figure 9 http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_V7DuEO3c2E8/S-b2PZfOXZI/AAAAAAAAADk/KKXoueyon2I/s1600/One-balanced-

rock.jpg

Figure 10 http://im.glogster.com/media/2/6/1/15/6011523.jpg

Figure 11 http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/bmendez/ay10/2002/notes/pics/bt2lf0403_a.jpg

Figure 12 http://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/electricity/image/electron-flow.gif

Figure 13 http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42340000/gif/_42340232_nuclear_fusion_2inf416.gif

Figure 14 http://freegrab.net/114284main_EM_Spectrum500.jpg

Figure 15 http://myweb.cwpost.liu.edu/vdivener/notes/solid-liquid-gas.gif

Figure 16 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/inteng.html

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APPENDIX

FIGURE SOURCE

Figure 17 http://hop.concord.org/h1/h1pix/P2b.GIF

Figure 18 http://www.aos.wisc.edu/~aalopez/aos101/wk5/conduction.jpg

Figure 19 http://www.gcse.com/energy/images/conduction.gif

Figure 20 http://okfirst.mesonet.org/images/cond_conv_rad_small.jpg

Figure 21 http://www.aos.wisc.edu/~aalopez/aos101/wk5/convection.jpg


Figure 23 http://www.aos.wisc.edu/~aalopez/aos101/wk5/radiation.jpg


Figure 25 http://www.aos.wisc.edu/~aalopez/aos101/wk5/heatrans.jpg

Figure 26 http://www.beodom.com/assets/images/education/principles-thermal-insulation/heat-transmittance-means.jpg

Figure 27 http://www.drenergysaver.com/images/insulation/how-insulation-works.gif

Figure 28 http://www.hodoriexpress.ca/en/images/move.jpg

Figure 29 http://www.wohill.com/push-the-load-in-the-right-direction/

Figure 30 http://www.morganhomeaccents.com/weathervanes/traditional/images/wv_co_golfer_big.jpg

Figure 31 http://www.basaldigitalthermometer.com/images/basal_digital_thermometer.jpg

Figure 32 http://i.istockimg.com/file_thumbview_approve/6043772/2/stock-illustration-6043772-solar-energy-symbol.jpg

Figure 33 http://jatakacs.edublogs.org/files/2010/02/statesof-matter.gif

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Work and Energy - xraykamarul | Just another … 102 CHAPTER 1 PHYSICS FOR RADIOGRAPHERS 1 ENERGY AND MATTER PREPARED BY: MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH SCHOOL OF MEDICAL IMAGING FACULTY