Work Measurements

Company

LOGO Work Measurements

Lab # 5

Outline

1. Work Study 1. Work Study

2. Method Study2. Method Study

3. Work Measurement 3. Work Measurement

4. Time Study4. Time Study

3. Standard Time3. Standard Time

April 21, 2023 2Lab # 5: Work Measurements

Work Study

• Work Study is a generic term for management services

and system engineering techniques, used to investigate:

– Methods of performing work (Method Study).

– The time taken to do it (Work Measurement).

April 21, 2023 Lab # 5: Work Measurements 3

Work Study (Cont.)


System Relationships

Processanalysis

Method study

Plantlayout

Incentiverewards

Timestudy

Jobs

Work breakdowns

standard times

Engineer workflows Engineer workflows

Design work station & information arrangementsDesign work station & information arrangements


Method Study

• Method study is a technique to reduce the work content mainly by eliminating unnecessary movements by workers, materials, or equipments.

• However, even after that, there could be substantial unnecessary time taken for the process because of lack of management control or inaction of worker.

• Method Study approaches and tools of Method Analyst: – Flow Diagrams & Process Charts etc.– Critical questioning techniques.

Will be covered in the next lab


Work Measurement

• Work measurements (WM) are techniques used to establish the time for a qualified, motivated worker to carry out a task at a defined rate of working.

Qualified worker – A person who has the necessary physical and mental attributes and at the same time has the appropriate skills and tools to perform the job.

Time – the length of time taken to complete the job; usually expressed as labor standard or standard time.

Normal working condition – the acceptable working environment in term of temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, etc needed to perform the job.


Work Measurement (cont.)

• Work measurement is concerned with investigating, reducing and eliminating ineffective time, whatever may be the cause.

• In practice, proving existence of the ineffective time is the most difficult task.

Work Measurement (Cont.)

• WM is also used to set standard times to carry out the work, so that any ineffective time is not included later.

• Any addition the standard time would show up as excess time and thus can be brought to attention.


Techniques for WM

• Two alternative method:– Direct work measurement:

• Time study: “the most widely used”

• work sampling: Determines the proportion of time a worker spends on activities

– Indirect work measurement (indirect method not on the task) with standard times are measured by standard data and formulation.

• Synthesis from standard data.• Estimating.• Analytical estimating.• Comparative estimating.


Purpose of WM

• Work Measurement Purposes may be:− To reveal the nature and extent of ineffective time, from

whatever cause.− So that action can be taken to eliminate it; and then,− To set standards of performance that are attainable only if

all avoidable ineffective time is eliminated and work is performed by the best method available


Applications of WM

• To compare the efficiency of alternative methods. Other conditions being equal, the method which takes the least time will be the best method.

• To balance the work of members of teams, in association with the multiple activity charts, so that, as far as possible, each member has tasks taking an equal time.

• To determine, in association with man and machine multiple activity charts, the number of machines a worker can run.


Uses of Time Standards

• To provide information on which the planning and scheduling of production can be based, including the plant and labor requirements for carrying out the program of work and utilization of resources.

• To provide information on which estimates for tenders, selling prices and delivery promises can be based.

• To set standards of machine utilization and labor performance which can be used for incentive scheme.

• To provide information for labor-cost control and to enable standard costs to be fixed and maintained.


Time Study

• Time Study: is the development of a standard time by observing a task and analyzing it with the use of a stopwatch

• Time Study includes:– Establishment of standard times - management knowledge– Rating operator performance - criteria for appraisal– Gathering information to calculate production capabilities & data

for capacity planning.– Defining work content of finished goods and services e.g. for

charging & estimating.


Time Study

Before Time Studies After Time Studies


Overview of Time Study

1. Secure and record information about the operation and operator being studied.

2. Orient the supervisor and the workers.

3. Improve the work methods.

4. Break the task into elements and record.

5. Observe and record the time taken by the operator.

6. Determine the number of cycles to be timed.

7. Rate the operator’s performance.


Overview (cont.)

8. Check to make certain that a sufficient number of cycles have been recorded.

9. Determine the allowances.

10. Determine the time standard for the operation.

11. Check and debug the standards with audits.

12. Implement with recall review in one month.


Reasons for Element Breakdown

• Data is more readily reusable when each element is described separately, esp. beginning and ending points.

• Standard (estimated) time values may be determined.

• Individual elements may be excessively short (e.g., inspection), or too long. These can be picked out more easily in element form.

• This allows for separate performance ratings for each.


Taking and Recording of Data

• Continuous timing - records readings at the end of each element as watch runs

• Repetitive timing - after recording, watch is snapped back to zero at the end of each element

• Multiple watches - connected by a lever; one runs, another is stopped, another set to go

• Electronic watch - may continue in “split” mode


Stopwatch Time Study Basic Steps

1. Establish standard job method

2. Break down job into elements

3. Study job

4. Rate worker’s performance (RF)

5. Compute average time (t)

Lab # 5: Work Measurements 20April 21, 2023

Standard time

• Standard time: The amount of time it should take a qualified worker to complete a specific task, working at a sustainable rate, using given methods, tools and equipment, raw materials, and workplace arrangement.

21April 21, 2023 Lab # 5: Work Measurements

Standard Time (Cont.)

• Two basic approaches to defining standard time. – Bottom-up

• Starts with a basic measurement of time, adjusts for operator pace, and then allows for fatigue, personal needs, and delays.

– Top-down • used in many labor contracts, and it normally

defines standard time as that time under which a qualified employee working under usual conditions can make an incentive pay (specified) percent above base pay.


Standard Time (Cont.)

• Normal Time. – The time required for an average, trained operator to perform a

task under usual working conditions and working at a normal pace. (It does not include allowances for personal needs and delays that would be necessary if the task were done all 8 hours.)

• Normal Pace. – The pace of an average, trained, and conscientious operator

working over an 8-hour day.• Actual Time.

– The observed time required for an operator to perform a task.• Allowances.

– The amount of time added to the normal time to provide for personal needs, unavoidable delays, and fatigue.


Doing Time Study

• When making a time study several decisions are made to assure desired results:– # of observations to make– Desired level of accuracy– Desired level of confidence for the estimated standard

time


Doing Time Study (cont.)

• The normal time (NT) is the mean observed time multiplied by the Performance Rating Factor (PRF)

• The PRF is a subjective estimate of a worker’s pace relative to a normal work pace.

• The Performance Rating is usually expressed in decimal form in these formulas. So a person working 10% faster than normal would have a Performance Rating of 1.10 or 110% of normal time. Working 10% slower, 0.90 or 90% of normal.

• The frequency of occurrence (F) is how often the element must be done each cycle.


Doing Time Study (cont.)

• The allowance factor (AF) is the amount of time allowed for personal, fatigue, and unavoidable delays.

Average observed time = Sum of times recorded to perform each element / # of observations

• NT = Average observed time x PRF x F

• ST = NT / (1 – AF) or NT ( 1+ AF)


Allowances

• Personal time allowance - 4% - 7% of total time - use of restroom, water fountain, etc.

• Delay allowance - based upon actual delays that occur• Fatigue allowance - to compensate for physical or mental

strain, noise level, tediousness, heat and humidity, assumption of an abnormal position, etc.


Normal Time vs. Standard Time

Standard time is the total time in which a job should be completed at standard performance.


Normal Time Rest Pers. Need Delay

Standard Time

Determining Labor Standards


ExampleExample


Job ElementCycle Observed (in minutes)

PRF1 2 3 4 5

Compose and type letter 8 10 9 21* 11 90%

Type envelope address 2 3 2 1 3 85%

Stuff, stamp, and seal. 2 1 5* 2 1 94%

Allowance Factor =15%

• Delete unusual or nonrecurring observations (marked with *) 21 in job A , 5 in Job C• Compute average times for each elementAverage time of job A = (8+10+9+11)/4 = 9.5 min.Average time of job B= (2+3+2+1+3)/5 = 2.2 min.Average time of job C= (2+1+2+1)/4 = 1.5 min.

Example (cont.)

• Compute the normal time for each element• NT = Average observed time x PRF x F

– NT of job A = 9.5 x 0.9 x 1 = 8.55min– NT of job B = 2.2 x 0.85 x 1= 1.87 min– NT of job C = 1.5 x 0.94 x 1 = 1.41 min

Total Normal Time = 8.55+1.87+1.41 = 11.83 min Standard Time = NT / (1 – AF) or NT ( 1+ AF) ST = 11.83 /(1-0.15) =13.92 min or ST =11.83 (1+0.15) = 13.6 min


Questions

• Reconnecting the cables of the computer case.• Compute the standard time of the process using 11%

allowance.


Work Element Observation 1 Observation 2 Observation 3 Observation 4

Power cable

Mouse

Monitor

Keyboard

Speaker


Documents

Work Measurements