work study by nikhil sharma aec

7/29/2019 work study by nikhil sharma aec

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WORK STUDY


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WORK STUDY/WORK DESIGN: Work study may be defined as

systematic examination of methods of

carrying on activities (industrialoperations) so as to-

1. Improve the effective use ofmanpower and equipment.

2. Set up standards of performance forthe activities being performed.


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Work study consists of two complementary

techniques:

A. Method Study

B. Work Measurement (Time Study)


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Work study :


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Method study:

It is a systematic recording and criticalexamination of the ways of doing things to

make improvements. It helps to eliminate the unnecessary

movements which results in cutting down theineffective time.

It involves investigation of existing methodsand an approach to improve them.


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Work Measurement/Time Study :

It is a systematic technique to establishing timestandards for carrying out specific jobs.

It estimates how long a job should take and themanpower and equipments requirements for a givenmethod.

It determines the time for a qualified worker tocomplete a specific job

It defines a level of performance under typicaloperating conditions.

Time standards provide an indication of expectedoutput

Work measurement is used in budgeting, manpowerplanning, scheduling, standard costing, and indesigning worker incentive schemes.


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Qualified worker:

One who has acquired the skill,knowledge and other attributes to carry

out the work by meeting the standardsof quantity, quality and safety.


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Qualified Worker:

Achieves smooth and consistentmovements.

Acquires rhythm. Responds more rapidly to signals.

Anticipates difficulties and is more

ready to overcome them. Carries out task without much conscious

attention and seems relaxed.


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In organizations where no work study is

conducted:

The existence of ineffective time is notrealized/suspected

They may consider ineffective time as a

usual phenomenon They consider it as Build in process and

nothing much can be done about it.


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The most commonly used methods of

work measurement are:

Time and Motion Study

Work Sampling

Structured Estimating Predetermined Time Standard

(Maynard Operational Study

techniques is one of the widely usedtechniques)

Standard Data


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The Basic Procedure of Work Measurement:


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Equipments required:


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Selecting the Job for Time Study: Points toremember


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steps required prior to conducting the Time andMotion Study:

A. Precautions:

The purpose and objective of the time study must beclearly explained to everyone. Or else the whole

purpose would be lost. Unless explained, it would be misused/

misrepresented with vested interest by some.

A joint participation of both Union and Managementis required in the process.

The study must be conducted on a qualified worker.


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Important points:


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Obtaining and RecordingInformation:

Information about the job is acquired

from two sources:

Direct Observation Photography at the work place ( For minute

details about the machinery)


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Checking the Method:

Check if any study has been made before andcompare with real situations at present

If compliant has been made, kindly check ifthere is any change in tools ex: worn outtools or improperly sharpened tools, feeding,flow or any additional work has crept in.

In high repetitive short cycle, changes inmethod are very difficult to detect.


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Breaking the job into elements:

An element is a distinct part of a specified job selected forconvenience of observation.

Why elements are required: To separate the effective time from the ineffective time To be more accurate. One performer may not have the same

pace through out the cycle. Different types of elements can be classified It enables to separate very high fatigued elements so that

fatigue allowances can be decided.

It helps to detect any elimination and additions of elements. Ifwe study the whole cycle it is very difficult to find out additionsor eliminations.


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Some types of Elements:

A repetitive element: it occurs in every cycle of an operation, Occasional element: It occurs at regular intervals. Constant element:Anelement where time remain constant at

all conditions, example: switching on a mchine,tightening ascrew

Variable Element: an element in which the basic time variesin relation to other characteristics, example: Sawing logs, timevaries with hardness.

Manual element: an element performed by a worker Machine element: an element which is performed

automatically and can not be manually interfered unlessterminated prematurely. Ex: Form Glass Bottles, cuttingelements in machine tools.

Governing Element: element which occupies the majority oftime in a cycle.

Foreign Element (Out side the cycle):An element observedwhich does not form a part of an operation.


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Timing each Element: Using a Stop Watch

Cumulative timing: The watch runs continuouslyduring the study and all the elements are recorded.At the end of each element, time is recorded. Theindividual element time is recorded by subtractingfrom the total time.

Fly back Timing: The stop watch is immediately putto zero after the time of each element is recorded.

ILO advocates the use of cumulative timing. Because,even if we miss one element, the over all time studywould be recorded. In fly back method slight delay inputting the stop watch into zero would increase thetime of one element.


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TIME STUDY RATINGS

What is standard rating and standardPerformance?

It is not always possible to engage largenumber of qualified workers. Moreoverpeople do not work consistently from day today or minute to minute. The examiner musthave some means of assessing the rate of theworker whom he is observing. He mustidentify a standard pace of working. Thisprocess of standardization is called as Rating.


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Rating:

Assessment of the workers rate of working

Relative to observers concept of rate

Standard pace the observer has an image in his mind of a

qualified worker who will naturally work withcommitment and proper relaxation

Rating is generally denoted by a scale of 100


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Standard Performance:

If a worker maintains a standard pace withappropriate relaxation, the amount of outputachieved by him would be termed asstandard performance over the shift/day.

Out put which qualified worker wouldnaturally achieve

Without over exertion Abides by specific methods

Motivated to their work


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Grey Areas in standardizing:

Physique

Environment.etc

Discussions


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Factors without the control of theOperator

Variations in quality of the material being used Variations in the tools or equipments being used Changes in methods and conditions of operation Variation of Mental attention Changes in climate, lighting, temperature The optimum pace at which the worker would work depends on

the physical effort required, constant care and attention,training and experience etc

Greater physical effort, awkward position would slow up thepace. Example: a person pushing a car by the window with onehand in the steering wheel would have lesser speed than a

person pushing it from behind. Similarly a person with a heavy weight will have a faster pace

because he wants to get rid of it. But he would require morerelaxation after the task is done.


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Factors within the control of the operator:

Variations due to the individualscapability, pace

Variations due to the attitude to work

Variations due to the attitude towardsan organization (If there is a sense of

belongingness)


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Work content


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Allowances:


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The Limitations of Time and Motion Study

Observers are not always competent Those conducting the study are not always proficient in the job

being observed The actions observed are not always reflective of the group as a

whole

Timing by direct observation may lead to inconsistency Rating is a vary disputed area in Time and Motion Study It included individual expertise and judgment in various factors The workers may resent the study if it is being used to

determine the pay scale Workers may change the rate at which they work Pressure may increase mistakes made Workers may alter normal work methods to disrupt the study


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Predetermined motion time system(PMTS)

Discussions

What are the advantages of predeterminedmotion time system?

Setting standards for a very short motions (very hardto evaluate using other measures)

Standard language of documenting sequences ofelements which define operations

Enable to determine standard times for newoperations for whom we dont have past data

Enable to compare different methods of performing anew task (before applying the preferred method


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MOST (Maynard Operation SequenceTechnique)

MOST (Maynard Operation SequenceTechnique) is a work measurement

technique Maynard and Company, Inc.in the Unites States.

MOST has been already introduced into

the wide varieties of industries, such asaerospace, automotive, electronics,etc., in EU, US, and Asia.


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MOST is a work measurement systemwhich can be easily implemented and

practically maintained. MOST is a registered trademark of H. B.

Maynard and Company, Inc.


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The MOST Systems family:

MOST is designed in multilevel to suitthe various needs of industrial

engineers: Basic MOST

Maxi MOST

Mini MOST


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THANK YOU

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work study by nikhil sharma aec