Working Principles

7/26/2019 Working Principles

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Working principles of_Working principles of_keyboard,keyboard,

mouse,mouse,

scanner,scanner,digitizing camera,digitizing camera,

track ball,track ball,tablets andtablets and

joysticksjoysticks


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Working principles of keyboardWorking principles of keyboard


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Computer Keyboard Functions: HowComputer Keyboard Functions: How

does a Keyboard Workdoes a Keyboard Work A computer keyboard is a hardware device that functions inA computer keyboard is a hardware device that functions in

accordance to the instructions made by the user. It comprisesaccordance to the instructions made by the user. It comprisescircuits, switches and processors that help in transferringcircuits, switches and processors that help in transferringkeystroke messages to the computer.keystroke messages to the computer.

In today's technology driven world, everyone is aware aboutIn today's technology driven world, everyone is aware aboutcomputing and the usage of computer keyboard. We all knowcomputing and the usage of computer keyboard. We all knowthat keyboard is an input device that functions in accordancethat keyboard is an input device that functions in accordanceto the instructions of the user. Computer keyboards are usedto the instructions of the user. Computer keyboards are usedfor performing various tasks such asfor performing various tasks such as typingtypingon a wordon a wordprocessor or text editor, accessing menus and playing games.processor or text editor, accessing menus and playing games.hough pressing a key corresponds to typing a letter, sign orhough pressing a key corresponds to typing a letter, sign orsymbol, it may also represent computer commands. !orsymbol, it may also represent computer commands. !orexample, pressing the !" key is a command for refreshing.example, pressing the !" key is a command for refreshing.


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!or some characters, it is necessary to press and hold!or some characters, it is necessary to press and holdmore than one key at the same time. #peaking about themore than one key at the same time. #peaking about the

history ofhistory of compute keyboardscompute keyboards, it was modeled in the, it was modeled in the

$%&'s based on the technology of typewriter keyboard.$%&'s based on the technology of typewriter keyboard.

#imilar to typewriter keyboard, a computer keyboard#imilar to typewriter keyboard, a computer keyboardconsists of a set of keys engraved with symbols andconsists of a set of keys engraved with symbols and

letters. (owever, the productivity of working on aletters. (owever, the productivity of working on a

computer keyboard is much more than that of acomputer keyboard is much more than that of a

typewriter keyboard.typewriter keyboard.


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Functioning of a Computer KeyboardFunctioning of a Computer Keyboard

In general, there are )*$$ keys in a computer keyboard. heIn general, there are )*$$ keys in a computer keyboard. hekeys may vary depending upon the brand and the type ofkeys may vary depending upon the brand and the type ofoperating system. +evertheless, the shape, sie and spacing ofoperating system. +evertheless, the shape, sie and spacing ofkeys are almost same for all keyboards. Also the layout orkeys are almost same for all keyboards. Also the layout orarrangement of keys that represent letters, signs and symbols isarrangement of keys that represent letters, signs and symbols issame, which is referred to as -W/0.same, which is referred to as -W/0.

he working of a computer keyboard can be compared to ahe working of a computer keyboard can be compared to aminiature computer. Inside the keyboard, there are metallicminiature computer. Inside the keyboard, there are metallicplate, circuit board 1key matrix2 and processor, which areplate, circuit board 1key matrix2 and processor, which are

responsible for transferring information from the keyboard to theresponsible for transferring information from the keyboard to thecomputer. 3epending upon the working principle, there are twocomputer. 3epending upon the working principle, there are twomain types of keys, namely, capacitive and hard*contact. 4et'smain types of keys, namely, capacitive and hard*contact. 4et'sdiscuss in brief about the functioning of capacitive and harddiscuss in brief about the functioning of capacitive and hardcontact key.contact key.

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Capaciti!e Key

5n the underside of a capacitive key, a metal plunger is fixed,

which helps in activating the circuit flow. When a capacitive key is

pressed, the metal plunger applies a gentle pressure to the circuit

board. he pressure is identified by the computer and the circuit

flow is initiated, resulting in the transfer of information from the

circuit to the currently installed software.

Hard Contact Key

A hard contact key is attached with a metallic plate that helps in

connecting the circuit board. When the hard contact key is

pressed, it pushes a metallic plate, which in turn touches the

metallic portion of the circuit plate. his overall process of

completing a circuit results in a circuit flow, allowing the transfer of

the message to the central processing unit 1C672, which is further

transmitted to the software.


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In both the key types, the circuit signals the processor toIn both the key types, the circuit signals the processor toread and8or identify the character that has been pressed.read and8or identify the character that has been pressed.!or example, in a hard contact key, the processor reads!or example, in a hard contact key, the processor readsthat pressing 'shift' and 'a' keys at the same timethat pressing 'shift' and 'a' keys at the same timecorresponds to 'A'. (ence accordingly, the letter, sign orcorresponds to 'A'. (ence accordingly, the letter, sign or

symbol is displayed on the screen. /eleasing thesymbol is displayed on the screen. /eleasing thepressed key breaks the circuit flow, after which the keypressed key breaks the circuit flow, after which the keyretains its original position. he communication betweenretains its original position. he communication betweena computer keyboard and maina computer keyboard and main computercomputeris bi*is bi*directional, meaning that message or information can bedirectional, meaning that message or information can be

sent within each other.sent within each other.

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Working principles of mouseWorking principles of mouse


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W"at is a mouse#W"at is a mouse#

he mouse is a pointing device which helps us to operatehe mouse is a pointing device which helps us to operate

the computer. 7nlike the complicated hardwares such asthe computer. 7nlike the complicated hardwares such as9other board, /A9, (ard disk, 6rocessor of the computer,9other board, /A9, (ard disk, 6rocessor of the computer,the mouse is designed with a simple circuit to process. +owthe mouse is designed with a simple circuit to process. +owa days, we get varieties of mouse with different technologiesa days, we get varieties of mouse with different technologiesin the market.in the market.

he developing applications in the computer field has nothe developing applications in the computer field has notcompletely excluded the mouse yet. Although, we havecompletely excluded the mouse yet. Although, we haveswitched to ouchpads in 4aptops, :the function of mouse isswitched to ouchpads in 4aptops, :the function of mouse is

easy and user*friendly when compared with touch pads for aeasy and user*friendly when compared with touch pads for anew user:, says the users. 9ostly all the applications arenew user:, says the users. 9ostly all the applications areoperated with mouse for easy working. In recent days, theoperated with mouse for easy working. In recent days, theoptical mouse had overcome the old ball mouse, because ofoptical mouse had overcome the old ball mouse, because ofits 'easy to use' function.its 'easy to use' function.


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$isad!antages of %all mouse$isad!antages of %all mouse With the previous ball*rolled mouses, the movement of theWith the previous ball*rolled mouses, the movement of the

pointer in the computer is decided by the ball inside thepointer in the computer is decided by the ball inside the

mouse. #o, if the ball gets damaged, or if dust getsmouse. #o, if the ball gets damaged, or if dust getsclustered, the operation of the mouse becomes problem.clustered, the operation of the mouse becomes problem.

When dust gathers, it takes some time to clear it too. WithWhen dust gathers, it takes some time to clear it too. With

these disadvantages, the ball mouse was slowly movedthese disadvantages, the ball mouse was slowly moved

away form the computer technology leaving the opticalaway form the computer technology leaving the opticalmouse to fill its space.mouse to fill its space.


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Working of &ptical mouseWorking of &ptical mouse

+ow, almost everyone tries to switch from ball8roller+ow, almost everyone tries to switch from ball8roller

mouse to 5ptical mouse. As the cost of the mouse ismouse to 5ptical mouse. As the cost of the mouse isalso being decreasing, the replacement is ;uiet ;uicker.also being decreasing, the replacement is ;uiet ;uicker.

o connect this optical mouse, the necessity is 6#8< oro connect this optical mouse, the necessity is 6#8< or

7#= plug, and windows, 9acintosh or 4I+7> operating7#= plug, and windows, 9acintosh or 4I+7> operating

system installed in the computer.system installed in the computer.

he main components of the optical mouse are?he main components of the optical mouse are?

Inbuilt optical sensorInbuilt optical sensor

(igh speed camera which can take $ pictures at a(igh speed camera which can take $ pictures at a

timetime

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hese optical mouses do have an inbuilt optical sensor.hese optical mouses do have an inbuilt optical sensor.

he optical sensor reads the movements of the opticalhe optical sensor reads the movements of the opticalmouse 1moved by the user2 with the help of the light raysmouse 1moved by the user2 with the help of the light rayswhich comes out from the bottom. 1 he area in which awhich comes out from the bottom. 1 he area in which alight glows2. When the user moves the optical mouse, thelight glows2. When the user moves the optical mouse, the43 14ight mitting 3iode2 present inside the mouse43 14ight mitting 3iode2 present inside the mouseemits the light according the minute movements. heseemits the light according the minute movements. hesemovements are send to the camera as light rays. hemovements are send to the camera as light rays. hecamera captures the difference in light rays as images.camera captures the difference in light rays as images.When the camera captures the images, each and everyWhen the camera captures the images, each and everypictures and compared to one another with the digitalpictures and compared to one another with the digitaltechnology. With the comparison, the speed of the mousetechnology. With the comparison, the speed of the mouseand the direction of the movement of the mouse areand the direction of the movement of the mouse arerapidly calculated. According to the calculation, therapidly calculated. According to the calculation, thepointer moves on the screen.pointer moves on the screen.

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5ptical mouse5ptical mouse


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Comparison between a roller'ball mouseComparison between a roller'ball mouse

and optical mouseand optical mouse

he optical mouse does not have any movable parts ashe optical mouse does not have any movable parts asof the ball mouse. #o, the life of the optical mouse isof the ball mouse. #o, the life of the optical mouse islong compared to the ordinary mouse.long compared to the ordinary mouse.

#ince the mouse works with the sensor recognition, the#ince the mouse works with the sensor recognition, themovements are clearly captured and so the moves givesmovements are clearly captured and so the moves givesout a same function in all moves.out a same function in all moves.

#ince the ball is absent in the optical mouse, the weight#ince the ball is absent in the optical mouse, the weightof the optical mouse is less than that of the ball mouse.of the optical mouse is less than that of the ball mouse.

he dust clustering problem is abolished in the opticalhe dust clustering problem is abolished in the opticalmouse as its parts are all static.mouse as its parts are all static.


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he optical mouse can also function good without ahe optical mouse can also function good without amouse pad, which is impossible with ordinary mouses.mouse pad, which is impossible with ordinary mouses.

Any way, optical mouses cannot be used aboveAny way, optical mouses cannot be used above

reflecting glasses or any glass materials.reflecting glasses or any glass materials.

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Working principles of scannerWorking principles of scanner


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(ntroduction ) o!er!iew of scanner(ntroduction ) o!er!iew of scanner

#canners have become an important part of the home office over the#canners have become an important part of the home office over thelast few years. #canner technology is everywhere and used in manylast few years. #canner technology is everywhere and used in many

ways?ways? Flatbed scannersFlatbed scanners, also called, also called

desktop scanners, are the mostdesktop scanners, are the most

versatile and commonly used scanners.versatile and commonly used scanners.

In fact, this article will focus on theIn fact, this article will focus on the

technology as it relates to flatbedtechnology as it relates to flatbed

scanners.scanners.

*"eet+fed scanners*"eet+fed scannersare similar toare similar to

flatbed scanners except the documentflatbed scanners except the document

is moved and the scan head is immobile.is moved and the scan head is immobile.

A sheet*fed scanner looks a lot like a smallA sheet*fed scanner looks a lot like a small

portable printer.portable printer.

"e basic principle of a

scanner is to analyze an

image and process it-


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Hand"eld scannersHand"eld scannersuse the same basic technology as ause the same basic technology as aflatbed scanner, but rely on the user to move themflatbed scanner, but rely on the user to move theminstead of a motoried belt. his type of scanner typicallyinstead of a motoried belt. his type of scanner typicallydoes not provide good image ;uality. (owever, it can bedoes not provide good image ;uality. (owever, it can beuseful for ;uickly capturing text.useful for ;uickly capturing text.

$rum scanners$rum scannersare used by the publishing industry toare used by the publishing industry tocapture incredibly detailed images. hey use acapture incredibly detailed images. hey use atechnology called a photomultiplier tube 1692. In 69,technology called a photomultiplier tube 1692. In 69,

the document to be scanned is mounted on a glassthe document to be scanned is mounted on a glasscylinder. At the center of the cylinder is a sensor thatcylinder. At the center of the cylinder is a sensor thatsplits light bounced from the document into three beams.splits light bounced from the document into three beams.ach beam is sent through a color filter into aach beam is sent through a color filter into aphotomultiplier tube where the light is changed into anphotomultiplier tube where the light is changed into an

electrical signal.electrical signal.

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%asic principle of scanner%asic principle of scanner

he basic principle of a scanner is to analye an imagehe basic principle of a scanner is to analye an image

and process it in some way.and process it in some way.

Image and text capture 1optical character recognition orImage and text capture 1optical character recognition or

5C/2 allow you to save information to a file on your5C/2 allow you to save information to a file on yourcomputer.computer.

0ou can then alter or enhance the image, print it out or0ou can then alter or enhance the image, print it out or

use it on your Web page.use it on your Web page.


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Working principles of digitizingWorking principles of digitizing

cameracamera


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It's easy to understand the booming business that digitalIt's easy to understand the booming business that digitalcamera manufacturers are doing these days. he host ofcamera manufacturers are doing these days. he host ofeasy*to*use personal and business publishing applications,easy*to*use personal and business publishing applications,the dramatic expansion of the Web and its insatiablethe dramatic expansion of the Web and its insatiable

appetite for visual images, and the proliferation ofappetite for visual images, and the proliferation ofinexpensive printers capable of photo*realistic output makeinexpensive printers capable of photo*realistic output makea digital camera an enticing add*on. hose factors,a digital camera an enticing add*on. hose factors,combined with improving image ;uality and falling prices,combined with improving image ;uality and falling prices,put the digital camera on the cusp of becoming a standardput the digital camera on the cusp of becoming a standard

peripheral for a home or business 6C.peripheral for a home or business 6C.

(ntroduction ) o!er!iew of digitizing(ntroduction ) o!er!iew of digitizing

cameracamera


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Working principle of digitizing cameraWorking principle of digitizing camera

In principal, aIn principal, a

digital cameradigital camera

is similar to a traditional film*is similar to a traditional film*

based camera. here's a viewfinder to aim it, a lens to focusbased camera. here's a viewfinder to aim it, a lens to focusthe image onto a light*sensitive device, some means bythe image onto a light*sensitive device, some means bywhich several images can be stored and removed for laterwhich several images can be stored and removed for lateruse, and the whole lot is fitted into a box. In a conventionaluse, and the whole lot is fitted into a box. In a conventional

camera, light*sensitive film captures images and is used tocamera, light*sensitive film captures images and is used tostore them after chemical development. 3igital photographystore them after chemical development. 3igital photographyuses a combination of advanced image sensor technologyuses a combination of advanced image sensor technologyand memory storage, which allows images to be captured inand memory storage, which allows images to be captured ina digital format that is available instantly * with no need for aa digital format that is available instantly * with no need for a

:development: process.:development: process.


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Although the principle may be the same as a filmAlthough the principle may be the same as a filmcamera, the inner workings of a digital camera are ;uitecamera, the inner workings of a digital camera are ;uite

different, the imaging being performed either by a chargedifferent, the imaging being performed either by a chargecoupled device 1coupled device 1CC$CC$2 or2 or C.&*C.&* 1complementary metal*1complementary metal*oxide semiconductor2 sensors. ach sensor elementoxide semiconductor2 sensors. ach sensor elementconverts light into a voltage proportional to theconverts light into a voltage proportional to thebrightness which is passed into an analogue*to*digitalbrightness which is passed into an analogue*to*digital

converter 1converter 1/$C0/$C0which translates the fluctuations of thewhich translates the fluctuations of theCC3 into discrete binary code. he digital output of theCC3 into discrete binary code. he digital output of theA3C is sent to a digital signal processor 1A3C is sent to a digital signal processor 1$*10$*10whichwhichad@usts contrast and detail, and compresses the imagead@usts contrast and detail, and compresses the imagebefore sending it to the storage medium. he brighter thebefore sending it to the storage medium. he brighter thelight, the higher the voltage and the brighter the resultinglight, the higher the voltage and the brighter the resulting

computer pixel. he more elements, the higher thecomputer pixel. he more elements, the higher theresolution, and the greater the detail that can beresolution, and the greater the detail that can becaptured.captured.

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his entire process is very environment*friendly. hehis entire process is very environment*friendly. he

CC3 or C95# sensors are fixed in place and it can goCC3 or C95# sensors are fixed in place and it can goon taking photos for the lifetime of the camera. here'son taking photos for the lifetime of the camera. here's

no need to wind film between two spools either, whichno need to wind film between two spools either, which

helps minimie the number of moving parts.helps minimie the number of moving parts.

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Working principles of track ballWorking principles of track ball


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$efinition of rackball$efinition of rackball A trackball is a computer device that serves as anA trackball is a computer device that serves as an

alternative to a computer mouse or touch pad for moving thealternative to a computer mouse or touch pad for moving the

pointer around on a computer screen.pointer around on a computer screen.

Kensingtonxpert 9ouse trackball, it can use a standard /merican pool ball


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FunctionFunction

A trackball consists of a stationary hand rest, which isA trackball consists of a stationary hand rest, which is

usually larger than a mouse, that contains a round trackusually larger than a mouse, that contains a round trackball set in a socket, which allows it to rotate freely. 0ouball set in a socket, which allows it to rotate freely. 0ou

rotate the ball with your thumb, and sensors detectrotate the ball with your thumb, and sensors detect

movement along two perpendicular axes, which, in turn,movement along two perpendicular axes, which, in turn,

move the pointer on the screen.move the pointer on the screen.


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*imilarity to a .ouse*imilarity to a .ouse

he basic principle of a trackball is the same as a ballhe basic principle of a trackball is the same as a ballmouse? with a ball mouse, moving the mouse causes themouse? with a ball mouse, moving the mouse causes the

ball on the bottom to move, and sensors pick up theball on the bottom to move, and sensors pick up the

movement. With a track ball, the thumb moves the ballmovement. With a track ball, the thumb moves the ball

directly instead rolling the ball across a flat surface.directly instead rolling the ball across a flat surface.


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.o!ement.o!ement

rackballs are useful because the hand can remainrackballs are useful because the hand can remain

stationary while using them, so they are easy to usestationary while using them, so they are easy to use

without a flat surface or mouse pad.without a flat surface or mouse pad.


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/ccuracy/ccuracy

rackballs tend not to skip and flow more smoothly thanrackballs tend not to skip and flow more smoothly thanmice or touch pads, but mice are often easier tomice or touch pads, but mice are often easier to

manipulate ;uickly and accurately.manipulate ;uickly and accurately.


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.aintenance.aintenance

rackballs tend not to get as dirty as mice because onlyrackballs tend not to get as dirty as mice because only

the thumb comes in contact with the ball. he trackball isthe thumb comes in contact with the ball. he trackball is

easily removed and can be rubbed clean with a piece ofeasily removed and can be rubbed clean with a piece of

cloth.cloth.


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Working principles of tabletsWorking principles of tablets


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W"at is a grap"ics tablet#W"at is a grap"ics tablet#

Also referred to as a digitiing tablet, graphics pad, orAlso referred to as a digitiing tablet, graphics pad, ordrawing tablet, a tablet is an alternate type of input devicedrawing tablet, a tablet is an alternate type of input devicethat can be used in place of, or in con@unction with, athat can be used in place of, or in con@unction with, amouse, trackball, or other pointing device.mouse, trackball, or other pointing device.

he tablet consists of two parts, a flat surface for drawing,he tablet consists of two parts, a flat surface for drawing,and a pen, stylus, or puck that is programmed to work withand a pen, stylus, or puck that is programmed to work withthe tablet.the tablet.

7sually, you also get a pen holder, and some tablets even7sually, you also get a pen holder, and some tablets evencome with a cordless mouse that works on the tabletcome with a cordless mouse that works on the tablet

surface.surface. ven non*artists may choose to use a tablet because itven non*artists may choose to use a tablet because it

offers a more ergonomic method of input that can reduceoffers a more ergonomic method of input that can reducethe likelihood of developing repetitive strain [email protected] likelihood of developing repetitive strain in@ury.

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Wacom Intuos Bx), shown

with pen and mouse.

A B) WacomIntuos

graphics tablet with 3uo#witch

erasing Drip 6en stylusand "*

button scrollwheel puck.

A WacomDraphire& graphics tablet

with two*button erasing stylus.


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Working principleWorking principle

he tablet cores to be film coated make continual orbitalhe tablet cores to be film coated make continual orbitalmotions within the closed rotating drum under the actionmotions within the closed rotating drum under the actionof a streamlined guide plate. 3uring the motion, coatingof a streamlined guide plate. 3uring the motion, coatingmedium automatically sprays according to themedium automatically sprays according to the

technological process and rational technologicaltechnological process and rational technologicalparameters, at the same time hot air is supplied under aparameters, at the same time hot air is supplied under anegative pressure. he hot air penetrates through thenegative pressure. he hot air penetrates through thetablet core layers and is discharged from the bottom oftablet core layers and is discharged from the bottom ofthe layers, so that the coating medium sprayed on thethe layers, so that the coating medium sprayed on the

surface will dry rapidly and evenly, thus forming a solidsurface will dry rapidly and evenly, thus forming a solidand smooth surface film.and smooth surface film.


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some of t"e common features of grap"icssome of t"e common features of grap"ics

tablets---tablets--- *ize:*ize:

#ie is one of the first factors you'll need to consider in choosing a#ie is one of the first factors you'll need to consider in choosing atablet. =igger is not necessarily better.tablet. =igger is not necessarily better.

!or home users and hobbyists, the most common sies are &: by ":!or home users and hobbyists, the most common sies are &: by ":and B: by ):.and B: by ):.

CA3 users, artists, and technical illustrators may desire a largerCA3 users, artists, and technical illustrators may desire a largersurface area, but the price escalates as the sie increases.surface area, but the price escalates as the sie increases./emember, the larger your tablet surface is, the more you will need to/emember, the larger your tablet surface is, the more you will need to

move your arms.move your arms.

9any people prefer a smaller tablet to minimie arm motion. (owever,9any people prefer a smaller tablet to minimie arm motion. (owever,this may feel unnatural to an artist who is used to drawing or paintingthis may feel unnatural to an artist who is used to drawing or paintingwith large sweeping motions.with large sweeping motions.

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Another important thing to know about tablet sie isAnother important thing to know about tablet sie isthat the dimensions given almost always refer to thethat the dimensions given almost always refer to theinput surface area of the tablet.input surface area of the tablet.

he actual footprint of the tablet can be as much as &he actual footprint of the tablet can be as much as &to " inches larger than the input area.to " inches larger than the input area.

Eeep this in mind as you shop, or you may beEeep this in mind as you shop, or you may besurprised that your tablet takes up much moresurprised that your tablet takes up much moredesktop space than you may have considered. 9y B:desktop space than you may have considered. 9y B:

by ): Wacom Intuos tablet, for instance, has aby ): Wacom Intuos tablet, for instance, has afootprint of $: by $.":.footprint of $: by $.":.

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7ntil recently, the popular sies of graphics tablets have7ntil recently, the popular sies of graphics tablets havebeen &x", Bx), and %x$< which matches up neatly to thebeen &x", Bx), and %x$< which matches up neatly to the

&? aspect ratio of traditional computer monitors. =ut&? aspect ratio of traditional computer monitors. =utstarting in the mid*


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(nterface:(nterface:he interface is how your tablet connects to your computer.he interface is how your tablet connects to your computer.

9ost tablets these days have a 7#= interface which is ideal9ost tablets these days have a 7#= interface which is idealsince most computers in use today support 7#=.since most computers in use today support 7#=.

7#= devices are hot swapable so you'll be ale to move the7#= devices are hot swapable so you'll be ale to move thetablet more easily for use on multiple computers or @ust to get ittablet more easily for use on multiple computers or @ust to get itoff the desk when you need to.off the desk when you need to.

If you have a very old computer that does not support 7#=,If you have a very old computer that does not support 7#=,you'll need to choose a tablet with a serial interface. If youyou'll need to choose a tablet with a serial interface. If you

need a serial interface, be sure your computer has anneed a serial interface, be sure your computer has anavailable serial port that does not conflict with another device.available serial port that does not conflict with another device.

If you have both a serial mouse and a serial modem 1rareIf you have both a serial mouse and a serial modem 1rarethese days2, proceed with caution, because you could face athese days2, proceed with caution, because you could face a

conflict if you add a serial tablet.conflict if you add a serial tablet.

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A tablet with a 7#= interface gets its power from yourA tablet with a 7#= interface gets its power from your

computer, but a serial tablet re;uires a separatecomputer, but a serial tablet re;uires a separatepower connection, so you'll want to make sure youpower connection, so you'll want to make sure youhave an available outlet that can accommodate ahave an available outlet that can accommodate amedium*sied transformer.medium*sied transformer.

%luetoot"%luetoot"is another option for connecting a graphicsis another option for connecting a graphicstablet to your computer without the use of wires.tablet to your computer without the use of wires.=luetooth is a wireless protocol fre;uently used for=luetooth is a wireless protocol fre;uently used forconnecting electronics devices.connecting electronics devices.

Currently, Wacom is the only manufacturer I know ofCurrently, Wacom is the only manufacturer I know ofproducing a =luetooth*capable tablet, theproducing a =luetooth*capable tablet, the 2rap"ire2rap"ire%luetoot"%luetoot", which can connect to your computer, which can connect to your computerwithout wires.without wires.

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1en'*tylus and /ccessories1en'*tylus and /ccessories

ablet should come with a pen that feels comfortable andablet should come with a pen that feels comfortable andnatural in your hand.natural in your hand.

!ind out if the stylus re;uires a battery. A battery will not!ind out if the stylus re;uires a battery. A battery will not

only re;uire occasional replacement, but it will make theonly re;uire occasional replacement, but it will make thepen heavier, too.pen heavier, too.

0our pen may be tethered or free. If the pen is untethered0our pen may be tethered or free. If the pen is untetheredyou'll have to be more careful about losing or misplacing it.you'll have to be more careful about losing or misplacing it.

If the pen is tethered, make sure you can choose whichIf the pen is tethered, make sure you can choose whichside of the tablet to attach the pen.side of the tablet to attach the pen.

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9any pens will also have a switch or buttons built onto9any pens will also have a switch or buttons built onto

the pen, and some pens have an erasing end. his isthe pen, and some pens have an erasing end. his isan excellent feature because the buttons can bean excellent feature because the buttons can beprogrammed for specific functions such as a right*clickprogrammed for specific functions such as a right*clickor double*click, and the erasing tip can perform aor double*click, and the erasing tip can perform adelete function in one swipe, or automatically activatedelete function in one swipe, or automatically activatethe eraser tool in your graphics software.the eraser tool in your graphics software.

#ome tablet manufacturers offer additional pens and#ome tablet manufacturers offer additional pens andother pointing tools that you can programother pointing tools that you can programindependently. When using these optionalindependently. When using these optionalaccessories, your tablet should recognie it as a newaccessories, your tablet should recognie it as a newtool and use the customied preferences you havetool and use the customied preferences you havespecified for that specific tool.specified for that specific tool.

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1ressure+sensiti!ity1ressure+sensiti!ity

6ressure level refers to the sensitivity to pressure on the6ressure level refers to the sensitivity to pressure on thesurface of the tablet.surface of the tablet.

9ost tablets have either


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Working principles of joysticksWorking principles of joysticks


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(ntroduction of joystick(ntroduction of joystick

AAjoystickjoystickis an input device consisting of a stick thatis an input device consisting of a stick thatpivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to thepivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to thedevice it is controlling.device it is controlling.

Foysticks are often used to control video games, andFoysticks are often used to control video games, and

usually have one or more push*buttons whose state canusually have one or more push*buttons whose state canalso be read by the computer. A popular variation of thealso be read by the computer. A popular variation of the

@oystick used on modern@oystick used on modern !ideo game consoles!ideo game consolesis theis theanalog stickanalog stick..

he @oystick has been the principal flight control in thehe @oystick has been the principal flight control in thecockpitcockpitof many aircraft, particularly military fast @ets,of many aircraft, particularly military fast @ets,wherewhere center stickcenter stickoror side+stickside+stick location may belocation may beemployed.employed.

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Foysticks are also used for controlling machines such asFoysticks are also used for controlling machines such as

cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles,cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles,

wheelchairs, surveillance cameras and ero turningwheelchairs, surveillance cameras and ero turningradius lawn mowers. 9iniature finger*operated @oysticksradius lawn mowers. 9iniature finger*operated @oysticks

have been adopted as input devices for smallerhave been adopted as input devices for smaller

electronic e;uipment such aselectronic e;uipment such as mobile p"onesmobile p"ones..

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@oystick elements?

$. #tick


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How 3oysticks WorkHow 3oysticks Work

Foysticks pull off a really neat trick. hey take somethingFoysticks pull off a really neat trick. hey take something

entirely physical ** the movement of your hand ** and translateentirely physical ** the movement of your hand ** and translateit into something entirely mathematical ** a string of ones andit into something entirely mathematical ** a string of ones anderos 1the language of computers2.eros 1the language of computers2.

With a good @oystick, the translation is so flawless that youWith a good @oystick, the translation is so flawless that youcompletely forget about it. When we are really engaged in acompletely forget about it. When we are really engaged in agame, you feel like you're interacting with the virtual worldgame, you feel like you're interacting with the virtual worlddirectly.directly.

We'll find out how several common @oystick designs handleWe'll find out how several common @oystick designs handlethis translation. As we'll see, the technology has evolved athis translation. As we'll see, the technology has evolved agreat deal from the first game console designs to thegreat deal from the first game console designs to thesophisticated :force feedback: models available today.sophisticated :force feedback: models available today.


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ec"nical detailsec"nical details 9ost @oysticks are two*dimensional, having two axes of9ost @oysticks are two*dimensional, having two axes of

movement 1similar to a mouse2, but one and three*dimensionalmovement 1similar to a mouse2, but one and three*dimensional@oysticks do exist.@oysticks do exist.

A @oystick is generally configured so that moving the stick left orA @oystick is generally configured so that moving the stick left orright signals movement along the > axis, and moving it forwardright signals movement along the > axis, and moving it forward

1up2 or back 1down2 signals movement along the 0 axis.1up2 or back 1down2 signals movement along the 0 axis.

In @oysticks that are configured for three*dimensional movement,In @oysticks that are configured for three*dimensional movement,twisting the stick left 1counter*clockwise2 or right 1clockwise2twisting the stick left 1counter*clockwise2 or right 1clockwise2signals movement along the axis. hese three axes * > 0 andsignals movement along the axis. hese three axes * > 0 and

* are, in relation to an aircraft, roll, pitch, and yaw. * are, in relation to an aircraft, roll, pitch, and yaw.

AnAn analog joystickanalog joystickis a @oystick which has continuous states, i.e.is a @oystick which has continuous states, i.e.returns an angle measure of the movement in any direction inreturns an angle measure of the movement in any direction inthe plane or the space 1usually usingthe plane or the space 1usually using

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potentiometerspotentiometers2 and a2 and a digital joystickdigital joystickgives only on8off signalsgives only on8off signals

for four different directions, and mechanically possiblefor four different directions, and mechanically possiblecombinations 1such as up*right, down*left, etc.2.combinations 1such as up*right, down*left, etc.2.

13igital @oysticks were very common as13igital @oysticks were very common as game controllersgame controllersforforthethe !ideo game consoles!ideo game consoles,, arcade mac"inesarcade mac"ines, and, and "ome"ome

computerscomputersof the $%)s.2of the $%)s.2

Additionally @oysticks often have one or moreAdditionally @oysticks often have one or more fire buttonsfire buttons, used, usedto trigger some kind of action. hese are simple on8offto trigger some kind of action. hese are simple on8offswitches.switches.

#ome @oysticks have#ome @oysticks have "aptic feedback"aptic feedbackcapability. hese arecapability. hese arethus active devices, not @ust input devices. he computer canthus active devices, not @ust input devices. he computer canreturn a signal to the @oystick that causes it to resist thereturn a signal to the @oystick that causes it to resist themovement with a returning force or make the @oystick vibrate.movement with a returning force or make the @oystick vibrate.

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9ost I85 interface cards for9ost I85 interface cards for 1Cs1Cshave ahave ajoystick 4gamejoystick 4game

control0 portcontrol0 port. 9odern @oysticks mostly use a. 9odern @oysticks mostly use a 5*%5*%interface for connection to the 6C.interface for connection to the 6C.

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$%)s one*button game @oystick


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(ndustrial applications(ndustrial applications In recent times, the employment of @oysticks has becomeIn recent times, the employment of @oysticks has become

commonplace in many industrial and manufacturingcommonplace in many industrial and manufacturing

applications, such asJ cranes, assembly lines, forestryapplications, such asJ cranes, assembly lines, forestrye;uipment, mining trucks, and excavators.e;uipment, mining trucks, and excavators.

In fact, the use of such @oysticks is in such high demand, thatIn fact, the use of such @oysticks is in such high demand, that

it has virtually replaced the traditional mechanical controlit has virtually replaced the traditional mechanical controllever in nearly all modern hydraulic control systems.lever in nearly all modern hydraulic control systems.

3ue to the highly hands*on, rough nature of such3ue to the highly hands*on, rough nature of suchapplications, the industrial @oystick tends to be more robustapplications, the industrial @oystick tends to be more robust

than the typical video*game controller, and able to functionthan the typical video*game controller, and able to functionover a high cycle life. his led to the development andover a high cycle life. his led to the development andemployment ofemployment of Hall 6ffectHall 6ffectsensing to such applications in thesensing to such applications in the$%)s as a means of contactless sensing.$%)s as a means of contactless sensing.

#everal companies produce @oysticks for industrial#everal companies produce @oysticks for industrial

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he global manufacturer that serves the largest 59's likehe global manufacturer that serves the largest 59's likeCaterpillar, Fohn 3eere, ADC5, C+(, F4D, D+I and others isCaterpillar, Fohn 3eere, ADC5, C+(, F4D, D+I and others is$eltaec" Controls$eltaec" Controlsandand 1enny and 2iles Controls1enny and 2iles Controls..

6enny and Diles Controls also designs and manufactures @oysticks6enny and Diles Controls also designs and manufactures @oysticksfor #auer 3an!oss. Apemfor #auer 3an!oss. Apem /pem/pemis another such manufacturer foris another such manufacturer forthe global market, with probably the widest range of industrialthe global market, with probably the widest range of industrial

@oysticks in the market place today, incorporating such brands are@oysticks in the market place today, incorporating such brands areC( 6roductsC( 6roducts 789789, 5liver Control #ystems, 5liver Control #ystems 7979and Apem ownand Apem own 7;97;9..

In +orth America there are & small regional manufactures that alsoIn +orth America there are & small regional manufactures that alsoservice the industryJservice the industryJ &6. Controls&6. Controls,, &tto 6ngineering&tto 6ngineering,, 1


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made industrial grade @oysticks.made industrial grade @oysticks.

In the 7EIn the 7E 1rinted .otor Works1rinted .otor Workshave recently takenhave recently takenover the production of the !lightlink Controls8694over the production of the !lightlink Controls8694!lightlink ranges of industrial!lightlink ranges of industrial

he larger manufactures of @oysticks are able tohe larger manufactures of @oysticks are able tocustomie @oystick handles and grips specific to thecustomie @oystick handles and grips specific to the59 needs while small regional manufacture59 needs while small regional manufactureconcentrate on selling standard products at higherconcentrate on selling standard products at higherprices to smaller 59's.prices to smaller 59's.

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Working Principles