Working to engineer - UK Construction Week · Past Chair, IET Built Environment Sector ... History of BS 7671 – The Wiring Regulations ... Regulation 17:

Working to

engineer a better world

Cameron Steel CEng

FIET MCIBSE FIHEEM MInstRE

Director, BK Design Associates UK Ltd

Past Chair, IET Built Environment Sector

Technical Author – IET

Guide

to

Electrical

Maintenance

(Sep 2015)

Designer’s Guide

to

Energy Efficient

Electrical Installations

(Sep 2016)

The Design of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Installations

Code of Practice

for

Energy

Management

(Spring 2017)

2

Agenda

History of BS 7671 – The Wiring Regulations

Standardisation, IEC 60364 and the link to the BS 7671

Energy Efficiency and IEC 60364-8-1

Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient Electrical Installations


3

History of BS 7671 The Wiring Regulations


4

The history of BS 7671

The Wiring Regulations were first issued in 1882 by the Society of Telegraph Engineers

and of Electricians, consisting of four pages and 21 Regulations:


5

Isolation –

Regulation 7:

Mechanical protection and labelling –

Regulation 17:

The First Edition of The Regulations had requirements for:

Periodic Inspection and Testing:


6

In 1991, the Sixteenth Edition of

the IEE Wiring Regulations

was issued.

In 1992, the Sixteenth

Edition became a British

Standard

BS 7671:1992.

The final issue of

the Sixteenth Edition

was

BS 7671:2001(2004).

16th Edition


7

17th Edition In 2008 the Seventeenth Edition,

BS 7671:2008 was published.

Consisting of 389 pages and

1108 Regulations

BRITISH STANDARD BS 7671:2008

Requirements for Electrical Installations

IEE Wiring Regulations

Seventeenth Edition

British Standards

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology and BSI

NO COPYING IN ANY FORM WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION

In 2011 the First Amendment to

BS 7671:2008 is published.

Revised BS 7671 consisting of 463

pages and 1274 Regulations


8

BS 7671:2008+A3:2015

New Installations from

1st July 2015


17th Edition

Revised edition

now consists of

494 pages

& 1274

(even more)

Regulations

Design hierarchy

9

History of BS7671 – The Wiring Regulations

10

Isolation – Regulation 7: Periodic Inspection and Testing:

Standardisation IEC 60364 and the link to BS 7671


11

The UK National Committee responsible for BS 7671 is JPEL/64

Joint IET/BSI Committee Power Electrical

64 - IEC designation for Committees dealing with LV electrical installations

As of June 2011 this is a joint BSI/IET committee & the constitution of JPEL/64 is shown

on page 8 of the Regulations.

IEC 60364 and the link to BS 7671

Treaty of Rome

UK obliged to incorporate the

technical intent of Standards

developed at the European

CENELEC level,

i.e. HD – Harmonized

Documents.

BS 7671 is largely based on

the requirements of the

CENELEC HD 60364 series

of standards.

HD 60364 is available as a

series of standards.

www.cenelec.org

12


IEC 60364-8-1

Low-voltage electrical installations –

Part 8-1: Energy efficiency

Key topics include:

Barycentres

Distribution efficiency

Load characteristics

Controls

Energy measurement

Load inertia

User requirements

Energy management

Maintenance 13


Design hierarchy

Design hierarchy - updated

Safety

Capacity

Efficiency

Resilience

14



15


Fundamental Principles

1. an energy efficient installation must not compromise “the safety of

persons, property, and livestock…”

2. reducing electrical energy consumption should not influence or reduce

the overall maximum demand or capacity of the services required

3. any automatic controls should also be provided with a manual override –

users must understand control overrides result in higher energy use

16


17


Benefits of an energy efficient electrical installation

• less impact on the environment

• reduce energy losses / lower energy costs

• use energy when required / off-peak tariff

• less reactive maintenance / less heat loss

• optimise electrical system life cycle performance

18


Sectors of activity

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Infrastructure

EE legislative initiatives often focus on new buildings

IEC 60364-8-1 replacement of

building stock at rate of 2-5% pa

should apply to existing & new building stock

“it is in the refurbishment of existing buildings

that significant overall improvements

in energy efficiency can be achieved.”

location of the electrical intake

electrical distribution wiring system

controls to avoid wasteful use of loads

provision of energy measurement

load isolations that do not affect safety, function or comfort

energy management of electrical systems

the impact of maintenance 19


Energy Efficiency Metrics of IEC 60364-8-1:2014

• stipulate energy efficiency measures

13 categories – ratings from EM0 to EM4.

• influence energy efficiency performance levels

3 categories – ratings from EEPL0 to EEPL4.

• summarise category outcomes as electrical installation efficiency classes

ratings from EIEC0 to EIEC4

A continuous system of

plan by efficiency measures

do through efficiency performance levels

check using installation efficiency classes

act towards further improvements in overall electrical efficiency

20


Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient


21


www.theiet.org/ee-guide-pe

ISBN 978-1-78561-181-0

http://electrical.theiet.org/wiring-matters/

1. Energy Efficiency in


2. Energy efficiency of

low voltage electrical

installations

22

http://www.theiet.org/ee-guide-pe









Section 1 Introduction – scope, standards and legislation

Section 2 Designing an energy efficient electrical installation

Section 3 Electrical infrastructure, metrics and load characteristics

Section 4 Operation and maintenance

Appendix A Barycentre Worked Example

Appendix B Summary Checklists

Appendix C Reference standards

23


Energy In

Energy Efficient Distribution

Energy Efficient Installation

Energy Output

Control Inputs

Control Philosophy

Feedback Philosophy

Control Outputs

24


The designer should work with the client and the end user to identify

• where appliances will be used zones

• what type of appliances will be operated usage

• what controls will be in place for similar equipment meshes

Zones

definition is flexible and could describe

• whole floor of a building

• smaller area within a floor e.g. near windows

• room within a dwelling

• specific areas – hotel kitchen or industrial workshop

25


Usages

design team & client stakeholders should identify

• what electrical loads there will be,

• where they will be located

• their hours of operation

Meshes

circuit or group of circuits with associated

equipment – efficient energy management

A mesh can belong to more than one zone and

can also apply to one or more usages within

those zones.

• hot water production;

• HVAC

• lighting

• motors

• appliances

example - lighting

common control philosophy

local daylighting &

presence detection

across multiple zones

example – hotel room

multiple usages

couple of zones

26


load characteristics how to optimise and maintain performance

motors; lighting; HVAC

metrics what to measure and why

load profile; power quality analysis:

pf, kW, kVA, kVAr, V, harmonics

13 design categories

electrical infrastructure the backbone of the electrical installation

substation; transformer losses; wiring systems;

power factor correction; renewable energy

27


transformers how to optimise the transformer efficiency

minimum performance requirements for the installed

transformer to reduce losses

reactive power reduction of reactive power

minimum levels of acceptable power factor

3 performance categories

consumption distribution of annual consumption

how much of the energy used can be attributed to

particular usages – lights, small power etc

28


Operation and maintenance

Energy Efficiency

Good design

Correct Commissioning

Performance monitored

Performance optimised

Maintenance regime

Demonstrate compliance;

improve reliability; maintain efficiency

Importance of system design

Easy to install; easy to maintain

Relevance of satisfactory design

Design for the whole life cycle 29


Barycentre calculations

𝑥𝑏, 𝑦𝑏 = 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 . 𝐸𝐴𝐶𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑖=1

𝐸𝐴𝐶𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑖=1

2D standard layouts

𝑥𝑏, 𝑦𝑏 , 𝑧𝑏 = 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑧𝑖 . 𝐸𝐴𝐶𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑖=1

𝐸𝐴𝐶𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑖=1

3D analysis of a larger building

30


Barycentre calculations

depending on what units are

used

kWh or kW

different results will be obtained

2D worked example within Appendix A

Common methodology

• find the loads centres

• provide coordinates – x & y or x, y & z

• note values of kWh or kW

• use consistent units

37m, 17m

or

22m, 22m

31

Book readership

Used by all those with responsibility for

design of electrical installations

This would include

• design engineers

• consultants and contractors

• operations engineers and technicians.


32

Topics of interest with forthcoming IET publications include:

IET Thought Leadership

33

1. Guide to Metering Systems: Specification, Installation and Use

2. Code of Practice for Electrical Energy Storage Systems

3. Code of Practice for Energy Management

http://www.theiet.org/resources/standards/

1. Code of Practice for Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems

2. CoP for Low and Extra LV DC Power Distribution in Buildings

3. Code of Practice for the Application of LED Lighting Systems

4. Guide to Electrical Maintenance

Topics of interest with existing IET publications include:

http://www.theiet.org/resources/standards/

Thank you for your time

Any questions?

Cameron Steel

[email protected]

IET Standards

Stevenage

Tel: +44 (0)1438 767684

Email: [email protected]

www.theiet.org/ee-guide-pe

ISBN 978-1-78561-181-0 34

mailto:[email protected]




