International politics

The Foreign Service

An ambassadorA diplomat sent to a foreign country to represent his own country either for a special occasion or for a longer period.Ambassadeur

The British ambassador to GreeceDe Britse ambassadeur van Griekenland

Embassy The official building where an ambassador and his staff work.Ambassade

A missionA group of people sent abroad to carry out an official task, e.g trade mission to China.Afvaardiging, legatie

An envoyA special messenger from one government to another.Afgezant, diplomatiek vertegenswoordiger

An emissary An envoy, carrying a secret or special message.Een afgezant met een special boodschap

Talks, Treaties, Tensions

tensionsWhen the relations between two countries are difficult and unfriendly because there is suspicion and distrust.Spanningen ( tussen landen)

Talks/ conferenceThese words are used to refer to formal occasions of serious talking between politicians. They can, for example, hold peace talks in order to stop a war.Discussie, bespreking/ conferentie, congres

A summitA summit is a meeting between the heads or two or more governments, esp. of the worlds most powerful countries.Een top(conferentie)

A treaty/ a pact / an accordIf talks succeed, they will be concluded with the signing of a treaty, a pact or an accord, a formal agreement between two or more countries to do something or to help each other. Een verdrag

A signatory (to sth)The signatories to a treaty are the countries or the persons who signed it .Ondertekenaar

Sanction (against)If a country does not obey international law, other countries often take measures to force it to do so: they will apply sanctions against it.Strafmaatregel

To apply sanctions against itEen land straffen

An embargo (on sth)If one country puts an embargo on trade with another country, it officialy forbids or restrict trade (until the embargo is lifted)Een uitvoerverbod

War :the people

The armed forces=the militaryA countrys armed forces or military consists of its army, navy and airforce.Het leger

Troops The word troops is used to refer to soldiers, esp. when they are in a large controlled group and on a particular mission. Troepen, strijdmachten

The barracks The buildings where the soldiers live in.Kazerne

1)To conscript sb (into sth)To call sb upTo draft sb (into sth)(A) 2)To enlist (in/for sth), sb (in/for sth), sb (as sth)

When someone is called up, drafted, enlisted or conscripted, he is ordered to join the armed forces. If sh enlists he might also be joining the forces of his own free will. He might be a volunteer.1)Oproepen voor militaire dienst2)vrijwillig in dienst gaan

1)Conscription/ conscript2)A call-up3)The draft (A) / a draftee Ordered to join the armed forces1)Dienstplicht/ een dienstplichtige2)Dienstplicht3)Dienstplicht / een dienstplichtige

To volunteerJoing the forces ones own willZich als vrijwilliger aanmelden

A volunteerA person who does something on his own free willEen vrijwilliger in het leger

A mercenaryA soldier that is hired to fight in a foreign army. Een huurling

A recruit (to sth/ from sth)A person who has just joined the army forces (or the police) and is not yet trained. Een rekruut/ een nieuw lid

To recruit (from sth); sb(to sth); sb as sthTo get people to join the armed forcesRekruteren, aanwerven

A veteranA soldier with much or long experience or simply any ex-serviceman.Veteran, oudgediende, oud-soldaat

A casualty = a lossA person who is killed or injured in the war.Een gesneuvelde

A civilianA person who is not a member of the armed forces.Een burger, niet-miliair

A militia A force of civilians who are trained as soldiers and reinforce the regular army.Een burgerleger

War: attack

An intervention (in sth)It there is an intervention by one country in the affairs of another, it tries to prevent sth happening, for instance by sending troops there.Een interventie, tussenkomst

To intervene (in sth/ between A and B)Tussenbeide komen

A blockadeA blockade is the surrounding or closing off a place, esp. a port to prevent people or goods from getting in or out.Een afsluiting/ versperring

To wage sth (against/ on sth)If a country wages a war against another, it begins a war against that country.Oorlog voeren tegen

Espionage When you send your spies to enemy countries to obtain secret information about the military affairs of these countries.Spionage

To engage in espionageTo send spies to enemy countries to obtain secret information about the military affairs of these countriesAan spionage doen

Action, combat, hostilities Hostilities break outReference to the actual fighting between two armies. De strijd

To combat (against/with sb); sbActual fightingStrijden tegen/met

Killed in actionBeing killed while the soldiers fightGedood in de strijd

To assault sbIf an army makes an assault on its enemy, it attacks suddenly and violently.bestormen

An assault on sthan sudden and violent attackEen bestorming

To ambush sb/sthAn ambush is a surprise attack from a hidden position. Troops are caught in an ambush. Is soldiers are lying in an ambush, they are hiding and waiting for the enemy in order to attack them when they arrive.In een hinderlaag liggen

An ambushSurprise attack from a hidden positionEen hinderlaag, een valstrik

To raid (sth)A raid is a sudden surprise attack followed by quick withdrawal. A raid is launched in order to cause damage rather than occupy the enemys land.leegroven

a raid (on sth)Sudden surprise attacked followed by a quick withdrawalVerassingsoverval, rooftocht

To besiege (sb/sth)When a place is besieged, it is surrounded with armed forces in order to make it surrender.Belgeren, bestormen

A siegeBelegering, blockade

(troops) Advance Going forward Voorbewegen van troepen

To bombard sb/sth (with sth) = to shell sb/sthTo be attacked with continous heavy gunfire of bombsBombarderen, onder vuur nemen.

To annihilate To destroy something completelyVernietiging

annihilateIf bombs of other weapons annihilate a place or a group of people, they destroy it completely.Vernietigen, tenietdoen

To take sth; sb prisoner, hostage etc. To capture sb/sthTo seize sb/sthTroops using force to gain possession of a place are said to take, capture or seize. And they seize power.Bemachtigen, veroveren, gevangen houden

A captureHet gevangennemen

A captive Een gevangene

To invade (with sth), sth (with sth)A country invades another when it enters it by force with an army.Binnenvallen, binnendringen

An invasion Invasie

An invaderbinnendringer

To conquerWhen it takes possession of that country.Veroveren, innemen, bemachtigen

To occupy sth = to annex sthIt will then establish troops there to take control of the territory: it is then said to occupy or annex it.In beslag nemen, zich toe-eigenen, bezetten

An occupation = an annexationbezetting

To collaborate (with sb) If sb collaborates with the enemy, he helps the enemy occupying his country. By helping the enemy he betrays his own country: he commits treason.Collaboreren, samenwerken met de vijand

A collaboratorSomeone who helps the enemy to occupy the countryEen collaborateur

treasonBetraying your countryHoogverraad, landverraad

War: resistance

To resist (sth)An army fighting back is said to resist the attackWeerstand bieden aan

A resistance (to sth/sb)A fighting backDe weerstand, verzet

To reinforce sthThey will reinforce their troops , i.e. make them stronger by providing them with more weapons and more soldiers. (moving in reinforcements) versterken

Reinforcements More weapons and soldiersversterkingen

To drive sth/sb offIf they are strong enough, they will be able to chase or drive off the enemy forces and win a victory over the enemy, they defeat the enemy forces, which will have to leave: the enemy will have to withdraw or retreat.Verdrijven, verdringen van vijand

Victorious (in sth) (over sb/sth)To win a battle, to defeat the other countryzegevierend

A victoryEen overwinning

To defeatVerslaan

A defeat Een nederlaag

To triumph (over sb/ sth)If the victory was an outstanding achievement which results in a feeling of great satisfaction and pride we speak of triumphzegevieren

A triumphVictory was an outstanding achievementTriomf, overwinning, groot succes

To withdraw sb/sth (from sth)To have to leaveTerugtrekken

A withdrawalEen terugtrekking

To retreat (from/ to sb)To have to leaveTerugtrekken

A retreatEen terugtrekkig of terugtocht

To advance (on/ towards sth)To go further in hostile countryvoortbewegen

The troops advance on the enemyDe troepen naderen de vijand

An advanceEen voortbeweging

War: surrender

To give in/upIf, however, the army gives in or gives up, they stop fighting back and they allow themselves to be defeated.Zich gewonnen geven

To yield (to sb/sth); sb/sth (up) (to sb)Overgeven

To surrender (to sb); oneself, sth (to sb)Overgeven

Surrender Een overgave

To liberate sb/sth (from sb/sth)An occupied country is liberated by allied troops when it is made free from being under the political or military control of the occupying forces. Bevrijden

A liberationEen bevrijding, vrijlating

An allyThis is normally done by and ally, a country that has a treaty to help and support it during the war.bondgenoot

An alliance bondgenootschap

To ally oneself with sbEen bondgenootschap aangaan/ sluiten met

A truce= a ceasefire = an armisticeTruce, ceasefire, armistice are words to refer to an agreement between enemies to stop fighting for a certain time. (tijdelijke) wapenstilstand

To disarm; sbWhen soldiers have their weapons taken away from them, they are said to be disarmed.Ontwapenen

Disarmament De ontwapening

To (re)arm oneself/ sb (with sth)Bewapenen

armamentBewapening

Terrorism

The terrorist threat = the threat of terrorismDreiging van terrorisme

An extremistExtremist

Extremist violenceExtremistisch geweld

To hijack sthKapen

A hijackerEen kaping

To take sb hostageIemand gijzelen

Demands Eisen

Ransom Losgeld

Exchange Ruilen

To kidnap sbKidnappen

A kidnapping Een kidnapping

A kidnapperEen kidnapper

Captivity (krijgs)gevangenschap

A captive Een (krijgs)gevangene

A captorIemand die iemand gevangen neemt

To release sb (from sth)Iemand vrijlaten

Release Een vrijlating

Explosives Explosieven

A bomb scare Een bommelding

An outrage Misdaad

Civil war

To oppress sbWhen part of the population feels oppressed by the government classes, and there are no political solutions, this may lead to civil war.Onderdrukken

OppressionOnderdrukking

OppressedOnderdrukt

An oppressor Tiran, onderdrukker

Civil warBurgeroorlog

Uprising = insurrection = inurgency (fml)Opstand

Insurgents = freedom fighters

Gue(r)rillaGuerrilla strijder

Conducting a guerrilla

Perpetrating terrorist actsTerroristische handelingen plegen/ began

Speaking

The sound of human speech

To utter something e.g. Sam opened his mouth, then quickly shut it again without uttering a sound.Uitspreken, zeggen

To babble (on) (about sth)e.g. Madeline is still too Young to talk and just babbles to herself.Babbelen

Babble Gebabbel, geklets

To whisper (about sth/sb); sth, that, to- (to sb)e.g. follow me, Claude whispered, and keep quiet.fluisteren

A whisperGefluisterd

To mumble (about sth); sth, thate.g.He mumbled the name of the person who had shot him, but she didnt catch it.Mompelen

A mumble Gemompel

To mutter (about/against/atsb/sth); sth; that (about sth)e.g. She has been muttering about cuts in the postal service ever since I can remember.Mopperen

A mutterGemopper

To speak upe.g. Speak up, please; I cant hear you.I cannot hear you unless you speak up a bit.Luider spreken

To exclaim (at sth); thate.g. They exclaimed in horror at the price.He exclaimed that it was untrue.Uitroepen, schreeuwen

An exclamationEen uitroep, schreeuw

To cry (out) (for sth); sth =to yell (out) (at sb/sth, in/with sth); sth (at sb/sth)e.g. The trapped woman cried out for help.Stop yelling at your sister!, shouted my father.Gillen, schreeuwen

A cry = a yellEen gil, een schreeuw

To scream (out) (at sb, with sth); sth, that (at sb); os adje.g. She screamed when I applied iodine to the cut.The baby was screaming himself red in the face.Gillen, schreeuwen

A screamGil, schreeuw

To shriek (out) (in/with sth); sth (out)e.g. She shrieked out in fright when she discovered a Bengal tiger in the oven.Een kreet slaken

A shriekSchrille kreet

To screech (out) (at sb); sth (at sb, out)e.g. The forest seemed full of monkeys screeches.The child screeched insults at us.Krijsen, gieren

A screech Een gier

To squeal (with sth)e.g. He heard the squealing tyres.The children were squealing with delight.Krijsen, piepen

squeal

To bellow (at sb); sth, that (at sb)e.g. Father was bellowing that he couldnt find his pipe.The public-address system bellowed out my name.Brullen, loeien

A bellowBrullen, loeien

Contacting and consulting

To contact sb= to communicate (with sb)To telephone or write tosb in order to ask them about sth.Communiceren, contact hebben

Contact (with sb/sth) = communicationContact, communicatie

To address sb (fml)= to speak (to sb) (on/about sth)Adresseren, toespreken

An address fml A = a speechAanspreking

To consult sb/sth (about sth); with sbTo go to a person for information or adviceraadplegen

Consultationraadpleging

Giving information

To inform sb (of / about sth), sb that fml=To let sb know sth infml=to advise sb (of sth); sb that fml esp commerce= to communicate sth (to sb/Sth)To give notice toInformeren

communicativeInformerend

To notify sb (of sth, that)To inform sb officially about sth(officieel) op de hoogte stellen

To brief sb (on sth, to-)To tell sb the necessary information before they do or deal with sthVluchtig beknopt instructies geven.

A briefBeknopte instructies

A briefingLaatste instructies

To intimate sth, that, wh- (to sb) fmlTo make sth known in an indirect way.Suggereren, laten doorschemeren

An intimation (of sth/ that..)Suggestie, hint

To confide sth, that to sbTo tell sb as a secretToevertrouwen, in vertrouwen mededelen

Confidential Vertrouwelijk

To relate sth, wh- ( to sb) fml= To recount sth, wh- (to sb) fml= To narrate sthTo tell a story, incidentsVertellen, verhalen, beschrijven

Explaining and describing

To account (to sb) for sthTo explain or give a reason forVerklaren

An account Een verklaring

To put / get sth across (to sb)= to make sth clear/plain (to sb)= to clarify sthTo cause to be understoodVerhelderen, duidelijk maken

To make oneself clear/plainTo explain sth in a way that is easy to understand so that there can be no doubt about what you mean.Jezelf duidelijk maken

To sum sth up = To summarize sthTo express all the important aspects of sth as briefly as possible.samenvatten

Mentioning

To mention sth, that,wh-,-ing;sth;that;wh- (to sb); sb as sth= To raise sth=To bring sth upTo tell sb about sth in a few words. Vermelden

A mentionEen vermelding

To refer to sb/sth= To allude to sb/sthTo mention briefly (refer) or indirectly (allude)Verwijzen naar

An allusionEen verwijzing

To quote (from sb/sth); sth (from sth)= To cite sthTo repeat another persons supposedly powerful wordsAanhalen

A quotation=a quoteA citation Een citaat, een aanhaling

Stating things

To state sth, that, wh- often fmlVerklaren

A statementEen verklaring

To assert sthBeweren

AssertionEen bewering

Assertive (adj)Zelfverzekerd, assertief

To affirm sth that (to sb)Bevestigen, beamen

An affirmation Een bevestifing

To claim sth, that, to-Beweren

A claim Een bewering

To pronounce sth; that; sb sth/toVerklaren, verkondigen, een uitspraak doen

A pronouncementVerklaring

To speak out (against sth)Zicht uitspreken (voor/tegen)

To allege that; sb adj, to- fmlBeschuldigen

An allegionEen (onbewezen) beschuldiging

To declare sth, that, wh-, sb/sth, sth/adj/to-=To announce sth, that, wh- (to sb)Aankondigen, bekendmaken

A declaration Een aankondiging, een bekendmaking

An announcement Een aankondiging, een bekendmaking

Overstating vs understating

To exaggerate sth=To pile it on infmlOverdrijven

An exaggerationEen overdrijving

To overstate sthOverschatten

An overstatementEen overschatting

To understate sthOndershatten

An understatementEen onderschatting

Discussing things

To converse (with sb) (about sth); together (often fml)= To chat (away); (to/with sb) (about sth) infmlTo talk informallyBabbelen, kletsen

A converstation (with sb) (about sth)A chatEen babbel

Conversational = chattyPraatgraag

To chatter (away/on) (about sth)To talk rapidly and at length, usu about sth unimportant.Kwebbelen

To babble (away/on) (about sth)To talk foolishly or in a way that is hard to understand.Brabbelen

babbleGebrabbel

To confer (with sb) (about/on sth) fmlTo discuss things exchanging ideas and getting advice in order to make a decision.Confereren, beraadslagen

A conferenceConferentie, congres

To debate (about sth), sth; wh -; -ingTo argue about sth, usu in an effort to persuade other people.Debatteren, discussiren over

A debatedebat

To negotiate (with sb) (about sth); sthTo discuss in order to reach an agreement.Onderhandelen

A negotiation Een onderhandeling

To argue (with sb) (about / over sth); sth=To dispute (with sb); sth; that; wh-Express an opposite opinion in a discussion, sometimes angrily.Woordenwisselen

An argument = a disputeDiscussie, gedachtenwissel, onenigheid

To have it out (with sb) infmlTo discuss sth fully and openlyHevig discussiren

Talkative= chatty=loquaciousTending to talk a lotPraatgraag, praatziek

EloquentTalking well, so as to persuade, interest, etc.Welsprekend

Eloquence Welbespraaktheid, welsprekendheid

Interrupting

To fall silent= to shut up infmlTo stop talkingzwijgen

To shut sb (up) infmlTo tell sb to keep quietIemand doen zwijgen

To interrupt (with sth); sb/sth (with sth)= to break in on/into (sth) infml=to butt in (on sb/sth) infmlTo stop sb speaking by speaking oneself or doing sth noisy.onderbreken

Interruption Een onderbreking

To burst in on sb/sthTo interrupt strongly or suddenly.Iemand ruw onderbreken

Remarking and commenting

To comment (on sth); thatTo give an opinion on sthCommentaar geven

A comment (on sth)Een commentaar

To remark on/upon sth/sb; that=To observe that, wh- (to sb) fmlTo say sth by way of commentOpmerken, bemerken

A remark = an observationEen bemerking, een opmerking

Suggesting

To suggest sth, that, -ing, wh- (to sb); sb/sth (as/for sth)=to propose sth, that, -ing (to sb); sb (as/for sth)=to put sth/sb forward=to put sth to sb/sthIets voorstellen

A suggestion (that)= A proposal (for sth/doing sth); (to do sth)= A proposition ( to do sth/that)Een voorstel

To hint at sth; sth, that (to sb)= to drop a hint = to give sb a clue=to get at sth infml= to insinuate sth, that (to sb) fmlIets insinueren

An insinuation (that)Een insinuatie

Advising

To recommend sth, that, wh-, -ing, to- (to sb)=to counsel sb, to- fml=to advise against/on sth; sb against/on sth, -ing, to-Adviseren

A counsellor= a consultant (on sth)= adviser (to sb)Adviseur, consultant, raadsman

Counselling For people with mental problemsHet adviseren

Advice Een advies

To recommend sth/sb (for/as sth)=to back infml= to advocate sth, that, -ingAanraden

An advocate (of sth)Een voorstander, verdediger

Assuring and convincing

To assure sb/oneself (of sth, that)verzekeren

Assurance De verzekering, zekerheid, vertrouwen

To reassure sb (about sth, that)Geruststellen

Reassurance Geruststelling

To convince sb (if sth, that, to-)=To persuade sb (of sth, that, to-)Overtuigen

A conviction (that)= A persuationEen overtuiging

Persuasive Overtuigend

To urge sb (to-)Aansporen, aandringen

To dissuade sb (from sth/doing sth)Afraden

Dissuasion Afrading

To argue (for/against sth), thatPleiten, argumenteren tegen

To argue/talk sb into/out of doing sthIemand overhalen

To coax sb (into/out of (doing) sth)Vleien, overreden, overhalen

To get round sb infmlIemand overhalen

Repeating

To restate sthTo state sth again, either as before or in a slightly different of better way (ones position, a case, an argument, )Herformuleren

Restatementherformulering

To rephrase sthTo say sth in a different of better way ( a remark, a question, a point, )Iets herformuleren

To recite to sb; sth (to sb)To say sth from memory or as a list.Reciteren, opzeggen, opsommen

A recitation Een opsomming

Insisting

to insist on sth, thatTo declare firmly when opposed.Erop aandringen, volhouden

Insistence Volharding, aandrang, vasthoudendheid

Insistent Vasthoudend, hardnekkig

To stress sth= To emphasize sth= To lay stress/ emphasis on sthTo give a sense of importance to a certain matter.Iets benadrukken

To underline sth= to underscore sthTo give force to an idea, feeling etc. which has been expressed or shown.Onderstrepen, benadrukken

To highlight sth To pick out or take sth as an important point, to throw attention on to.Naar voren halen, doen uitkomen

To rub it inEmphasize or reminding sb constantly of an unpleasant fact.Iets inwrijven, er steeds weer op terugkomen

Asking and claiming

To enquire/inquire (about sth/sb); sth; wh-; (of sb) fml=To ask (about sb/sth); sth; wh- (of sb); sb sth, about sth/sb, wh-(Na)vragen, ondervragen

To question sbVragen, ondervragen, uithoren

To ask after sb infmlNaar iemand vragen

To request sth, that (from/ of sb); sb to- fmlVerzoeken, vragen

A request (for sth/that)Een verzoek

To apply (to sb) (for sth)aanvragen

An application (to sb) (for sth)Een aanvraag

To plead (with sb) (for sth, to-)smeken

A plead (for sth) fmlEen smeekbede

To appeal (to sb) (for sth)Verzoeken, smeken

An appeal (to sb for sth)Een verzoek, smeekbede

To beg for sth; (sth) (of sb) fml, sth off sb; sb fot sth, to-=to implore sb (to-)= To solicit (for sth); sth (from sb)Smeken, dringend verzoeken

To claim sthOpeisen

A claim (to sth); (on sb/sth)Een opeising

Answering and objecting

To respond (to sb/sth) (with sth) fml= To reply (to sb/sth) (to/with sth); that=To answer; sth, that (to sb)antwoorden

A response=A reply=An answer (to sb/sth)Een antwoord

To acknowledge sth, that, wh-=To concede sth, that (to sb)=To admit to sth; sth, that, -ingToegeven

An acknowledgement=An admission (of sth); (that,)Een toegeving

To dispute sth=To challenge sthBetwisten, in twijfel trekken

To contradictTegenspreken, in tegenspraak zijn met

A contradictionEen tegenspraak

To object (to sb/sth), thatBezwaar hebben

Objection Bezwaar

To reject sth (as sth)=To decline; sth, to-=To turn sb/sth down infmlVerwerpen, afwijzen, weigeren

A rejectionVerwerping, afkeuring, afwijzing

Blaming

To blame sb (for sth); sth on sb=lay/put the blame (for sth) on sbTo consider sb responsible for sth badIemand beschuldigen, iets verwijten

To denounce sb/sth (as sth) fmlTo speak (or write) against sth or sb.Openlijk beschuldigen

A denunciationEen openlijke veroordeling, beschuldiging

Ordering and demanding

To instruct sb (about sth); sb to-, wh- fml= To command sth, that; sb to- fml7=To direct sb to- fml=To dictate sth (to sb)Opdragen, bevelen, commanderen

An instruction=A command=Directions (usu pl)=A directiveEen bevel, een order, een gebod

A commander=A dictatorDictator

Dictatorial Dictatorial

To demand sth, that, to-Eisen, verzoeken, verlangen

A demand (for sb to do sth); (for sth/that)Een eis, verzoek, verlangen

Demanding Eisend

Promising

To give sb ones word (that)To promiseIemand je word geven

To swear sth, that, to-To promise very seriously, definitely or solemnly. Iets zweren

To pledge sth (to sb, sth) fmlto make a solemn promise to support sth or to do sth.Plechtig beloven, verbinden

A pledgeEen plechtige belofte, een gelofte

To commit oneself (to(doing) sth) fmlTo make it impossible for sb not to do sth, or to do sth else, esp. because of a promise.Zichtzelf verplichten te

A commitment to sth/to do sthEen verplichting

To guarantee sth that, to- (to sb); sth as/for sthTo promise sth with certaintyGaranderen, waarborgen, verzekeren

A guarantee (of sth/that)Een waarborg

Apologizing and forgiving

To apologize (to sb) (for sth)To say you are sorry for having done wrong or hurt sbs feelings.verontschuldigen

An apology (to sb) (for sth)Een verontschuldiging

To pardon sb (for (doing) sth) fml= To excuse sb/sth (for (doing) sth) Excuseren, verontschuldigen

Swearing and cursing

To curse ( at sb/sth); sb/sth=To swear (at sb/sth)To use impolite or obscene words to express violent anger.Vloeken

A curse=An oath=A swearingEen vloek

Bad/ foul languageWords, usually related to sex, bodily waste and religion, used to express strong feelings.Vuile taal

BlasphemyDisrespectful or bad language about God or holy things. Godslastering

Blasphemous Godlasterend, ontheidilgend

Economy

The economic system

EconomyThe system according to which its money, industry and trade are organizedEconomie

economiceconomisch

economicalzuinig

Economics, an economistThe study of the way in which economies are organizedDe economie, econoom

ResourcesA resource is sth useful, such as coal oil or land that a country has and that it can use to increase its wealthGeldmiddelen

OutputThe quantity of goods etc. Produced by a country, business, worker, machine. Output increases or fallsExport

ShortageA shortage is a situation where there is not enough of sth or where the supply of sth begins to decreaseTekort

Surplus, surplus to sthSituation where there is more than enoughOverschot

Self-sufficient, self-sufficiencyCountry or group that is able to produce or make what it wants without needing to import goodsZelfvoorzienend

Dependent (on sth), dependenceA country that needs to import goods to get what it wantsAfhankelijk van

To supply sthTo give sth to sbleveren

A supplyEen levering

In short supplyVery little of something and therefore hard to obtain

A supplierSomeone who delivers goods to someoneEen leverancier

Demand (for sth)If there is demand for goods or services a lot of people want to buy themVraag naar

In great demandSth that is very popular with consumersGrote vraag naar, veel vraag

Supply and demandIn a market economy prices are decided by supply and demand, i.e. the amount of good available and the amount wanted by consumersVraag en aanbod

Private enterpriseIndustry and business which is owned by and individual person or group and not supported financially by the government.Particuliere onderneming

Public enterpriseThe ownership and management of industries and companies by the state rather than by individual peopleOpenbare onderneming

A (free) market economyThe production of goods is controlled by individual people and organisation rather than by the governmentVrije markteconomie

To compete (against, with sb) (in for, sth)A companies that competes with another tries to get people to buy the goods that is makes or sells, in presence to the other firms goods.Concurreren

Competition (between, with sb, for sth)Concurrentie, wedijver, wedstrijd

A competitorConcurrent

Competitiveconcurrerend

Financing

Viable, viabilitySth if viable is it is capable of doing what it is intended to do, without needing any extra help of financial supportLevensvatbaar

Budget, to budget sthA budget is a financial plan which a government has, and which shows in detail how much money there is available and how it is to be spentBegroting, begroten

BudgetaryBudgetairre

To balance the budgetIs a government or institution balances the budget, they make sure that the amount of money they spend is not greater than the amount that they have been givenDe begroting balanceren

A deficitIf a country is in deficit it owes money because they have spent more than they have received. The deficit is the amount of the excess of debts over income. If the economy is to remain sound, the deficit should be reduced as much as possibletekort

Shortfall= deficitTekort

SurplusThe amount by which money received is greater than money spentoverschot

RevenueThe total annual income of the State from taxesOntvangsten/inkomsten

Public spendingSpending of money by the government for the benefit of people in general. Overheidsuitgaven

Public expenditureThe amount of money that is spent is referred to as expenditureOverheidsuitgaven

To squander sth = to waste sthYou do not use sth in a sensible wayIets verkwisten

A waste ofIf you say sth is a waste you mean it is not worth the money, time, etc. Spent on itVerspilling

To overspendTo spend too much money on somethingTe veel uitgeven

To underspendTo spend too little money on somethingOnderbesteding

A spending spreeSpending a lot of money in a short period of timeBraspartij van geld uitgeven

To economize(on sth) economicalTo save money by spending it very carefully and not buying expensive thingsBezuinigen

To cut sth (by sth), to cut sth back/downTo reduce sthBezuinigen

A cutBezuiniging

A cutbackBezuiniging

To slash sthTo cut sth drasticallyDrastisch bezuinigen

A slashEen drastische bezuiniging

To curb sth, a curbIf you curb spending, waste, etc. You control it and keep it within fixed limitsIn toom houden

Money matters

MonetaryRelating to money, esp. The total amount of money in a countryFinancieel, geldelijk

A currencyThe currency of a country is the system of money that is used in itValuta

Foreign exchangeThe system by which one countrys currency is changed into another countrys currency. The word is also used to refer to the foreign currency which is obtained by this systemDeviezen, geldhandel met het buitenland

Exchange rateThe rate at which a sum of money of one contrys currency is exchanged for an equivalent sum of money in another countrys currencywisselkoers

The cost of livingThe average amount of money that everything costskosten levensonderhoud

To inflateTo increase, said of pricesStijging in prijzen

InflationInflatie

Inflationaryinflatoire

Economic trends

To growGrowth is an industry or another economic activity is the increase in the money spend on it and the increase in the goods it producesGroeien

To increase= to growStijgen

To expand= to growUitbreiden

GrowthGroei

An increaseToename

ExpansionExpansie, uitzetting

Zero growthThere is no growth at allNulgroei

To soar (from sth to sth)Sth quickly goes up. If prices soar, they suddenly increasePlotse, sterke toename

A decline (in sth), a drop in sthSth that gradually becomes smaller, weaker, of worseDaling, prijsdaling

To decline, to dropDalen

To slump (from sth to sth)If prices, currencies, sales etc slump plung or collapse they fall suddenly of sharply. Plotselinge prijsdaling

To plunge from sth to sth= to slumpPlotse schepre prijsdaling

To collapseIf a company of economy collapses, it fails completelyPlotse scherpe prijsdaling

A depressionA time of great reduction is the activity of a countrys industries of economy, which causes a lot of unemployment and povertyDepressive

DepressiveDepressief

To depress sthIf sth depresses if causes to fall in value of become lessNeerdrukken

To boost sthIf sth boosts it increases its value, amount or strengthVergroting, versterking in economie

DepressedBedrukt

A boostVersterking

A boom, to boomA boom is a fact increase or development of sth esp one resulting in a lot of money being madeIn de hoogte gaan

A recession = a slumpA recession is a period when the economy of a country becomes much less successful, with industry producing and selling less, and more people becoming unemployedRecessie

RecessionaryRecessive (adjectief)

A revival = a recovery (from sth)An improvement in the economy of a country after a period during which it has been in a bad stateHeropleving

To revive sthDoen herleven

To recover (from sth)herstellen

Business

Business Organisations

An enterprisee.g. Indias most famouos capitalistic enterprise is the Tate steel firmonderneming

CompanyOnderneming, bedrijf

BusinessZaak

FirmFirma

A ventureA venture is an undertaking which is difficult and needs courage. A venture implies a greater risk of failureonderneming

Joint ventureGezamenlijke onderneming

CorporationA large business or company or a group of companies that are all controlled and run together as single organizationCoperatie

SubsidiaryA company which is part of a larger and more important companyDochteronderneming

AgencyBusiness providing a usu specified serviceAgentschap

A head office, headquartersPlace from which a company is controlled. Hoofdkantoor

BranchA business serves customers in a particular town or areaTak, filial

An outletA shop selling goods made by a particular companyAfnemer

To subcontractWhen a company subcontract part of an activity it has agreed to out to a subcontractor, it pays that other company to do it for them.Onderaanneming

To outsource sthWhen a company outsources a part of its activities, it pays people from outside the company to do themIets uitbesteden

OutsourcingUitbesteding

A line of businessThe kind of work that sb doesBranche waarin je werkt

A takeoverThe act of getting control of a company by buying a large number of its shareOvername

A mergerThe joining together of two separate companies, organizations etc so that they become one;Fusie

To mergeFusioneren

Production

ProductionThe action of manufacturing, extracting etc. Esp in large quantitiesProductie

To produce sthProduceren

To manufactureTo make goods like shoes, cars, cement, etc on a large scale using machineryVervaardigen

A manufacturerfabrikant

To process sthTo put raw material food etc. Through an industrial process so that it can be usedVerwerkeb, bewerking

ProcessingVerwerking

Production lineA sequence of machines and workers along which a product is put together in stagesProductie lijn, lopende band

Assembly line= production lineAssemblage lijn, lopende band

To assembleSamenvoegen, monteren, in elkaar zetten

Conveyor beltA continuous moving band/belt used for transporting goodsTransport band

FactoryIndustrial building where goods are manufactured (mostly when products are assembled (car, shoe, bottle factory)Fabriek

PlantIndustrial building where goods are manufactured (relates to processing industries (powerplant, chemical plant)Fabriek

WorksIndustrial building where goods are manufactured (large group of buildings and machinery generally not producing goods (gasworks)Grote groep van gebouwen

MillIndustrial building where goods are manufactured (semantically most restricted and relates to the processing of raw materials (paper, wool, cotton, steel sawmillMolen

WorkshopA room/building where machinery is made/repairedWorkshop

ShopfloorThe area in a factory where the goods are madeWerkvloer

ProductivityEsp in industry, productivity i.e. the amount of goods produced in relation to the time and resources consumed is used as a measured of efficiencyProductiviteit

Efficiency= productivityEfficintie

AutomationThe use of automatic equipment and machines to do the work previously done by peopleAutomatisering

Labour-savingA labour-saving device has been designed to reduce the amount of work or effort neededArbeidsbesparend

Labour-intensiveMethods of businesses are those that need to employ many peopleArbeidsintensief

Capital-intensiveMethods that mainly rely on the investment of large sums of moneykapitaalintensief

Trading

To tradeTrade is the activity of buying, selling or exchanging goods or services between people, firms or countriesHandel, handelen

WholesaleThe activity of selling goods to shopkeepers in large quantities for resale to the public.Groothandel

RetailThe selling of goods to tthe public, usu in small quantitiesDetailhandel

An invoiceA document that lists goods that have been supplied or services that have been done and says how much money you owe for themFactuur

Bill= invoiceRekening

A receiptPiece of paper that you give or send to sb to confirm that you have received money or goods from themOntvangstbewijs, bonnetje

MerchandiseMerchandise is goods that you sell, buy or trade withKoopwaar, handelswaar

goods= merchandisegoederen

Cash flow

ResourcesThe money that is available to a government, business or person to use for the things they want to do or buyGeldmiddeleen

ReceiptsThe amounts of money received during a particular periodOntvangsten

Takings= receiptsOntvangsten

To take sthOntvangen

OverheadsThe amounts of money which you have to spend regularlu, to pay rent, bills etc.Vaste bedrijfskosten

Outgoings= outgoingsUitgaven, onkosten

ExpensesThe amounts of money that you spend while doing a specific jobUitgaven, kosten

Expenditure= expensesUitgaven

A payrollA list of people employed by a company and the amount of money to be paid to each of themLoonlijst

A profitGaining money in businessWinst

A lossEarning less money that spend and therefore in debtVerlies

LucrativeA lucrative business makes large profitsWinstgevend

Profitable= lucrativeWinstgevend

ProfitabilityWinstgevendheid

BankruptA business or goes bust when it does not have enough money to pay its debts. It this is official declared in a court of law, their property is sold in order to pay as many of the debts as possibleBankroet

Bust= bankruptBankroet

To value sthCalculate roughly the cost, value etc? Of sthWaarde, schatten

To estimate= to valueSchatten

ValuationSchatting

An estimateSchatting

To assess sthWhen you assess the amount of money that sth is worth of assess how much should be paid for sth you calculate or estimate it.Beoordelen

An assessmentBeoordeling

A stake (in sth)If you have a stake in a business, property, you have a share or an interest in it, usually of a financial kindEen belang in

A shareA share in a company is one of the many equal parts into which the ownership of a company can be divided.Een aandeel

A shareholderSomeone who owns shares in a companyEen aandeelhouder

The Stock ExchangeA stock exchange is a place where an organization of professional people buy and sell stocks and shares.Beurs

The stock market= the Stock Exchangebeurs

International Trade

CustomsThe customs is the place at a border where people arriving from a foreign country have to declare goods that they bring into the country.Douane

Duty (on sth)A tax that you pay to the government on importsBelasting

Duty-freeYou dont have to pay taxes to the government on importsBelasting vrij

Free tradeFree trade between countries which is carried on without import restrictions.Vrijhandel

ProtectionismThe policy a country has of helping its own industries by putting a tax on imported goodsProtectionisme

ProtectionistProtectionist

To protect sthBeschermen

A balance of paymentsA countrys balance of payments is the difference between the payment that is made for imports and the payment that is received from exports.Betalingsbalans

Industrial relations

Workers and management

The workforceThe total number of people who are employed by a particular company, but also the total number of people in a country or region available to workPersoneelsbestand

The labour force= work forceBeroepsbevolking

ManpowerPeople refer to workers in general as manpower when they are considering them as a means for producing goods, in contract to machines and equipmentMankracht

The staffThe staff of an organization are the people who work for it.Personeel

The personnel= the staffPersoneel

an employeeSomeone of the staff/personnelWerknemer

A member of staffSomeone of the staff/personnelWerknemer

Blue-collarBlue-collars workers do manual work. Arbeiders

White-collarWhite-collar workers do office workBediende

A workerAn employee who has no responsibility for managing the businessWerknemer

A managerA employee who HAS the responsibility for managing the businessBestuurder, directeur

A manageressdirectrice, uitbaatster, bestuurster

ManagerialLeidinggevende, directeur-

A handA person who does hard physical work, for example digging or carrying bricks in a factoryArbeider

A labourer= a handArbeider

A workmanA man whose job involves manual workWorkman

ShopfloorOften used as a cover term for the workers as contrasted with the managementWerkvloer

An executiveSomebody who is employed by a business at a senior level. Executives decide what the business should do and ensure that it is doneUitvoerende macht

A managing directorThe most important working director, and is in charge of the way the company is managedDirecteur

The board (of directors)The people who control and direct itDe raad van bestuur

A chairman/woman/personThe head of a companyVoorzitter

President= chairmanVoorzitter

To promoteIf sb is promoted, they are given a more important job in the organization they work for and are paid more moneyPromoveren

To demoteDegraderen

To upgradeIf you upgrade sth such as sbs job or status, you change it so that the person becomes more important or receives more money.Promoveren

To downgradedegraderen

Pay

A feeMoney paid for professional advice or service to e.g. a doctor, lawyer, etc.Honorarium

WagesSbs wages are the money that is paid each week (and usually in cash) for the work that they do, esp. when they have a manual or unskilled job.Lonen

PayLoon

SalaryA salary is the money that employees other than manual work are paid each month. Salaries are usually paid directly into their bank account.Salaries

A pay slipA pay slip is a piece of paper given to an employee at the end of week or month, which states how much money he or she has eared and how much tax, national insurance, etc has been deducted.Loonstrook

A riseA rise or a raise is an pay increase. Stijgen

A raiseVerhogen

ReductionA (wage) reduction or cut is a decrease in wages or salary.Reductive, prijsverminderning

CutBezuinigen

An allowanceAn allowance is money that is given regulary to sb in order to help them pay for the things they need in a particular situation.Toelage

Before taxesSbs gross income is the total amount of money he receives before deduction of tax, etcVoor belastingen

= GrossBruto

NetA net income, profit, loss, etc. is one which remains when everything that should be subtracted from it has been subtracted.Netto

Engaging and dismissing

A positionA position does not usually involve manual workPositive

A post. A post is usually a position involving some degree of responsibility.Betrekking

A jobJob

A vacancyA vacancy or an opening is a job that is available and which people can apply for. If sb fills a vacancy, he accepts a job that he has been offered.Vacature

An openingopening

To employTo pay sb to do a particular job for you. Aanwerven

To engageAannemen

To hireAanwerven

To take onAanwerven

To dismissWhen an employee is dismissed, their employer tells them that they are no longer needed to do the job that they have been doing. Ontslaan

A dismissalEen ontslag

To fireOntslaan

To sackWhen you are sacked or get the sack or your employer gives you the sack, your work is probably not good enough or you have done sth that they dont like.De bons geven

Give/get the sackDe bons geven/krijgen

To resignIf you resign from a job, you state that you do not want to continue doing it and so you leave it.Ontslag nemen

To quitAftreden, ontslag nemen

To give up sthOntslag nemen, opgeven

To leaveVertrekken

To vacate sthVerlaten, ontslag nemen

RedundantA worker who is redundant is dismissed because he is no longer needed for any available job he is laid off, he is made redundant.Overbodig

RedundancyA worker who has become redundant is called a redundancy, but redundancy is also the state of being redundant.Wordt gezegd van iem. Die overbodig is

Layoffontslag

To lay sb offIemand ontslaan

UnemploymentUnemployment refers to the state of being without a job, but also the number of people in the country or area who do not have jobs.Werkloosheid

EmploymentWerkgelegenheid

The unemployedDe werklozen

Unemployment benefitUnemployment benefit or the dole is the money that sb receives from the state when they are unemployed.Werkloosheidsuitkering

The doleSb who is on the dole is registered as unemployed and receives money regularly from the government.Werkloosheidsuitkering

Unions and Industrial Action

A trade unionAn organization formed by workers which represents their rights and has the aim of improving such things as the working conditions, pay and benefits of its members.Vakbond

Collective bargainingCollective bargaining consists of talks that a trade union has with an employer and which are intended to settle what the workers pay or conditions should be.CAO (collectieve arbeidsovereenkomst)

A strikeIf workers are on strike, they refuse to continue working, usually because they are demanding more pay or better conditions, or because they are protesting about sth. The union leaders call a strike, the workers come out on strike or go on strike.Staking

To strikeStaken

Industrial actionAny action undertaken by a group of workers to persuade the management to accede to their wishes.vakbondsacties

Working conditions

To work nine to fiveIf you work nine to five, you have a standard office job with normal working hours. Daguren hebben

To works shiftsIf you work shifts (usu. In a factory) you work a specified period of time and are then relieved by another group of workers another shift- who take over.In shiften werken

Shift workPloegenarbeid

The night/day shiftDagploeg/nachtploeg

Part-timeIf you work part-time you only work part of the week.Halftijds

Full-timeVoltijds

OvertimeIf you work overtime, you work more hours per day than you are normally expected to .Overuren

Temporary employmentIf you have temporary employment, you only have a contract for a limited period of time.Uitzendarbeid

Permanent employment/workVast werk

A tempA temp is employed by an agency and sent out to work as a replacement for a regular employee.Vervanging

To tempVervangen

On-the-job trainingLearning the job while you are working.De job leren tijdens het werk

Quantity

Amount

An amountThe noun amount is especially used for uncountable nouns. Hoeveelheid

A numberNumber is used for things or people. Both nouns collocate with large and small. Other adjectives that go with amount are ample, considerable, fair, trifling, enormous, hugeEnkele

VolumeLarge amount, esp used when the amount is still increasing. Volume, inhoud

VoluminousWhen you say that sth is voluminous, it is large, e.g. voluminous clothes, containers or information.Voluminous, omvangrijk

BulkA usually large volume. Massa

The bulk ofThe bulk of sth is most of it.Merendeel van

In bulkWhen you buy or sell in bulk, you do it in large quantities.In losse massa, onverpakt

BulkyWhen you say sth/sb is bulky, it/she is large and heavy.Omvangrijk

BodyThe body of sth is the main or largest part of it. One can also use body to refer to an amount of information.Grootste deel van iets

DoseAn amount of a drug. One can also use dose when referring to a certain amount of sth unpleasant, esp unpleasant information.e.g. I can only stand him in small doses. Dosis (ve medicijn)

-fulAdded to certain nouns, like parts of the body or containers, to indicate an amount the size of the object referred to, e.g. armful, handful, fistful, mouthful, (tea)spoonful, bagful, bucketful, etc.Achtervoegsel om de hoeveelheid aan te duiden

A bit ofwat bv. Boter

A trace ofSth hardly noticeable, or sth that remainsEen spoor van (bijna niet te zien)

A trickle ofA liquid that flows out of sth, like blood or oil.Een straaltje (bv olie,bloed)

A dab ofA liquid or powder put onto a surfaceEen schar van (vloeistof of poeder)

A pinch ofA powder such as salt or flower.Snuifje

A drop ofA drinkDruppel

A dash ofA liquid added to food or drink.Scheutje

A lot

VastVery large, esp said of sth so large that it cannot be quickly measured.Onmetelijk, groot

OverwhelmingVery great, much greater than another amount.Ontelbaar, overweldigend

AbundantExisting in large amounts. e.g. their land is abundant in, excellent soil.Overvloedig

PlentifulOvervloedig

CopiousOvervloedig

ProfuseOvervloedig

AbundanceOvervloed

ProfusionOvervloed

GaloreVery manyBij de vleet, in overvloed

NumerousA lot of people or thingsTalrijk

CountlessA great many things or peopleOntelbaar

InnumerableOntelbaar

A (whole) host ofVery manyEen heleboel

A (wide) range ofA large number of different people or things (whitin the same general kind)Een reeks

A bunch ofA lot of people or thingsEen stelletje (bv sukkels)

A whole raft ofA lot of things (usually ideas)Een hele reeks

A little

MinuteExtremely smallMinitieus

NegligibleVery small, not worth bothering about, usu relating to money.Verwaarloosbaar

NominalSaid of sth very small (symbolic) amount of money or payment.Kleine hoeveelheid geld, betaling

PaltryVery small and unimportant, esp. moneyArmzalig

DerisorySo small in amount, as to be (ridiculously) insufficient for a certain purpose.Bespottelijk weinig

Precious little/fewVery little, esp used when one is surprised. Bitter weinig

Next to nothingBeing or costing almost nothingBijna niets

PeanutsVery small amount, usu moneykleinigheden

Growing and decreasing

Increase byTo become larger in number or amountVerhogen

IncreaseVerhoging, toename

On the increaseAan het toenemen

Mount up to sthTo increaseOplopen tot

MountingOplopen

ClimbTo increase to a very high levelStijgen

Pick upTo increase in amount after a difficult period, esp said of business Beter worden, stijgen

SoarTo get bigger suddenly and very quickly, esp things such as prices or rates.Snel stijgen

Rocket upSnel stijgen

ProliferateGrowing rapidly in numbersSnel groeien in aantal

Boost sthCause to I crease in strength or by large amount. Stimuleren

BoostStimulans

SurgeA sudden and substantial increase. One talks of a surge in profits or sales, but a surge of anger or any other feelingAanzwellen

UpsurgeStijging

Freeze sthTo stop from increasing for a certain period of time, esp wages and prices.Stoppen met stijgen

Lessen sthTo become less or cause to do so. Lessen is esp used to say that feelings or qualities become less strong. Verminderen

DecreaseAfname

On the decreaseAan het afnemen

DeclineBecomes less graduallyDaling

On the declineAan het dalen

DwindleAfnemen, verminderen

SlideTo fall gradually, esp pricesGeleidelijk afnemen

FallTo decrease quickly, eps in prices, temperature and morale.Verminderen, snel dalen

DropHeel snel dalen

PlummetTo fall rapidly and sharply, esp prices and sales, temperature, popularity, moraleSnel en scherp dalen, naar beneden vallen in bv. prijs

plungeSnel en scherp dalen, naar beneden vallen in bv. prijs