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International Definition of Social Work Review

APASWE/IASSW Asian and Pacific Regional Workshop

(4 November, 2010)

MARCH 2011

Social Work Research Institute Asian Center for Welfare in Society

Japan College of Social Work


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FOREWORD

The IASSW/IFSW International Definition of Social Work is a monumental achievement in the history

of modern social work. This definition has come to be accepted worldwide. In fact, the definition isnow in the laws of some countries, and many other countries have made efforts to conform their social

work practices to the words of the definition.

In most countries, however, university professors, teachers, and practitioners have taken this

definition for granted and dealt with it as a given. It has been the same with textbooks. A proposal

to review the definition leaves many people speechless with a look of surprise. Why is it necessary to

revise it? They had never thought of such a revision.

An introduction to the APASWE International Definition of Social Work Review Project brings a glowof surprise and also interest to their eyes.

They were and are teaching and practicing on the basis of this definition. The definition has been a

yardstick by which they have been measuring realities and practices and to which they have been

busily fitting them. The present proposal questions the accuracy of the yardstick and considers its

alteration.

The executors of the definition themselves, that is, the IASSW and the IFSW, have requested all of us

to review it every ten years. They know that the definition is neither complete nor perpetual.

A definition is a start and a basis for research and practice, a guiding line, and the terminal, at least for

the time being.

The APASWE International Definition of Social Work Review Project has been welcomed for its

intellectual considerations and practical contributions. This may be a case of opportune timing as

many countries are now in the process of standardization, professionalization, and even the

enactment of social work laws. The entire process of the definition review is really one of social

education.

Tatsuru AKIMOTO, DSW

Director

Asian Center for Welfare in Society (ACWelS)

Institute of Social Work Research

Japan College of Social Work


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IASSW/IFSW International Definition of Social Work

International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW)

International Association of School of Social Work(IASSW)

DefinitionThe social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the

empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilising theories of human behaviour and

social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments.

Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work.

Commentary

Social work in its various forms addresses the multiple, complex transactions between people and their

environments. Its mission is to enable all people to develop their full potential, enrich their lives, and prevent

dysfunction. Professional social work is focused on problem solving and change. As such, socialworkers are change agents in society and in the lives of the individuals, families and communities they

serve. Social work is an interrelated system of values, theory and practice.

Values

Social work grew out of humanitarian and democratic ideals, and its values are based on respect for the

equality, worth, and dignity of all people. Since its beginnings over a century ago, social work practice has

focused on meeting human needs and developing human potential. Human rights and social justice serve

as the motivation and justification for social work action. In solidarity with those who are dis-advantaged, the

profession strives to alleviate poverty and to liberate vulnerable and oppressed people in order to promotesocial inclusion. Social work values are embodied in the professions national and international codes of

ethics.

Theory

Social work bases its methodology on a systematic body of evidence-based knowledge derived from

research and practice evaluation, including local and indigenous knowledge specific to its context. It

recognises the complexity of interactions between human beings and their environment, and the capacity of

people both to be affected by and to alter the multiple influences upon them including bio-psychosocial

factors. The social work profession draws on theories of human development and behaviour and socialsystems to analyse complex situations and to facilitate individual, organisational, social and cultural

changes.

Practice

Social work addresses the barriers, inequities and injustices that exist in society. It responds to crises and

emergencies as well as to everyday personal and social problems. Social work utilises a variety of skills,

techniques, and activities consistent with its holistic focus on persons and their environments. Social work

interventions range from primarily person-focused psychosocial processes to involvement in social policy,

planning and development. These include counselling, clinical social work, group work, social pedagogicalwork, and family treatment and therapy as well as efforts to help people obtain services and resources in

the community. Interventions also include agency administration, community organisation and engaging in


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social and political action to impact social policy and economic development. The holistic focus of social

work is universal, but the priorities of social work practice will vary from country to country and from time to

time depending on cultural, historical, and socio-economic conditions.

* This international definition of the social work profession replaces the IFSW definition adopted in 1982. It is

understood that social work in the 21st century is dynamic and evolving, and therefore no definition should

be regarded as exhaustive.

Adopted by the IFSW and the IASSW, May 2001

D


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Contents

I. APASWE/IASSW* International Definition Of Social Work Review Project ...................................................... 1

II. The People From Asia-Pacific Region Can Not$JUHH:LWK7KH&XUUHQW'HILQLWLRQ$3DUWLFLSDQW.............3

III. The Roles Of Social Workers In Asia & Pacific And Some Ideas For The Definition......................................... 7

IV. Workshop Reports ....................................................................................................................................................13

International Definition Of Social Work Rigional Workshop .....................................................................................15

Social Work Definition Review Workshop Attendee's List..........................................................................................17

Bangladesh: International Review Project On Definition Of Social Work: Bangladesh Workshop Outcome...18

China: Definition Of Social Work: Chinas View And Experiences............................................................................24

Indonesia: Definition Of Social Work Revisited ............................................................................................................ 27

Japan: JSSSWsWorking Group Opinion On Changing:The International Definition Of Social Work...........33

Korea: APASWE/IASSW International Definition Of Social Work Regional Workshop.......................................37

Nepal: Can a Falling LeafTell The Coming Of The Autumn? ...................................................................................40

The Philippines: Revisiting The Definition Of Social Work........................................................................................47

Thailand: The Revision Of Social Work Profession Definition Project...................................................................... 49

Malaysia: The Social Work Definition Malaysian Context......................................................................................51

New Zealand:APASWE Workshop On Definition Of Social Work Tokyo 2010.................................................... 53

Summary Of The Presentation Session Of Each Country.......................................................................................... 56

Small Group Discussions................................................................................................................................................... 58

Conclusive Summary 1......................................................................................................................................................61

Conclusive Summary 2......................................................................................................................................................62

V. National Workshops After 4th November...............................................................................................................65

Japan..................................................................................................................................................................................... 67

New Zealand........................................................................................................................................................................ 70The Philippines ...................................................................................................................................................................74

Appendix: 1...........................................................................................................................................................................75

Appendix: 2...........................................................................................................................................................................76


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I. APASWE/IASSW* International Definition of Social Work

Review Project

IASSW=IFSW International Definition of Social Work was adopted by IFSW and IASSW in May

2001, and they were committed to a 10 year cycle of review for it. This year of 2010 is the year for

the revision. (Introduction to the joint IFSW and IASSW document, International Definition of the

Social Work Profession; Ethics in Social Work, Statement of Principles; Global Standards for the

Education and Training of the Social Work Profession, Supplement of International Social Work,

Sage)

The IFSW and the IASSW are behind schedule. The APASWE decided to take the lead at its first

national association+ meeting in June 2010 in Hong Kong, proposing that each national association

hold its national workshop in its mother tongue hopefully by around 20 October 2010, and the

APASWE hold a regional workshop at the beginning of November 2010 and the summary conference

at the 21st Asian and Pacific Social Work Conference in 2011.

In a country in our APASWE Region, the definition is now part of a law, and in many countries, the

definition and two other documents above (i.e. Ethics Statement and Global Standards) which include

the definition in them have been used as a yardstick to promote the standardization of competency

and curricula and the social work profession itself. It has been said that Convergence is inevitable

and necessary.

Wherever we go, however, similar criticisms and complaints have been heardIt is the Wests. For

example:

a. Is social change, problem solving in human relationships, and the empowerment and liberation of

people to enhance well-being appropriate as aims and activities of social work?

b. Is the dichotomic way of thinking, e.g. people vs. environment, acceptable?

c. Is the individualism or the individual-centered way of thinking, including to develop their full

potential, suitable?

d. Arent the stability of society, harmony in human relations, respect of others, emphasis of unique

traditions and culture, an emphasis on responsibility, and the importance of family kin and

community core elements for social work? (cf. Footnote 2 of Global Standards)

e. How about inserting a non-English word, e.g. kysei (Living together interdependently;

Co-existence; cf. symbiosis), in the definition?


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f. Dont you have any objections to designate human rights and social justice as the fundamental

principles of social work?

g. Between lines, Western democracy, Christianity and modernism can be discerned.

h. The element of spirituality is missing.

Another voice is also heard: More fundamentally, It is a developed country model. Is it OK to

begin with The social work profession promotes.? Is social work a profession? What we need

first is the definition of social workbefore the definition of social work profession, dont we?

Is it necessary to revise the definition or not? If necessary, which part must be revised and how and

why? The examination should be made both at the conceptual level and the empirical level.

(Tatsuru Akimoto, APASWE, 14 October 2010 r)

* This project has started originally as an APASWE project, but later it became the joint project with IASSW with its partial

financial support.


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II. The people from Asia-Pacific region cannot agree with

the current definitiona participant

Tatsuru AKIMOTO, DSW

President, APASWE

I. Regional Workshop on 4 November 2010

On November 4, 2010, eleven representatives sent by their national associations or their alternative

bodies convened on the campus of the Japan College of Social Work, Tokyo, Japan, to discuss the

IASSW/IFSW International Definition of Social Work. They brought the fruits of their own national

workshops or alternative collective discussion efforts which they had respectively organized usingtheir own languages. Two national associations from New Zealand and Japan had promised to hold

national workshops after this November 4th regional workshop.

The representatives reported the results of their deliberations to their colleagues from other countries

in the region, and had discussions in small group sessions and in the plenary session. Some seventy

other university professors, social workers, and NGO representatives attended, listening to and

participating in their discussions. The APASWE, the IASSW, the Japan College of Social Work, and

the Japanese Association of Schools of Social Work cosponsored the November 4th regional workshop.

Financially and logistically, all were provided for by the Japan College of Social Work.

II. The definition we want

Questions raised were Is it necessary to revise the present IASSW/IFSW social work definition? If

yes, which part must be revised and why and how? An examination should be made both at the

conceptual level and the empirical level.

All presenters expressed their dissatisfaction with the present definition to propose their respective

revised versions, except for one who refrained from stating her ideas on grounds of insufficient data

(Japan). Table 1 in the next section (pp.9-10) by Kana Matsuo is the list of their proposed revised

versions.The definition does not fit us or is less relevant for local situations. Why? Because it is Western.

Our culture, traditions, beliefs, and values are different. Our context in which we function is

different. Our region is diversified. How should we revise it? Table 2 in the next section (p.10) is

a partial list of words & phrases and ideas which were presented, suggested, or proposed to be

inserted or considered in their presented papers and discussions in the workshop. There are three

categories:

First is the terms denoting culture, diversity, value, ethics, etc., which should be included.

Second is the words & phrases or ideas which concretely express the contents of the first group ofwords above harmony, not competition, harmony with other people and the environment


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(including nature), questions on the emphasis on social change,As Mori we are not separate

from, but in a world of many, holistic, spirituality, collaboration, the balance of individual needs

and rights and family/community needs and rights, indigenous people, etc. These had been hinted

at in the brief statement of IASSW/IFSW International Definition of Social Work Review Project

(pp.1-2)

Social development and poverty, which had not been explicitly referred to in it, were repeatedly

mentioned. (Bangladesh, China, Thai, etc.) They should be part of the definition, particularly in this

region. The relation of social work with states or governments and their policies was also brought to

attention: The social workers duty as advocator toward their national governments, (Indonesia) "a

tool to administrate the country, " (China [governments' understanding]) (cf. the contribution to social

construction, social management, social stability, or social control)

There are socialist countries, and also countries and cultures that are hegemonic, in this region.

The reference to social welfare and its relation with social work was made in some papers and

discussions, which may be a feature in this region. (Indonesia, Bangladesh, China)

The third category is the words & phrases and concepts which have been frequently used in Western

social work. Social reform, social action, self-determination, minority rights, equality,

individual, family, group, (organization,) and community as subjects or clients, micro, mezzo, and

macro, the relation and dynamism between global, regional, national and local," coping ability,

social functioning, social resource, participatory, capacity building, equal relationship between

social worker and client, etc. These should be emphasized. It is not clear if their inclusion has

something to do with Western bias or dominance.

III. Acceptance of the present definition

While insisting on revision, all presenters expressed a certain level of positive appraisal of the present

definition, including one who said Western hegemony or western imperialism that has created the

definition of social workis to be explicit. (Bangladesh) Also while discrepancies between actual

practices and the definition were sometimes pointed out by participants, one said that they could be

dealt with flexibly within the practice.

Actually, all proposals above were made on the basis of the present definition, in the form of the

addition, deletion, replacement, or modification of some words and phrases, or ideas. There were no

proposals which insisted on a total replacement of the existing definition. As long as we aim at

revision, this would be unavoidable. A game would be played within the framework of the given

definition. Even a slightly unique model of definition with the concept of life in the core (B;

p.75)--which was handed to all participants--did not draw any attention. The remnants of the

present definition still appears to be cherished.

IV. What was not discussed

What was not discussed--contrary to our expectations--was (1) the question if we may start with a

social work profession, (2) the review based on empirical data, and (3) the concepts of social justice,

human rights, democracy, Christianity, modernism, etc.


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(1) What definition do we want? Is it the definition of social work or the definition of professional

social work? May we assume social work is a profession. (cf. a footnote 1 in IASSW/IFSWs Global

Standards) Social workers could be both professional and nonprofessional, couldnt they? There are

professional soccer players and elementary school kids who play soccer. Soccer is soccer whoever

plays it. Sometimes a nonprofessional team beats a professional team. In some countries whose

school entrance rates at the elementary level are 60 percent, those who study social work at the

post-secondary school level--which leads to degrees or diplomas (cf. IASSWs Constitution)--may

comprise only a few percent among their cohort. Students who study at MSW programs would

number less than zero percent. There may no or, at best, few schools of social work in some

countries/regions. As college graduates are the elite, they would not work in the field. Wherever

there are difficulties of life, some people certainly work to attack, ameliorate, and solve those

difficulties. They are not "social workers". Then must we import (professional) social workers from

developed countries? The China report reminded us of altruism as an essence of social work.

Many reports used the term help to define social work (Indonesia, Korea and Malaysia) while others

wanted to avoid defining social work as a helping profession. Must social workers have certificates

and licenses, and/or be professional? (Japan) We are attempting to wrestle with the fundamental

question of what social work itself is. (M. Henrickson) It is. not applied science, is it a profession?

(a small group discussion session)

(2) Our cultural and contextual differences are emphasized. But instinctive, antipathetic,

nationalistic, or regionalistic reactions are not enough. The present definition was born through

more than one hundred years of history of professional social work and an additional long history of its

predecessors. Our social work history and examination are brief. The hisrotry is too different.

Numerous cases of discrepancy between the definition and practices must be collected from fields and

classrooms and research results and inductively analyzed and synthesized to prove that the definition

does not fit us because of differences in culture and context. The need for such an effort was pointed

out by a presenter, and only a few examples were heard from presenters.

(3) Social justice, human rights, democracy, Christianity,modernism, etc., which have

sometimes become the targets for criticism, were neither referred to nor discussed much or deeply.

Only one comment, Social justice from which side? remains on the record.

V. We must go onan APASWE definition?

A general question was raised whether the definition should be written in the form of should be or

to be.

One unexpected outcome of this workshop was the idea of a multi-layer definition. As social work

functions in a specific context, a definition could or even should differ at the international, regional and

national level. In other words, now we are not sure if we should make a proposal for the revision of

the international definition or we should make our own regional and/or national definition by

ourselves, leaving the international definition as it is. One participant concluded, Lets make an

APASWE definition. A consensus on this has yet to be reached.

Social work was born in Europe and grew up in North America. The present international definition

was made through the rich experiences and great efforts of these regions, being based on their own


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practices in their own context. If social work wants to be a global profession or entity, it must be

founded on the experience and practice in the context of other parts of the world from where social

work was not born and did not develop.

Thus, without input from Asia and the Pacific, social work could never become richer or global. Our

earnest yet innocent dissemination of the present international definition does not necessarily

contribute to the development of social work in the world.

We must say something different, otherwise social work wont improve. We have learned much from

them and owe them much. It is the time for us to return something to them.

This is a work in progress which we will take back to our respective countries and which we have

to try to accomplish in time for the Tokyo Conference in July 2011. (M. L. Alcid)


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III. The Roles of Social Workers in Asia & Pacific and Some

Ideas for the Definition

Reading Papers and Session Discussion Records

Kana Matsuo

Researcher, Social Work Research Institute, Japan College of Social Work

Since the Social Work Definition was adopted by the IASSW and the IFSW in 2001, it has gained

acceptance across the Asia-Pacific region as well as others. University professors have been striving to

teach the definition to students, but it was often not easy to comprehend its meaning. Moreover,

practitioners sometimes feel that the definition does not fit them well. Why does this happen? One of

the biggest reasons is the diversity in this region. Others are the local wisdom, cultures, and the

ways of living so deeply rooted in all residents of this region.

One of the participants on the 4th of November regrettably commented that people from the Asia-

Pacific region have not agreed to the current definition. Much lengthy effort has certainly been made

toward defining Social Work, but the present understanding of the diversity of people might still not

be sufficient.

The following is a review of those ideas from the Asia-Pacific countries presented in the November 4th

workshop seeking to provide new ideas and views to the IASSW/IFSWs revision efforts.

I. Roles of Social Workers in the Asia-Pacific Region

Lets begin by revisiting the roles of social workers in the Asia-Pacific region. An analysis of what we

are in this region should tell us the reason why we are uncomfortable with the International

Definition.

First of all, in the Asia-Pacific region, most countries are still in the stage of developing countries.

Their GDP per capita is less than US$ 3,000, 2,000, or even 1,000 while those of Western countries are

more than $30,000 with $106,000 at the highest (Luxemburg). Economic and social developments

are more serious issues than social work skills in many countries.

Secondly, we have a unique indigenous cultural background. As Professor M. L. Alcid mentioned, we

have the diversity of faiths, cultures, ethnicities, and races within Asia. She also described Asia as

the birthplace of the worlds major religions. We should not ignore the factor of the spirituality in

Asia-Pacific region, either. The "spirituality" does not mean only actions such as praying to God, but

also the unity of the mind, the body, and the spirit and the interconnection of all life forms and

ecosystems. It also means the uniqueness of an integrative and holistically perspective.

The question now arises: How can we function with the western-born definition to our issues and

diversity mentioned above?

We have recognized that the International Definition has been well-developed by American and

European social workers and their teachers. On the other hand, we are still in the infancy of social

work education. This is the reason why Professor B. R. Nikku, in the meeting on 4th November,


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raised the question of "Can we actually in a position to critique that?" Also, there were some voices

on the floor in the meeting that university professors in Asia-Pacific region still usually use theories

and methods and the frameworks that are imported from Western countries. They also use the same

English textbooks and/or their translated versions.

We recognized the following as our roles as social workers in the meeting on 4th of November,;

1) To enhance our communities to combat with the poverty and inequities;

2) To empower people to access social resources to solve their problems;

3) To enhance the coping and developing capacities of people in the community;

4) To build relationships with people while taking consideration of indigenous backgrounds.

II. Ideas for the Definition

Malaysia and Thailand are in the process of promulgating Social Workers' Acts. All presenters in the

meeting agreed with the necessity of a universal definition for social workers. We understand the

importance of an International Definition, even if there are some difficulties with fitting it to our own

situation

The meeting on 4th November was a good opportunity for peoples in the Asia-Pacific region to look

back upon our social work backgrounds and share our thoughts and ideas for the universal definition.

Presenters had set their workshops for reviewing the International Definition in their countries before

the November meeting. They discussed the meaning of social work and its international definition.

There were varieties of opinions based on their own social work problems and practices. There are,

however, common questions concerning the revision of the International Definition. They are:

1) How can we have the social work profession understood by people in other fields and in

general?

2) What is the fundamental role of the social work profession, especially in the Asia-Pacific

region. (cf. the section above)

3) What do we add or delete from the International Definition?

Presenters reported the results of their national workshops at the meeting. (See TABLE 1) Some of

presenters said that the definition should be simpler, but such does not see to be the case. It shows

participants zeal for responding to the three questions posed above. Also, they proposed some words

& phrases and ideas to put into the Definition, which were shared in the meeting. (See TABLE 2)


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TABLE 1 Proposed Definition

IASSW/IFSW The social work profession promotes social change, problem-solving in human relationshipsand the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilizing theories ofhuman behavior and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where peopleinteract with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are

fundamental to social work.Country Definition

Bangladesh (The definition under discussion is fairly acceptable to usbut an individual society/country/region shouldframe definition of social work according to its own cultural diversity, spirituality, wisdom, and process ofsocial change and development considering the local-national-regional and global dynamicsa particularsociety may indigenize and contextualize the definition as per the needs, interests, and sets of values activein the different social classes.)

China The government side: Social work's role and function from a tool rational perspective, rather than a fair andjust one. Firstly, they merely consider social work as a tool to administrate the country and boost socialharmony. Secondly, social work is thought of as a part of public service and social welfare. Thirdly, theytend to regard the civil NPOs that offer social work services, as assistants to control the society and providepublic service (not as a real partner). On basis of the tool rational perspective, local governments would

resort to NPOs (to purchase social work services).

Academic side: An important part of social construction, SW is a profession that presents core values ofsocialism and follows professional norms and morals, devoting itself to Helping Others to Help Themselvesand offer help to the individuals, families, groups, organizations and communities that need help by utilizingprofessional knowledge, skills and methods, so as to integrate social resources, coordinate social relations,prevent and solve problems, restore and develop social functions, and promote social harmony.

Indonesia Social work is a helping profession for promoting social change, empowerment and problem-solving withinhuman interaction and environment at the level of individual, family, group, community and society toenhance welfare. Social work intervention is based on theories of human behaviour in social environment,diversity, human rights and social justice principles, as well as the socio-economic cultural context and thedynamics of local-national-global interactions.

Korea Social Work is a profession which helps people collaborate with their social environments. With anemphasis on the interplay between individual and society, we need to formulate strategies for achieving thegoals of both personal and social change.

Nepal Social work is a unique profession, I am not saying helping or whatever, it is a unique profession whencompared to other professions that prepare people to help themselves. It's not only helping people helpthemselves but we're preparing people to help themselves by learning. How are they doing it? Bylearning new skills:, humanity, social justice, social changes are the fundamental principles to us.

Samajik karya aauta yesto byabasayayik kriyakalap ho jasle manisharulai aafno samasya aafi samadhan

garna seep pradan garcha. Manavta, samajik naaya ra samajik pariwartan samajik karya ko mul dharharuhun. ( Social Work Is a unique profession that prepare people to help themselves by learning new skills .Humanity, Social Justice and Social Change are the main principles! )"

The Philippines The social work profession promotes empowerment and social transformation to overcome inequality,impoverishment, and oppression; thereby, achieving sustainable personal well- being and socialdevelopment. Guided by values and a code of ethics, social work utilizes theories of human behavior andsocial environment as it intervenes at points where people interact with their milieu at the micro, mezzo andmacro levels. Social work recognizes peoples diversity, and biopsychosocial and spiritual dimensions;hence, it is committed to the pursuit of their total and holistic development as individuals and as socialcollectivities, and the creation of an enabling environment marked by participatory and democraticprocesses, relationships, structures, and ecological protection.Principles of human rights, self determination, gender equality and social justice are fundamental to socialwork.


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Country Definition

Thailand Social work profession promotes and supports social development and social change through the capacitybuilding of individual, family, group, organization, and community in their environments. Social workersintegrated a body of knowledge of arts and sciences together with wisdom, social resources management,empowerment and advocacy skills in their practice processes in-physically, mentally, socially, andintellectually-protection, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation the clients they serve. In commitment to the

framework of professional ethics, social workers hold the professional values of human rights, social justice,human value and dignity, social well-being, and social partnership.

Malaysia Social work is a profession guided by a body of knowledge, values and skills, committed to the provision ofpsychosocial management, enabling and empowering for better services and programmes, to facilitate theoptimal social functioning of individuals, families, groups and communities. Social workers uphold a code ofconduct and ethics based on the values of human rights and social justice. The profession also contributestowards social development, social change and social control through the enhancement of social workeducation and training, policies, legislation, programmes and services appropriate to the needs ofMalaysia's diverse socio-cultural population for a better quality of life.

New Zealand Preamble: Social work recognises the importance of local context, culture, and that it is derived from multipleforms of knowledge. It is recognised that social work can look different in different places and that regionaland local definitions are necessary.

General Statement: Social work occurs with individuals, families, groups and communities in times/placeswhere there is not a goodness of fit with their multiple environments. Social work has a focus on humanrights and social justice. Through critical analysis social workers draw on a range of forms of knowledge towork with people or systems to achieve positive change or wellbeing.

TABLE 2 Words & Phrase and Ideas to be considered in the International Definition

Backbone culture, diversity, value, ethics, holistic, spirituality, collaboration, etc

Philosophy The harmony, not competition

Harmony with other people and environment (including the nature)

As Mori we are not separate from, but in a world of manyThe balance of individual needs and rights and family/community needs and rights,

indigenous people.

Social workers duty to advocate their national governments. (Indonesia)

The contribution to social construction, social management, social stability, or social

control (China [government understanding])

Questionable to the emphasis on social changeThere are socialist countries, and countries and cultures that are hegemonic, too, in

this region.

The reference to social welfare and its relation with social work.Social development and poverty, which had not been explicitly referred in it, were

repeatedly mentioned. (Bangladesh, China, Thai, etc.)

Expecting Roles for

Social Workers

Social reform,social action,self-determination, minority rights, equality,

Individual, family, group, (organization,) and community, as subjects or clients,

Micro, mezzo, and macro,

Social functioning, social resource, participatory, capacity building,

Equal relationship between social worker and client,

The relation and dynamism between global, regional, national and local, copingability. etc.


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III. Conclusion

It is clear that Asia-Pacific region is a melting pot. We emphasize harmony among people, the

concept of ecosystems and the interconnection between humans and the environment. While we

have those backgrounds, it cannot be denied that we have faced the big tide of globalization. It has

radically changed our family systems, ethnic culture, lifestyles, and communities.

Thus, we conclude that we are still making our way in the process to revise the International

Definition. We need more precise discussions on whether we will make a different definition which

suit the Asia-Pacific region, or propose more practical words & phrases and ideas for the

IASSW/IFSW's definition at another opportunity of the 21st Asia-Pacific Social Work Conference,

which will be held in July.

It is not easy to choose either of these for revising the International Definition. We are still searching

for the definition of what we arethe uniqueness of social work profession.

Nevertheless, this argument is meaningful. Our process of revising the Definition takes us a big step

forward for the future and the establishment of new partnerships with western thought.

The definition is the start and basis and the goal and end for discourse, education and practice.


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IV. Workshop ReportsIs it necessary to revise the present IASSW/IFSW social work definition?

If so, which part must be revised and why and how?

4 November, 2010

Venue: Japan College of Social Work (Room A101), Kiyose TOKYO

Asian and Pacific Association for Social Work Education ( APASWE)


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ASIAN AND PACIFIC ASSOCIATION FOR SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION (APASWE)

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS OF SOCIAL WORK (IASSW)

JAPAN COLLEGE OF SOCIAL WORK ASIAN CENTER FOR WELFARE IN SOCIETY(ACWelS)

JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS OF SOCIAL WORK(JASSW)

INTERNATIONAL DEFINITIONOF SOCIAL WORK

REGIONAL WORKSHOP

Date: 4 November 2010Venue: Japan College of Social Work (Room A101), Tokyo

Is it necessary to revise the present IASSW/IFSW social workdefinition? If so,which part must be revised and why and how?

Has the present definition suited us, our practice, thoughts, and values?The examination should be made both at the conceptual level and the empirical level.

Lets change (scattered, unorganized) mutters to an Asian & Pacific (integrated, organized)voice.

9:30 Welcome Shigehiro Takahasi, President, Japan College of Social Work

Welcome & Project Outline Tatsuru Akimoto, President, APASWE

Chair: Robyn Mason, Representative, Australian Association for Social Work and Welfare Education

(AASWWE); Monash University

9:4510:05 Bangladesh Muhammed Samad, Secretary General, Bangladesh Council for SocialWork Education (BCSWE);University of Dhaka

10:0510:25China Yong-Xiang Xu, Vice president, China Association for Social WorkEducation (CASWE); East China University of Science & Technology

10:2510:45 Indonesia Fentiny Nugroho, President, Indonesian Association for Social WorkEducation (IASWE); University of Indonesia

10:4511:05 Japan Nobuyuki Iwama and Ritsuko Watanabe, Special Committee Members,Japanese Society for the Study of Social Work (JSSW); Osaka CityUniversity and Kansei-gakuin University

11:0511:20 Coffee Break

11:2011:40 Korea Seonmee Hong, Chair, Education Committee, Korean Association forSocial Work Education (KASWE); Hanshin University

(PTO)


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11:4012:00 Nepal Bala Raju Nikku, Founding Director, Nepal School of Social Work;Kadambari Memorial College of Science and Management; APASWEBoard Member

12:0012:20 The Philippines Mary Lou Alcid, President, National Association for Social WorkEducation Inc. (NASWEI)Philippines; University of the Philippines

12:2012:40 Thailand Sopa Onopas, Secretary, Social Work Association of Thailand; HuachiewUniversity12:4013:00 Malaysia Azlinda Azman, Executive Committee Member, Malaysian Association of

Social Workers (MASW);Universiti Sains Malaysia

13:0014:30 Lunch Break[13:15-14:15 The 2nd National Association+ Meeting]

Chair: Zulkarnain Ahmad Hatta, Acting-Secretary, APASWE; Universiti Sains Malaysia

14:3014:45 Summary Report of the morning session Zulkarnain Ahmad Hatta

14:4515:45 Small Group Discussion (3-4 groups)

15:4516:25 Small Group Report (7 minutes X 3-4 groups)

16:25 17:00 Plenary Discussion

17:0017:10 Conclusive Summary I

Soung-Yee Kim, Immediately Past President, APASWE (Korea); Ewha Womens

University.

17:1017:20 Conclusive Summary II and Thank you from APASWE

Mark Henrickson, Treasurer, APASWE; Representative of Council of Social Work

Educators Aotearoa New Zealand; Massey University

17:20 Closing& Thank you from Asian Center for Welfare in Society

Kenichi Nakashima, Director, Institute of Social Research, Japan College of Social

WorkLanguage Interpretation

All sessions except for the Small Group Discussion in the early afternoon:English and Japanese

The Small Group Discussion in the early afternoon:Group A: English, Japanese Group B: English, Chinese, JapaneseGroup C: English, Korean, Japanese (Group D: Japanese only)

[18:00-19:30 Welcome Party]

(14 October 2010)


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Social Work Definition Review Workshop Attendee's List

(Alphabetical order by country)Association Name Title

Australia

Australian Association for Social

Work and Welfare Education

(AASWWE)Robyn Mason Chair; Monash University

Bangladesh

Bangladesh Council for Social

Work Education (BCSWE) Muhammad Samad

Secretary General; Director & Professor,

Institute of Social Welfare and Research

(ISWR), University of Dhaka (DU)

China

China Association of Social Work

(CASWE) Yong-Xiang XuVice president; East China University of

Science & Technology

IndonesiaIndonesian Association ofSchools of social Work (IASWE) Fentiny Nugroho President; University of Indonesia

Japan

Japan Association of Schools of

Social Work(JASSW) Ritsuko Watanabe

Special Committee Members, Japanese

Society for the Study of Social Work (JSSW);

Kansei-gakuin University

Korea

Korean Association of Schools of

Social Work Education (KASWE) Seonmee HongChair of Education Committee;

Professor, Hanshin University

MalaysiaMalaysian Association of SocialWorkers Azlinda Azman

Chair;

UniversitiSains Malaysia

NepalNepal School of Social Work

Bala Raju Nikku Founding Director

Aotearoa

New Zealand

Council of Social Work Educators

Aotearoa New Zealand Mark Henrickson

Representative;

Senior Lecturer, Massey University

(Auckland)

The

Philippines

Philippine Association for Social

Work Education Mary Lou AlcidPresident of Philippine Association for Social

Work, Professor, Philippine University

Thailand Thai National Association for

Social Workers Sopa Onopas

Secretary of The Social Work Association of

Thailand

Asst.Prof. Huachiew University


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Bangladesh: International Review Project on Definition of Social

Work: Bangladesh Workshop Outcome

Muhammad Samad Ph.D

I. Introduction

Bangladesh appeared on the world map as an independent and sovereign state following the victory of

a long struggle for independence, and War of Liberation in December 1971. It is among the most

highly and densely populated countries in the world. With a land area of 144,000 square kilometers,

the recent (2005-2007) estimates of Bangladesh's population range from 142 to 159 million has made

it the seventh most populous nation in the world (BBS, 2007). As a developing nation, in part due toits large population, its per capita income in 2008 was USD 540. Despite many hurdles, the country

has made significant progress in human development in the areas of literacy, gender parity in

schooling, and reduction of population growth (World Bank, 2005; 2008).

The ethnic composition of Bangladesh is mosaic of mixed races with a dominant non-Aryan strain.

More than 80 percent of its population lives in rural areas. The fertile lands and vast water bodies

have made agriculture the major occupation, and rice, vegetables and fish have become the staple

foods. The society of Bangladesh is cohesive and mostly characterized by joint family. The culture

holds respect for women and elders and love and care for children. Traditionally the parents, elderly

and disabled dependants are taken care of by the families of their sons or daughters or relatives.

Although currently about 90 percent of the countrys populations are Muslims, the customs and

traditions in Bangladesh are varied and fascinating. In spite of rapid expansion of education and

modern amenities, rural people and indigenous communities still retain an unconscious belief in

animism in Bangladesh. However, Eid, DurgaPuja, Buddha Poornima and Christmas are the main

religious festivals of the Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists and Christians of the country respectively. The

indigenous communities living in forests, hill tracts, plain lands and tea gardens have their own

colorful festivities centering round different deities. Apart from many religious and social festivals,

Shaheed (martyrs) Day is nationally observed on the 21st day of February to commemorate the heroes

who sacrificed their lives in 1952 to defend the dignity of our mother tongue Bengali from the attempt

of Pakistani regime to impose Urdu as the only state language of Pakistan. In recognition of the

sacrifices of the heroes of the great Language Movement in Bangladesh, 21st February is being

observed as International Mother Language Day all over the world declared by UNESCO since 1998.


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In ancient India (of which Bangladesh is culturally an integral part) there were sporadic and, in

considerable cases, organized efforts to help the needy and victims of natural disasters. At one time,

the advent of Islam brought about a renaissance among the relatively lower caste population in India

under a conversion process. Islam institutionalized charity work through its various systems like

zakat, fitra, baitulmal, etc. Thus, some forms of social welfare activities have evolved and have been

practiced in Bangladesh as elsewhere in the world (Karim, 1996; Sarker, 1995). In regard to

psycho-socio-economic problems, abuse of children and women, physical, mental and social disabilities,

over population, acute poverty, unemployment, illiteracy and poor health are common in Bangladesh.

The government agencies (GAs) and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs e.g. BRAC, Grameen

Bank, Proshika, ASA, etc.) have been implementing various economic and social development

programs through micro-finance, human development training, conscientization and advocacy to

improve the life situation of the poor and disadvantaged segment of the population of the country

(Samad, 2000). It is most relevant to note that although social work does not have professionalrecognition in Bangladesh, professionally skilled and highly trained social workers can greatly

contribute to make these development activities more effective and meaningful.

II. Social Work Education in Bangladesh

Social work education in Bangladesh originated in the Pakistan regime having two key objectives: a)

to build professional leadership in solution of acute and large-scale social problems and b) to criticize

the operation of existing social welfare structure in response to various human needs and to guide the

future development program (Moore, 1958). An introductory course in social work of three months

duration was first started in Bangladesh (then known as East Pakistan) in 1953. After that, in

1955-56 professional education in social work was introduced with a nine-month training course on

Community Development and Medical Social Work at Dhaka University. With the completion of the

nine-month on-the-job training course under the countrys first Urban Community Development

Project, the establishment of a school of social work under Dhaka University was proposed. All the

above initiatives were taken under the auspices of the UN Technical Assistance Program in the social

service sector and guided by the UN experts (Ahmed, n. d.). Thus, Bangladesh has been inheriting the

western hegemony in regard to social work education and practice.

Schools and Levels of Social Work Education

In response to the proposal for establishment of a school of social work, the Government established

the College of Social Welfare and Research Center in 1958, and it commenced its educational program

in the academic year 1958-59 with 15 students registered for an MA degree in social welfare at the

University of Dhaka (Ahmadullah, 1986). The College of Social Welfare and Research Center, the first


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social work school of Bangladesh, was merged with the University of Dhaka (DU) as the Institute of

Social Welfare and Research (ISWR) in 1973.

Currently the four social work schools namely ISWR of Dhaka University, and departments of social

work in Rajshahi University (RU), Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST),

Jagannath University (JU) and National University have been offering courses at four levels such asi) four year graduation with honors ii) one year masters iii) M. Phil and iv) Ph.D. It should be

mentioned that out of 1415, 194 and 91 colleges under the National University (NU) have been

offering bachelor and masters level courses. It is important to note that thousands of students who are

enrolled for a three year graduation program (B.A Pass course) in 1415 colleges under National

University of Bangladesh also take-up social work as one of the social science optional subjects having

300 marks. Besides, a 200 marks optional course of social work is also offered at Higher Secondary

Certificate (HSC) level i. e. junior college level in Bangladesh. Four levels of degrees such as Bachelor

of Social Sciences (BSS) Honors, Master of Social Sciences (MSS), Masters of Philosophy (MPhil) and

doctorate (Ph.D.) degrees are currently offered by the social work schools of five public universities in

Bangladesh. A two-year evening masters program (EMP) in Social Welfare has been introduced at the

Institute of Social Welfare and Research since 2004.

After completing 12 grades from junior colleges, the students are eligible for admission at BSS level

and it is a four year bachelor degree course with honors. MSS is one year degree course after

successful completion of BSS level. On the other hand, two year MPhil and three year PhD degrees

are offered by the universities of Bangladesh. The scholars can enroll in MPhil program aftercompletion of four year bachelor degree with honors under the supervision of a faculty. On the other

hand, requirements for Ph.D. enrollment include completion of MSS with a four year graduation and

two years research or teaching experience in all the social work schools in Bangladesh.

III. International Definition of Social Work Review Project: Outcome of Bangladesh

Workshop

Apart from the social graduates, the terms of Social Work and Social Welfare carry the same meaning

to the government policy-makers, development administrators and workers as well as NGO operators

in Bangladesh. And, mostly because of the absence professional recognition and lack of professional

association (s) in the country, importance and efficacy of social work education and practice in its clear

meaning could not touch the attitude of the national level policy-makers and planners. As a result, the

vast social service sectors in the country are not being shaped in accordance with the professional

spirit or philosophy. The project activities which are institutional in nature do not follow the social

work guidelines, even not being managed by professional social workers. The same conditions alsoprevail in services that are non-institutional particularly community participation based. It is


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accepted on all hands the participatory social work activities are far more practical, pragmatic and

pro-people. Thus the whole social work programs are at hodgepodge stage and customarily these are

going on without specific goal and direction. Still there are enough scopes for reorganizing social

services by formulating a common policy for social workers earn appropriate skill, attitude and

knowledge for practicing social work. In this circumstance, conceptual perception and understanding

about social work education and practice should be explicit. Therefore, for its appropriate application,

APASWE International Definition of Social Work Review Project is significant and timely indeed. This

paper is an attempt to present the outcome of Bangladesh Workshop on social work definition under

APASWE International Definition of Social Work Review Project.

The term Definition connotes the action of determining a controversy or question at issue and setting

of bounds or limits for the same. In this connection Locke opines in hisAn Essay Concerning Human

Understandingthat the names of simple concepts do not admit any definition. On the other hand,

Wittgenstein rejected the need for any undefined simples and the idea of self explanation of the

meaning of a term because what considers as a simple in one circumstances might not do so in

another. He pointed out that explanation of a term is only required when we need to avoid

misunderstanding (The Oxford English Dictionary, 1933; Wikipedia). In these circumstances, due to

social change, problem solving in human relationship, empowerment and liberation of people,

harmony of human relations, emphasis on unique tradition and culture, and importance of core

elements of family, kin and community, the International Association of Schools of Social Work

(IASSW) and the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) were committed to a 10-yearcycle of review for Social Work definition. Toward that end, under the initiative and guidance of

APASWE, each national association organized National Workshop on definition of Social Work by

October 2010. Todays Regional Workshop in Tokyo is the outcome of all of these workshops on

definition of Social Work held in the countries of the Asia and the Pacific. The definition that has been

discussed in the workshops is: The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human

relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance wellbeing. Utilising theories of human

behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments.

Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work.

Outcome of Bangladesh WorkshopBangladesh Council for Social Work Education (BCSWE) organized a Day-long National Workshop on

APASWE International Definition of Social Work Review Project on 03 August 2010 at the Institute ofSocial Welfare and Research (ISWR), University of Dhaka. The faculties/educators and social work


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practitioners participated in the workshop from all concerned universities having social work program

like University of Dhaka, University of Rajshahi, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology

Sylhet, Jagannath University, Colleges under National University, Gana Bishwabidyalaya (Private

University), and from the national NGOs. The major outcome of the workshop is as follows:

1. Issues discussed in the workshop include western hegemony or western imperialism that hasdeveloped the definition of social work and which is going to be questioned along with the

demand for voice of local culture be raised or heard and it is to be explicit too. However, the

definition under discussion is fairly acceptable to us.

2. Although we have the definition but the question is how to practice it into operation. There is adifference between the approach of teaching and the methods we follow in practice. Social work

is built on integrated body of knowledge that provides caring, curing and developmental

services. These services are rendered at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Services

include a notion of capacity building and empowering people through active participation.

3. Over the time, its values, norms etc. as well as social norms, values, cultural sensitivity,harmony, solidarity and socio-political situation have been changed, and the elements evolving

out of those need to be incorporated in the definition. The definition of social work should be

developed from both academic and practice view-point well considering local and global

circumstances. Think globally but act locally may be a guideline.

4. The following four issues like preserving human rights, establishing social justice, promotingsocial development and addressing psychosocial problems may be taken into consideration

determining the definition.

5. Social work is practiced mostly from social development perspective in a developing countrylike Bangladesh. Hence, within social work domain there should be the inclusion of local needs,

efforts, resources, perspectives, nature of local social system, specially the welfare of the

disadvantaged, distressed, disabled and marginalized people of a particular society. So,

capacity building and participatory approach come up as focal point in social work practice.

In fine, there should be a universal definition of Social Work acceptable by all countries/societies

regardless of any doubts. But an individual society/country/region should frame definition of social

work according to its own cultural diversity, spirituality, wisdom, and process of social change and

development considering the local-national-regional and global dynamics. The nature of social services

run by government and NGOs and their partnership process should be emphasized. By and large, a

particular society may indigenize and contextualize the definition as per the needs, interests, and sets

of values active in the different social classes.


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References

Ahmed, S., Urban Community development in Bangladesh, Department of Social Welfare,

Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka; n.d.

Ahmadullah, A. K., Presidential Address,Report of the Seminar of Bangladesh Social work Teachers

Association,Dhaka; 1986.

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 2005, Bangladesh Bureau of

Statistics (BBS), Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka; 2007.

Faruque, C. Jo and Samad, Muhammad, The Invisible People: Poverty and Resiliency in the Dhaka

Slums, PublishAmerica, Baltimore, USA; 2008.

Karim, A.K. Nazmul, Changing Society in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, NawrozeKitabistan,

Dhaka; 1996.

Moore, J. J. O., The Report and the Prospect from Which It Arose: A Tentative and Unpublished

Report, Prepared for the Government of Pakistan, Dhaka; 1958.

The Oxford English Dictionary (A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles), Oxford at the

Clarendon Press; 1933.

Samad, Muhammad, Participation of the Rural Poor in Government and NGO Programs, MawlaBrothers, Dhaka; 2000.

Sarker, A. H. and Ahmadullah, A. K., Bangladesh in International Handbook on Social Work

Education edited by Tomas D. Watts et. al., Greenwood Press, London; 1995.

World Bank, Bangladesh Country Brief, World Bank, Washington; 2005.

World Bank, World Development Report 2008, World Bank, Washington; 2008.

Online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki


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China: Definition of Social Work: Chinas View and Experiences

Prof. Xu Yong-Xiang from ECUST, Shanghai, China

Prof. Sun Li-Ya from CYUPS, Beijing, China

Prof. Lin Mei from ECUST, Shanghai, China

I. Background Information

Early in 1920s, universities in Shanghai and Beijing introduced professional social work education

and began to put it into practice in hospitals and rural areas. It is worth mentioning that the rural

social work and construction led by Mr.YanYangchu, was once promoted by the United Nations.

After 1949, everybody worked permanently in Danwei (eg.stated owned enterprises) since the highly

centralized planned economy and the Units System was gradually established. Such organizations as

enterprises, schools and peoples communes offered the fundamental well-being and showed great

care for everybody, trying to address issues and maintain social order. The professional social work,

therefore, lost its value of existence and the social work education was also abandoned.

With the introduction of reform and opening-up as well as the fast development of the market

economy since 1979, the planned economy and social Units System collapsed. And then people who

used to work in enterprises, turned individuals who were short of the care and support from the

society. On one hand, the economy kept a steady and fast growth. On the other hand, the social strata

rapidly came into being, followed by large number of issues and conflicts in the society. In that case, it

was indispensable and urgent to restore and develop the education and practice for social work. As a

result, the specialized and professionalized social work was gradually restored and then developed in a

speedy way on education, practice and social policy levels

The year 1987 saw the resumption of professional social work education, decided by Ministry of

education, and the China Association for Social Work Education was set up five years later. Up to 2010,

252 universities offer full-time undergraduates social work programs, 59 provide Master of Social

Work (MSW), and another 12 offer doctoral programs.

Promoted by social work educators, non-profit organization (NPO) which mainly comprised of social

workers was developed vigorously in Shanghai since the middle 1990s. Professional social work

service is carried out in such areas as communities, charities, schools, hospitals and judicial

organizations. In addition, the civil organizations for social service and work have also been quickly

developed in the developed coastal regions like Beijing and Shenzhen since the 21st century. The

Wenchuan earthquake happened in 12 May, 2008, was a milestone in the development of social work

when universities and organizations in Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong, Chongqing and Hunan made

up groups of social work shortly after the earthquake and headed to the quake-stricken areas to carry

out the social work and social reconstruction. And it was a big success. Social work was recognized and

highly evaluated by local people, local government and central government. Therefore, an increasing


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number of people recognized that social work played an irreplaceable and special role in social welfare,

social construction, social support and social union.

On the policy level, Shanghai is the first to carry out social work certificate exam and the city

government set up vocational accreditation system since 2003. Over five thousand persons have

acquired the certificate for social worker and assistant social worker during the following four years.

Besides, the social work certificate exam was expanded to the whole nation in 2008 and so far, 250,000

persons have passed the test. This year, the central government defined social work talents as one of

the six key professionals and issued policies and measures to subsidize and spur the social work

talents. According to governments schedule, nearly two million persons will receive professional social

work training and education by 2015, and another one million by 2020.

II. The Definition of Social Work: governments understanding

With different levels of economic and social development status, local governments in the mainland

comprehend social work in different ways, and the support that social work received from

governments also varies. Generally speaking, the central government and local governments in such

developed coastal areas as Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong and Shenzhen are the most active to

promote social work while the governments in relatively underdeveloped areas who lack sufficient

funds (the Middle and the West) are less motivated.

Moreover, even proactive governments merely understand social works role and function from a tool

rational perspective, rather than a fair and just one. Firstly, they merely consider social work as a tool

to administrate the country and boost social harmony. Secondly, social work is thought of as a part of

public service and social welfare. Thirdly, they tend to regard the civil NPOs that offer social work

services, as assistants to control the society and provide public service (not as a real partner). On basis

of the tool rational perspective, local governments would resort to NPOs (to purchase social work

services).

III. The Definition of Social Work: scholars understanding

Currently, the academias universally accepted definition of social work is:

An important part of social construction, SW is a profession that presents core values of socialism and

follows professional norms and morals, devoting to Helping Others to Help Themselves and offer help

to the individuals, families, groups, organizations and communities that need help by utilizing

professional knowledge, skills and methods, so as to integrate social resources, coordinate social

relations, prevent and solve problems, restore and develop social functions, and promote social

harmony.

The academias and governments definitions have both differences and common points. The

academias definition not only absorbs the internationally recognized explanation of social work, but

also adds in local understanding. Hence, the academias definition has both internationalized and

localized features. First, the essence of social work as a subject, distinguishes from that of psychology,

sociology and management. It is a subject that offers social welfare, a subject that solve social


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problems on the basis of the adjustment of social relationships. Second, social work is a profession

with altruism-orientation, aiming to realize harmony, equality and justice in the society and Help

Others to Help Themselves with scientific knowledge and approaches. Third, the target of social work

falls into five categories: individuals, families, groups, organizations and communities (including both

the disadvantaged groups and normal people). Fourth, the function of social work is: to integrate social

resources, coordinate social relations, prevent and solve problems, restore and develop social functions,

and promote social harmony. Last, the professional norms of social work must coincide with local

culture. Otherwise, it is difficult to be accepted by target clients.

IV. To Understand the Differences between the Two Definitions

First, social works definition actually reflects the processes and features of social construction.

Actually, the government and academia share a gradual process to deepen and consummate their

understanding, along with the economic and social development.

Second, the differences embody their unique roles, positions and demands as social principals. For

example, governments take the responsibility of social management and social stability. It is

irreproachable for them to emphasize social works management function. The academia emphasizes

equality and justice on the macroscopic stage, as well as the orientation of Helping others to Self-help

on the microscopic stage, necessary for social development.

Last, in order to achieve the macroscopic orientations and acquire a beneficial policy and media

environment, it is inevitable for the academia and practitioners to seek common grounds with

governments and proactively integrate themselves into or embed into governments systems and

policies. As a result, they can gradually intervene, rehabilitate and finally improve governments

definition.


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Indonesia: Definition of Social Work Revisited

(From the Indonesias Experiences)

Fentiny Nugroho, Ph.D

I. Introduction

It is a great leap that APASWE takes an initiative to rethink about the definition of social work. A

definition is crucial to bring social work community in Asia Pacific region to have a common

understanding, even though to some extent it should still provide space for the uniqueness of everycountry/nation. The objectives of this paper are:

1. To discuss whether it is necessary to revise the present IASSW/IFSW social work definition

2. To examine the causes of the revision necessity at the conceptual and empirical levels

3. To recommend a revised definition of social work

This paper will also explore the suitability of the present definition, including our practice, thoughts,

and values.

II. The Present Definition of Social Work*

The international definition of the social work profession below replaces the IFSW definition adopted

in 1982.

The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the

empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilising theories of human behaviour

and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their

environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work. (Adopted

by the IFSW General Meeting in Montral, Canada, July 2000).

III. The Experiences of Indonesia

Since the Reformation occurred In Indonesia in 1998, the country has changed significantly. Today

democracy has developed much better compared to the period before the Reformation. Nevertheless,

we also observe that this progress in democracy does not go parallel with welfare. In fact, the peoples

right to express their opinion as a reflection of democracy, and the peoples right to obtain their welfare

are similarly crucial. Both are the fulfillment of human rights.


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In this country the welfare issue is becoming more complex due to the implementation of regional

autonomy at a local level and free trade at a global level. The policy at the national level is also

influenced by these local and global dynamics. In addition to this, the world countries have had a

commitment and agreement stated in Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) that in 2015 poverty,

the death rate of under five children and pregnant women, HIV/AIDS, must be reduced significantly.

Social work as a profession which is directly related to the peoples welfare, must always be aware

about the current context of the society. Therefore, a social worker should understand the dynamics

described above. For example, when a social worker is dealing with the peasant poverty, he/she must

understand their poverty is not only because of the shortage of access, capital, knowledge and skills, or

due to the micro factors (fatalism and the lack of motivation for achievement), but also because of

global policy, among other things through World Trade Organization (WTO), which is sometimes

disadvantageous for the poor peasant in developing countries. While, at a local level the social workersneed to understand the local culture which at times affects the farmer productivity. For example,

among Dayak ethnic group in Kalimantan island, there is a belief regarding the banana tree. This

plant commonly forms clumps, with the central trunk being the biggest. The villagers believe that the

small banana trees growing around the main tree cannot be pulled off unless the main tree is also

removed. Also, the local people have the belief that if the plants are bearing fruit, they cannot be cut. If

they do it, their family members will be sick. In fact, according to the modern agricultural knowledge,

a clump should not have more than three trunks in order to produce sizable fruit.

Thus, the social workers who always understand social problems related to human and environment

shall broaden their perception on the problem. They shall understand the problem at an individual,

family, group, organization and community levels, as well as at a state and global levels. Furthermore,

usually we analyze the problems based on the obstacles of the social function causing social

dysfunction, but currently there is a shift in social work that the social workers should also look at the

problem with a focus on the clients strengths (strength perspective). Moreover, social development

perspective (meaning social and economic development must go parallel) that very important for the

welfare of developing countries, must be comprehended by the social workers. The publication of the

Decree of Minister of Social Affairs on Social Worker Certification has also influenced social work and

social welfare in Indonesia.

The above circumstances have brought awareness that the definition of social work should be revised.

The existing definition seems to be inadequate to cater the current conceptual and empirical

development.


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Apparently there are three aspects need to be accommodated into the existing definition:

1. Social development perspective2. Local culture3. Dynamics of local-national-global context

1. Social Development Perspective

The most distinctive feature of this approach is the link between social and economic development

(Midgley 1995). Social development attempts to integrate social and economic processes. In national

development, social development is not able to occur without economic development and economic

development might become distorted development unless it is accompanied by social development to

achieve social welfare enhancement for the population as a whole. By adopting this approach, the

social workers should comprehend the economic concepts, such as, cost benefit analysis, Gross

National Product (GNP efficiency, investment, and so on. In social work context, social investment is

crucial in order to pursue economic growth

2. Local Culture

The existing definition of social work has not accommodated the local culture. In fact, it really affects

the daily practice of social workers, especially in Asia. Among Dayak ethnic group in Kalimantan

island-Indonesia, for example, although there are some beliefs which are counterproductive with

regard to farming practice, there are also some local wisdom which need to be maintained because of

their importance, such as traditional knowledge about the right time to begin planting. Villagers

accurately estimate this from the phase and position of moon. In addition, local climatic knowledge is

important. They estimate that their plants will take six months to harvest. The sequence is as follows:

June is for preparation, September is for cutting trees and clearing the land, October is for planting,

and so the harvest will be between February and March. If this schedule is strictly followed, there will

be no pests (birds and wild boar are the worst), because February/March is nesting season for birds,

and during these months forest fruits are ripe so the boar are be well fed in the forest and will not

disturb the farmers plantings. A social worker needs to be aware of these regional traditions and takethem into account when planning projects.

3. Dynamics of local-national-global context

The globalization should also be considered in the definition of social work. Globalization brings both

positive and negative impacts on the people in developed and developing countries.


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IV. Positive Impact of Globalisation

People in the business world believe that globalisation brings about positive outcomes. Moreover, it is

believed that globalisation will lead the world into a condition where the rapid poverty reduction and

falling levels of inequality occur. In addition, there is an argument that globalisation which increases

flows of trade and investment and enable poor countries to catch up with average incomes in rich

countries; the World Bank states that global integration is a powerful force for poverty reduction

(Oxfam International 2002, p. 65). There is also a view that with trade liberalisation resources are

allocated more efficiently to productive uses and low-income countries can expand output and

employment in labour-intensive industries, thus accelerating their growth. The poor also stand to

benefit from this growth, and therefore trade liberalisation is also good for the poor (World Bank

2002).

V. Confounding Impact of Globalisation

However, globalisation can be a factor in increasing poverty. Many trade union members and

environmental activists claim that globalisation has impacted negatively (Midgley 2000). In

industrialized countries, globalisation of the economy has created youth unemployment, job losses due

to factory closures, stagnant income and heightened inequality. Similarly, in developing countries

global economic forces and economic restructuring in the face of globalisation have resulted in poverty

(Scholte 2000, pp. 207-233). In these countries, even intervention by the International Monetary Fund

(IMF) has created bitter misery (Chossudovsky 1998). Governments in developing countries tend not

to have choice but have to implement policies favourable to the global market, which do not give much

protection to the poor (Ife 2000).

Trade liberalisation seems to offer good news to the poor. Since developing countries generally have an

abundance of unskilled labour, free trade is assumed to increase global demand for exports that

require this kind of input, driving up employment, increasing incomes and reducing poverty in the

process (Wood 1994; David et al. 2000). Unfortunately, the theoretical prediction has not proved true

in reality. The facts have been far less encouraging. Integration through trade is creating opportunities,

but these opportunities are biased towards those with access to productive assets, infrastructure and

education things to which the poor have limited or no access. In the manufacturing sector, demand

for products employing skilled labour seems to be increasing far more rapidly than demand for

unskilled labour.


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Poverty is a powerful barrier to participation in markets. Because of restricted access to land, credit

and market information and higher transport costs, the poor are unable to compete. Having access to

education is one of the important keys for acquiring the skills needed to compete for market

opportunities. Evidence from many countries suggest that the expansion of trade has often resulted

either in the poor getting left behind or in the intensification of exploitative and

environment-damaging systems of production, so trade liberation under globalisation works against

the interests of the poor (Oxfam International 2002). Developing countries have been rapidly

liberalising imports, while rich countries, despite the free-market rhetoric of their government, have

remained fiercely protectionist in their approach to developing exports. These protectionist policies are

one of the reasons why integration into the world market is not delivering the anticipated benefits to

poor countries. Tariff and non-tariff barriers penalise developing countries in those areas where they

have a strong competitive advantage.

To measure the gap between free-market principle and protectionist practice, Oxfam International

(2002) produces the Double Standards Index. This compares the level of protectionist trade policies

employed by the richest and most powerful trading nations against exports from developing countries.

This index shows that industrialised countries apply tariffs four times higher on imports of

manufactured goods from developing countries than they apply to manufactured goods imported from

other industrialised countries. The US and the European Union subsidise their farmers to the tune of

about US $1 per farmer per day. This subsidy has made farmers in developing countries (the South)unable to compete because imported agricultural products from developed countries (the North) are

less costly. The North is insisting that the South liberalize in more sectors, especially those of

commercial interest to the North.

It is obvious that the impact of global integration on poverty reduction is less powerful than often

claimed. World Bank indicates that at the beginning of the twenty-first century, 1.1 billion people are

struggling to survive on less than US $1 a day, the same figure as in the mid 1980s (OxfamInternational 2002). Thus, the wealth that flows from liberalised trade is not trickling down to the

poorest, contrary to the claims of the proponents of globalisation. Yet, globalisation is inevitable,

because of the influences of world-wide communication and information technologies. The economic,

political, social, cultural and environmental forms of globalisation have penetrated human experience

in many ways (Ife 2004, p. 3). It is a fact that only countries strong in economy and technology can

survive and gain maximum benefit from globalisation. It is a duty of governments, especially in the

developing countries, to ensure that globalisation and liberalization do not lead their people to become

more marginalised. However, in fact the Government of developing countries often fails to protect its

people and to produce the policies which are favourable to globalization but not sensitive to the poor.


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The social workers should understand these dynamics of interaction in the globalized world. It is the

social workers duty to advocate their National Governments.

VI. The Proposed Definition

Based on the observation on the development in the conceptual and empirical spheres, the Indonesian

Association of Social Work Education held the national workshops to review the definition of social

work. Finally there is one definition is formulated:

Social work is a helping profession for promoting social change, social investment, empowerment and

problem-solving in human relationship and environment at the individual, family, group, community and

society levels to enhance welfare. Social work intervention is based on theories of human behaviour and

social environment, human rights and

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