Workshop “Inovações Recentes em Sistemas de Energia ... · New England’s Electric Power Grid at a Glance • 6.5 million households and businesses; population 14 million •

Peter Wong - ISO New England

Centro Politécnico da UFPR, Curitiba

Sponsored by “Smart Grids – Redes Elétricas Inteligentes” and supported by Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica da Universidade Federal de Paraná

2 de Agosto de 2010

Workshop“Inovações Recentes em Sistemas de Energia Elétrica” - Smart Grid 101

1© 2010 ISO New England1

Disclaimer

Properly Presented Information

Accurately represents the positions of ISO New England

Inaccurate Information or Opinions that May Not Fully Agree with ISO New England

My private views and are not meant to represent any organization with which I am affiliated

Please note that the comma (,) in this presentation is used to denote the thousand while the period (.) is used to denote the decimal point.

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© 2010 ISO New England

Outline

ISO New England Overview

Smart Grid

Fundamental Visions

Objectives

Definition

What is Needed Now

ISO New England Smart Grid Activities

Appendix I – International Smart Grid Development

© 2010 ISO New England33

ISO New England Overview


About ISO New England

• Private, not-for-profit corporation regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC is like ANEEL)

• 400+ employees headquartered in Western MassachusettsIndependent System Operator (ISO), a FERC designation

Authorized by the FERC to operate the New England Bulk Electric System

Also a Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) with FERC authorization to manage the Regional Transmission System

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ISO-NE: Major Responsibilities

1. Reliability

Maintain minute-to-minute reliable operation of the region’s bulk power generation and transmission system

Centralized dispatch of generation, activation of demand response

Coordinate operations with neighboring power systems

1. Markets

Administer and monitor New England's wholesale electricity markets

● Energy, Capacity and Reserves

Internal and external market monitoring

1. PlanningSystem needs assessment

10-year transmission plan to ensure a reliable and efficient bulk power system to meet current and future needs

New England’s Electric Power Grid at a Glance

• 6.5 million households and businesses; population 14 million

• More than 300 generators • Over 8,000 miles of high-voltage transmission

lines • 13 interconnections to electricity systems in

New York, Québec, and New Brunswick• Almost 32,000 megawatts of generation supply• 2,200 MW of Demand Resources• System load:

• Summer peak: 28,130 MW (August 2006)• Winter peak : 22,818 MW (January 2004)• 126,840 GWh Net Energy for Load in

2009• More than 400 participants in the marketplace• $5 - $11 billion annual total energy market

value

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Existing ISO/RTO Configurations

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Resource: ISO/RTO Council


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ISO New England Control Room

2010 Summer : Installed Generation Capacity* by Primary Fuel Type

Note: The “Other Renewable” category includes landfill gas, other biomass gas, refuse (municipal solid waste), wood and wood-waste solids, wind, and tire-derived fuels.

* Values include existing generation and expected generation capacity additions. Values do not include Hydro-Québec Interconnection Capability Credits (HQICC),

demand resources, or external purchases and sales.

Summer 2010(MW and Percent)

Total = 31,947 MWGas

13,181 MW41.3%

Oil6,848 MW

21.4%

Nuclear4,629 MW

14.5%

Coal2,756 MW

8.6%

Pumped Storage

1,679 MW5.2%

Hydro1,712 MW

5.4%

Other Renewables1,142 MW

3.6%

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2009 Energy Production by Fuel Type

Note: The “Other Renewable” category includes landfill gas, other biomass gas, refuse (municipal solid waste), wood and wood-waste solids, wind, and tire-derived fuels.

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

Natural Gas Nuclear Coal Hydro-Electric Other Renewables

Oil (Heavy & Light)

Pump Storage

49,756

36,231

14,558

8,353 7,3361,773 1,419

GWhr

2009 Energy By Primary Fuel Type (GWh)41.7%

30.3%

12.2%

7.0%6.1%

1.5% 1.2%

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Smart Grid


Smart Grid – There are many visions

U.S. Congress

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007)

The goal of the EISA of 2007 is for the United States to:

Have greater energy independence and security

Increase the production of clean renewable fuels

Protect consumers

Increase the efficiency of products, buildings and vehicles

Promote research on and deploy greenhouse gas capture and storage options

Improve energy performance of the Federal Government


Smart Grid – There are many visions (Cont’d)

U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)

Smart Grid Policy (July 16, 2009)

This FERC policy statement provides guidance regarding

Development of a smart grid for the US electric transmission system

Development of key standards to achieve interoperability and functionality of smart grid systems and devices

The policy statement, among other things, identified cross-cutting issues and key grid functionalities that deserve high priority in the development of smart grid standards.

Cross-cutting Issues (2)

Cyber/system Security

Need for common semantic framework and software models for enabling effective communication and coordination across inter-system interfaces

Key functionalities (4)

Wide-area situational awareness

Demand response

Electric storage

Electric vehicles



U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

DOE Smart Grid System Report – Characteristics of the Smart Grid, July 2009

The DOE report identified 7 major characteristics of a smart grid:

Enabling consumer participation

Accommodating all types of generation and storage technology

Enabling new products, services, and markets

Providing power quality for a digital economy

Optimizing asset utilization and operating efficiency

Responding automatically to system disturbances in a self-healing manner

Operating resiliently against physical/cyber attack and natural disasters



Vendors and Industry Analysts

too many variations to mention

GridWise

Describes an abstract interoperability framework

Standards Organizations and User Consortia

Describe “slices” from the Smart Grid pie

National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST)

Issuance of Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0 – January 2010

● Identified 75 interoperability standards applicable to the ongoing development of smart grid technologies and applications

● Identified priority action plans for addressing gaps in smart grid standards

● First group of standards may be available for consideration by the FERC by late summer 2010.

● FERC staff, on July 15, 2010, recommended that the FERC at that time initiate a rulemaking proceeding to consider standards identified by NIST as ready for consideration.


Some Consistent Messages

Support all types of generation

Consumer participation

Transparency of Cost and Quality of Electricity

Competitive Marketplace

Self-correcting: Automatic response to disturbances and threatening situations

Security (physical and cyber) designed in upfront

Observable and Manageable

Flexible


Why Smart Grid?

Difficulty in building new generation and transmission facilities where they’re needed most

Energy Independence/Fuel dependency

Construction of new generating facilities is not keeping pace with increased demand –greater reliance on demand response

Emerging new technologies and tools

Consumer expectations to deliver greater reliability in the face of aging infrastructure

Aging grid infrastructure requires replacement/upgrade

The health of our economy depends on reliable electricity

Public pressure to lower electricity costs 1818


Why Smart Grid? (Cont’d)

Need to support new intermittent resources, such as Wind Power, require more sophisticated tools and capabilities to manage/control

The existing grid control tools are incapable of managing the complex components and relationships that are beginning to appear on the grid (e.g. PHEV’s with V2G and compound offers, such as cooperating Wind Power/Demand Response resources)

The network has never been designed to support two-way flow of power between the grid and consumers

Aging workforce

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Smart Grid Objectives

Energy Efficiency

Reliability

Renewable Resources

Security

Economy

Cost Reduction

Consumer Choice

Energy Independence

Climate Change

2020 © 2010 ISO New England

Smart Grid Objectives (cont’d)

For Reliability

More capacity from transmission and distribution resources

Intelligent devices that automate monitoring and respond to emergency situations

Efficient production, movement and consumption of electricity

Tools and training to support control room

For the Environment

Reduction in Greenhouse Gases

Greater penetration of renewables, energy storage and demand resources

For Consumer Control

Transparency into electricity usage and prices

Opportunities for consumers to supply energy, capacity and ancillary services


Smart Grid as Defined by North America Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)


Smart Grid as Defined by NERC

● Formed Smart Grid Task Force (SGTF), which was joined by over 100 people representing different sectors of the electric industry, consisting of private, public, academic, and government entities to:

Assess Smart Grid reliability characteristics

Identify and discuss any reliability implications from integrating smart grid into the bulk power system

Determine the cyber security and critical infrastructure protection implications

Identify the impact on planning, design and operational processes as well as the tools needed

Determine which NERC Reliability Standards may apply

Provide input into NERC’s Standards Process


Source: NERC Smart Task Force Update, dated August 4, 2010

High Level Conclusions

The smart grid concept is expansive

Not all industry experts agree on its definition

Smart grid is developing at many levels

Smart grid integration changes planning, design and operational processes

Integration of smart grid must encompass:

Cyber considerations: IT and control system interface

Dynamic and static system behavior



High Level Conclusions (cont’d)

NERC’s Reliability Standards apply to smart grid integration, representing a baseline for reliability.

Research and development necessary to reliably and securely integrate the smart grid

NERC should monitor smart grid developments and remain engaged with industry efforts



Smart Grid as Defined by NERC

● ”The smart grid is the integration and application of real-time monitoring, advanced sensing, communications, analytics, and control, enabling the dynamic flow of both energy and information to accommodate existing and new forms of supply, delivery, and use in a secure, reliable, and efficient electric power system, from generation source to end-user.”


Source: NERC Smart Grid Task Force draft report entitled The Smart Grid and Reliability

Smart Grid as Defined by NERC (cont’d)

● “real-time monitoring, advanced sensing – The ability to more rapidly and accurately detect and measure the state of the electric system. This is critical to a more flexible, resilient, and dynamically responsive grid.”

● “communications – The transfer of information for the real-time operation, control, and maintenance of the electric system, primarily digital in the foreseeable future. Many aspects of a smart grid depend upon existing, expanded, or new communications technologies and infrastructure.”



● “analytics - tools and methods for sophisticated and accurate analysis of the electric power system to aid in operation, maintenance, planning and decision-making. More extensive and accurate sensing and communication that accompany a smart grid also enable more powerful analytics.”

“control - Systems, technologies, and methods for operating the electric system in such a way as to achieve a desired state or response. Smart grid implies substantially greater application of automatic and advanced control capabilities.”



● “dynamic flow of both energy and information - The flow of energy has always been dynamic. Under smart grid, the flow of information about that energy will be similarly dynamic. This expresses three important smart grid concepts: 1). Energy and information are both essential components of the smart grid; 2). The smart grid flow of information and energy is not necessarily linear from power station to end-user and may be more complex than often cited examples of two-way flows of power—the information or energy may originate at multiple different points in the system and may flow to multiple different points in the system; 3). The flows of information and energy are not necessarily prescript events—intelligence and advanced sensing, computing, and communications (described above) may enable adaptive routing of power or security measures to balance and safeguard the grid.”


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● “existing and new - Addresses there is a legacy system in place that the smart grid will augment, then possibly replace over time. During the transition, the smart grid should cause no harm to the existing system.”

●

“supply, delivery, and use - Indicates the system’s purpose is to augment the existing grid with new elements and practices (regardless of the intended ends: security, reliability, efficiency, system optimization, etc.). While some specific technologies and applications may not be “new” ideas per se, their widespread adoption or use in novel ways may be “new” to the system. Other developing technologies of smart grid will, in fact, be “new” to the grid. “Supply” and “Use” are broadly applicable terms.”

●



● “secure – The uncompromised ability of the electric system to perform its intended purpose. Addresses both physical security and cyber security aspects. These are cross-cutting issues for the grid.”

● ● “reliable – Capable of delivering electric energy in the

agreed upon or expected quantity, quality, and duration, at the agreed upon or expected place and time. Implies resource and transmission adequacy, operational reliability, power quality, and resiliency.”

● “efficient – Performing in the best possible manner with the least waste.”



● “electric power system – Characterizes one interconnected power generation and delivery system. Smart grid may enhance this system in terms of both efficiency and reliability, but does not fundamentally change its nature.”

● “generation source – Broadly inclusive of all generation sources, regardless of energy source or power output.”

●

● “end-user – Broadly inclusive of all users from industrial plants to home owners.”


What is Needed Now



What’s Needed Now

Lots of focus on standards for end-use interfaces:

H2G, I2G, B2G (Home-to-Grid, Industry-, Business-)

End use customer visibility of prices and demand response

Advanced metering

Some, but not enough, attention to Transmission functions:

PMU deployment; Situational Awareness

Virtually NO attention on changes to Power System Control and standards/protocols needed for control functions among System Control entities, e.g.:

ISO Utilities

ISO Aggregators

ISO Other Control Areas


The lines between Transmission and Distribution are blurring

Increasing number of generating resources located on the distribution network (e.g. wind turbines, solar arrays, microgrids, CHP)

Demand resources playing larger role in traditional “transmission level functions” (e.g. energy, reserves and emergency response)

Regional Power System Control entities need more granular locational and capacity information for both demand and supply resources located on the distribution network

Operable Capacity analysis requires situational awareness of supply resources located within a region, regardless of which network they are connected to


More Choices and Uncertainty - Less time to react

Region wide System Operations and Planning become more complicated under the Smart Grid

Choice between using DR Negawatts, traditional generators, distributed generators, variable renewables, imports, energy storage to meet the next MW of Load

Load forecasting is further complicated with additional uncertainty (e.g. impact of EV’s, impact of consumer level generation capabilities such as solar panels)

Number, size and location of independently managed Microgrids

Other factors:

● Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)

● Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiatives (RGGI)

Requires frequent interaction among system control entities and new optimization and contingency analysis approaches


New Grid Control and Planning

Centralized vs. de-centralized

Micro-grids vs. large grids

Market coordination

Energy Supply Resources connected “anywhere”

Distributed State Estimation

Special Protection Schemes

Frequent data exchange between system control entities

Situational awareness

Visualization and Decision Support

Deterministic vs. Probabilistic approach

Transition from Preventive to Corrective system design and operation philosophy


New Technologies

• Synchronized Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)• Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)• Renewable Resources• Storage• New regulation devices: flywheels, PHEV, etc.• Microgrids and Smart Grid• Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS)• Wide Area Protection Systems (WAPS)• Multi-Agent technology• Distributed computer systems

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4040

New Technologies Affecting Control

• Microgrids– A comparatively small network

with distributed generation and storage capable of both supplying its own loads and buying electricity from the grid

– An alternative to transmission and requires new approaches in control and market integration

Source:

A Paradigm Shift in Power System Control is REQUIRED for the Smart Grid to succeed

Power System Control functions will be significantly impacted by the Smart Grid

More granular control of supply and demand is needed

Supply Management (wherever it is located)

Demand Management

Network Management (both transmission and distribution levels)

Integrated Power System Control across the supply chain will require more frequent interaction among controlling entities

Need for coordination among controlling entities under time critical situations will require greater automation between entities

NIST/DOE/FERC should prioritize architecture design work and standards for System Control functions among controlling entities


A Paradigm Shift in System Control

Conventional Architecture

Click to edit Master text stylesSecond level

● Third level● Fourth level

● Fifth level

Smart Grid Architecture


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Supply Resources

Demand Entities

Delivery Network

Markets

System Control

Source: DOE, http://www.oe.energy.gov/information_center/electricity101.htm

http://www.oe.energy.gov/information_center/electricity101.htm

Example:NIST I2G Interactions


Source: NIST I2G Draft Roadmap V 0.5 dated 4/9/2009

Current Standards workgroups “view” control as a single cloud with multiple entities

Smart Grid System Control Coordination


LSE’s

LCC’s & TO’s

AggregatorsSupply

&Demand

DISTCO’s

ISO RTO

Need for More Granular Control

More Supply Resources locating on Distribution Network

Pinpoint locational control of Demand Resources

Mobility of PHEV’s will cause shifting of load and supply around the system dynamically

PHEV’s will receive energy payments for whichever dispatch zone they supply energy within (locational pricing)


Supply Management

Transmission Level Generators

Distribution Level Generators

Clean/Green Generation

Energy Storage (all types on all networks, both stationary and mobile)

Reserves

Regulation Service

Negawatts

Interconnect processing

Outage Management

Need to perform Supply Forecasting (e.g. wind and solar power)

All resources have to be optimally utilized for economic and reliability purposes by whomever or whatever is in charge

Need standardized control functions and protocols for use among power system control entities to help manage supply


Demand Management

Load Shifting

Time of Use Rates

Critical Peak Pricing

Dynamic Pricing

Emergency Events

Load Shaping

Dispatchable load (e.g. PHEV charging, pumped storage)

More complex and granular Load Forecasting (e.g. Gillette Stadium with a parking lot full of PHEV’s recharging – what effect will this have on supply/congestion in the area and coordination among system controllers)

More granular locational control (PHEV charging by zone)

Greater use of storage capabilities

Enabling/Disabling Service remotely

Need standardized control functions and protocols for use among power system control entities to help manage demand


Network Management

Self Correcting networks

Predictive capabilities

Automated rerouting around faults

Optimization

Automatic Sense and Respond capabilities

Under Frequency Relays (UFR)

FACTS devices

Congestion Management (PHEV load shifts can cause congestion on the distribution network)

Dynamic ratings/limits

Outage management incorporating both economic and reliability factors

Need standardized control functions and protocols for use among power system control entities to help manage the entire grid network


Smart Grid System Control RequirementsPlanning (supply, demand and entire delivery network)

System Operations

Network Management

Supply Management

Demand Management

Market Management

Administration (e.g. Settlements etc.)

How will DISTCOs,LSEs, TO’s, ISO/RTOs share Power System Control responsibilities and interact/interface in the Smart Grid?

The answer will determine the Architecture and Design of Power System Control within the Smart Grid and enable the identification of standards and protocols needed

Architectural Design, Standards and Protocols for Power System Control among system control entities need to become a top priority


ISO New England Smart Grid Activities


Smart Grid Progress at ISO New England

Smart Grid Category InitiativeManage Network Wide Area Monitoring Systems

with Phasor MeasurementManage Network Situational

Awareness/VisualizationManage Network Real Time Stability Analysis and

ControlManage Network System Blackstart and Restoration

AutomationManage Network Advanced Grid Simulator (on hold

until 2011)Manage Network FACTS and HVDC devicesManage Supply Electronic Dispatch UpgradeManage Supply Demand Response (DR) Reserves

Pilot Manage Supply Demand Response ProgramsManage Supply Integration of DR Resources in

ISO/RTO OperationsManage Supply Alternative Technology

Regulation Pilot


ISO-NE and FERC Smart Grid Policy Alignment

FERC Priority Areas

ISO-NE Projects CyberSecurit

y

Inter-SystemCommunications

Wide-area situational awareness

•Wide Area Monitoring Systems with Phasor Measurement •Situational Awareness/Visualization•Real Time Stability Analysis and Control

X

XX

X

Demand Response •Demand Response (DR) Reserves Pilot •Demand Response Programs•Integration of DR Resources in ISO/RTO Operations for 2010

XXX

XXX

Electric Storage •Alternative Technology Regulation Pilot•Advanced Grid Simulator

X X

Electric Transportation •Alternative Technology Regulation Pilot•Advanced Grid Simulator

X X


Appendix IInternational Smart Grid Development


International Smart Grid Developments Over the last year, a lot of focus on the developing Smart Grid has been given around the world.

Especially in the following countries:

Asia Pacific

China, Japan, South Korea, Australia

European

Germany

Latin America

Brazil

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Top Ten Smart Grid Federal Stimulus InvestmentsRanking Country Stimulus

Investments (in US million

dollars)

1 China $7,323

2 USA $7,092

3 Japan $849

4 South Korea $824

5 Spain $807

6 Germany $397

7 Australia $360

8 UK $290

9 France $265

10 Brazil $204

Source: KEMA http://www.kema.com/services/consulting/utility-future/smart-grid/smart-grid-not-limited-to-US.aspx

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http://www.kema.com/services/consulting/utility-future/smart-grid/smart-grid-not-limited-to-US.aspx

Asia Pacific Countries Smart GridChina is one of the hottest Smart Grid markets in the coming years given its energy needs are expected to double in 10 years, and the country’s dominant power distribution company, State Grid Corp., has a goal of building out a Smart Grid by 2020.

China's Power Sector Investment

Source: China Electricity Council, Shanghai Daily

5656


Asia Pacific Countries Smart Grid

Japan and South Korea

Actually, a step ahead of China in the building of intelligent power distribution networks. Both are ear-marking spending of more than (US) $800 million for 2010.

Australia

AU$100 million for a National Energy Efficiency Initiative to develop an innovative Smart-Grid energy network. Perhaps the most interesting element of the Smart Grid demonstration project is that it is linked to the National Broadband Network (NBN). Source: KEMA http://www.kema.com/services/consulting/utility-future/smart-grid/smart-grid-not-limited-to-US.aspx

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European Countries Smart Grid

The European Union recently enacted a “Third Energy Package” in September 2009, which aims to see every European electricity meter “smart” by 2022. Energy efficiency and reliability have been among the top motivating factors for smart meter deployments.

The EU could meet an initiative of utilizing 90 percent renewable energy, only, by 2050 via adding intelligence to its existing grids and building a cross-border Smart Grid infrastructure. Previously, the EU’s Renewable Directive approved a binding goal requiring 20 percent of the bloc’s energy supply to be derived from renewable sources by 2020.


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European Countries Smart Grid

Germany

The “E-Energy: ICT-based Energy System of the Future” (E-Energy) program represents Germany’s national smart grid program .

The following E-Energy projects were selected:

1. E-DeMa

2. eTelligence

3. MEREGIO

4. Mannheim Model City

5. RegModHarz

6. SmartW@TTS Source: Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) http://www.e-energie.info/documents/bmwi_Leuchtturm_E-Energy_E_s4.pdf

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http://www.e-energie.info/documents/bmwi_Leuchtturm_E-Energy_E_s4.pdf

Latin America Smart Grid

Along with Asia, Latin America is also a region of the world that is showing significant Smart Grid activity. Since 2007-2008, there has been a growing interest in smart energy technologies among Latin American countries, with Brazil leading the way. In many countries, power companies have undertaken pilot projects in Smart Grids combined with broadband over power line (BPL) technologies.


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Latin America Smart Grid

Brazil

Projected GDP growth between 2010 and 2013 is exceeding the US, Canada, the European Union, and Russia. In fact, from 2007 to 2017, energy consumption in Brazil is expected to increase by approximately 60 percent.

Brazil’s energy regulator, ANEEL, announced tentative plans for a nationwide rollout of smart metering, expecting to replace approximately 63 million electricity meters in the country with smart meters by 2021.


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Questions?

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Documents

Workshop “Inovações Recentes em Sistemas de Energia ... · New England’s Electric Power Grid at a Glance • 6.5 million households and businesses; population 14 million •