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Workshop on Feasibility Study forWorkshop on Feasibility Study for
Development of Comprehensive Development of Comprehensive Strategies for Safer Housing against Strategies for Safer Housing against Earthquakes in Developing CountriesEarthquakes in Developing Countries
National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)
www.nset.org.np
STUDY FOR DEVELOPING AND DISSEMINATING EARTHQUAKE-
RESISTANT TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED SEISMIC SAFETY
OF BUILDINGS IN NEPAL
12 October 2005 Tsukuba, Japan
Amod Mani Dixit
Nepal: Location and Nepal: Location and Earthquake RiskEarthquake Risk
• Lies in 11Lies in 11thth most at risk most at risk country in the worldcountry in the world
• Kathmandu lies at the Kathmandu lies at the most at risk city in the most at risk city in the worldworld– 40 thousand possible 40 thousand possible
deaths in Kathmandu in deaths in Kathmandu in reoccurrence of 1934 reoccurrence of 1934 earthquake shakingearthquake shaking
Nation-wide Survey of Nation-wide Survey of BuildingsBuildings
Nº BUILDING TYPE/ SUB-TYPE DESIGNATION
1 Earthen/ Mud/ Adobe/ Rammed Earth Houses
1.1 Mud Walls with Horizontal Wood Elements Md-Hw
1.2 Adobe Block Wall Md/ AD
1.3 Rammed Earth/ Pisse Construction Md/ Re
2 Stone Houses St
2.1 Stone Walls in Mud Mortar St/ M
2.2 Stone Walls without Mud Mortar (Dry Masonry)
St/ Dr
3 Wooden Houses Wd
3.1 Walls with Wooden Planks and Posts Wd/ P
3.2 Walls with Bamboo/ Reed Mesh and Post (Wattle and Daub
Wd/ WD-V
3.3 Walls with Studs filled by Bamboo Mesh and Posts (Stud Wall)
Wd/ St-Vw
4 Brick Houses B
4.1 Brick in Mud B/ M
4.2 Brick in Mud with Vertical Post B/ M-VW
4.3 Brick in Cement with RC Floor and Roof B/ M-RC
4.4 Brick in Cement with TB floor and Slab B/ M-RB
5 Composite/ Mixed Construction
5.1 Ground Floor with Stone Wall and Upper Floor with Stud Wall
W/ St St/ M
5.2 Ground Floor with Stone and Upper Floor with Brick in Mud
B/ M St/ M
6 RC Framed Building RCF
Building Typology in Building Typology in Kathmandu ValleyKathmandu Valley
Building Typology in Valley
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Typology
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Series1 23% 10% 20% 20% 14% 1% 1% 6% 5%
Adobe Stone Brick in Mud Brick in CementFrame
(Reinforced Concrete)
Stone and Adobe (Mixed)
Stone and Brick in Mud (Mixed)
Brick in Mud and Brick in Cement
(Mixed)Others
Total Number of Sample Surveyed=870
Typical Stone Masonry Typical Stone Masonry BuildingBuilding
RC construction in Banda RC construction in Banda AcehAceh
Typical RC Construction in Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Construction process in Construction process in KathmanduKathmandu
82% 79%
92%
7%5%
1%
11%17%
7%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Per
cen
tag
e o
f B
uild
ing
s
Owner Built Purchased Constructed by Contractor
Construction Process
Urban
Sub-Urban
Rural
(Total Number of Buildings Surveyed= 961 )
1988 Earthquake1988 Earthquake
Damage of Stone Masonry House
2001 Gorkha Earthquake2001 Gorkha Earthquake
2001 Gujarat Earthquake2001 Gujarat Earthquake
Typical Collapse of RC Building (Soft story), Gujarat, India
Banda AcehBanda Aceh
Typical collapse of RC framed building during 2004 Dec 26 Sumatra Earthquake (Banda Aceh)
Need to study strengths and weaknesses of Need to study strengths and weaknesses of vernacular buildings of developing countries vernacular buildings of developing countries in terms of earthquake resistant capacity and in terms of earthquake resistant capacity and develop appropriate measures to enhance develop appropriate measures to enhance their capacitytheir capacity
Proposed Study Proposed Study MethodologyMethodology
Survey, Assessment(existing practices)
Rigorous Analysis
Analysis for Cause – effect and Problem - solution
Testing of solution hypothesis
Building technology and building production mechanism
Analysis of defects by numerical analysis and physical testing in shake table
Detailing and generalization of problems and likely solutions
Testing hypothesis by numerical analysis and physical testing in shake table
Study MethodologyStudy Methodology
Identification of best solution
Verification and testing by model building construction
Further Improvement of intervention options
Dissemination
Solution for improving seismic performance of SM and RC structures
• For studying acceptability & feasibility
• For training the local craftsmen
Develop implementation strategy
• Policy
• Building production / permit process
• System for institutionalization and sustainability
• Networking and information sharing
Expected outcomesExpected outcomes
• Improved methodologies for Improved methodologies for earthquake-resistant construction of earthquake-resistant construction of stone masonry (SM) and RC framed with stone masonry (SM) and RC framed with brick masonry infill buildingsbrick masonry infill buildings
• Identification of positive elements of Identification of positive elements of construction that need to be supported,construction that need to be supported,
• Identification of weak pointsIdentification of weak points
Expected outcomesExpected outcomes
• Comprehensive technology (including Comprehensive technology (including design, construction and supervision)design, construction and supervision)
• Implementation strategy for improving Implementation strategy for improving seismic performance of buildings in seismic performance of buildings in developing countriesdeveloping countries
• Enhanced regional cooperation / Enhanced regional cooperation / networking and sharing of experiences networking and sharing of experiences leading to replication strategyleading to replication strategy
• Preparing grounds for replication and Preparing grounds for replication and implementationimplementation
Implementation ApproachImplementation Approach
• Work in close cooperation with Work in close cooperation with appropriate government agency - appropriate government agency - Department of Urban Development and Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC)Building Construction (DUDBC)
• Collaboration among NGOs and local Collaboration among NGOs and local governmentsgovernments
• Involve all stakeholders right from very Involve all stakeholders right from very beginningbeginning– Local advisory committee will be Local advisory committee will be
constituted for assuring the involvement of constituted for assuring the involvement of all.all.
Project Execution in NepalProject Execution in Nepal
• NSET - leading member NSET - leading member • DUDBC - main partner DUDBC - main partner
– gradually DUDBC will take the ownership of the gradually DUDBC will take the ownership of the project outputproject output
• A project working team will be constituted A project working team will be constituted – engineers, professionals from NSET, DUDBC and engineers, professionals from NSET, DUDBC and
leading municipalities (Kathmandu and Lalitpur in leading municipalities (Kathmandu and Lalitpur in Kathmandu Valley)Kathmandu Valley)
• Local surveyors will be deployedLocal surveyors will be deployed– for inventory and survey of technologyfor inventory and survey of technology– the surveyors will be from local engineering the surveyors will be from local engineering
personnel and students from local academic personnel and students from local academic institutionsinstitutions
Tentative Work PlanTentative Work Plan
Schedule S. No.
Activity
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
1 Mobilization
2 Project Kick-off workshop in Kathmandu
3 Inventory and Survey
4 Preliminary Analysis
5 Detail Analysis
(a) Numerical Analysis
(b) Physical Testing and verification
6 Final Analysis
7 Identification of Intervention Options
8 Analysis and Testing of Intervention Options
(a) Numerical Analysis
(b) Physical Testing and verification
9 Final Recommendation of Improvements
10 Development of Dissemination Strategy
11 Construction of Model Buildings
12 Dissemination
13 Project Briefing Workshops in Kathmandu
14 Final Workshop, Reporting and Review
Thank You !