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WORKSHOP ONUTILITY WIND INTEGRATION STUDIES:
MODELS ANDMETHODS
Panel 6 – Base Load Unit Cycling Costs
Gene Danneman P.E.
June 24 & 25, 2010
2
Thermal Plant Wear and Tear(Wind Wear)
Wind Penetration
Wind and solar load ramps faster than
load demand
Thermal Plants mission changesSystem bottoming
Ramp rate – up/downRamp range# of cycles
Increased thermal cycles
cause additional wear and tear
Metal Fracture causes
forced outage
Forced outages Increase - $$
Cost OptimizationDispatch
OperationsMaintenance
Capital retrofitsResource planningNew Flexible Units
Mitigate costs / risks
Start Here -
Wear and Tear
3
MN Wind 2008/2009 (smoothed)
Day of year
MW / hour (smoothed)
Time of Day
4
Load, Wind and Net Load: January 2013 – System Bottoming
5
Conventional Plant Challenges of Wind Integration
More Net Load Ramp Up & Down cycles on all units
More Turn-down on baseload units Lower unit minimums Faster ramps up and down
Greater Cumulative System Variability (Net Load = Load - Wind)
Increased Starts/Stops on Gas-fired units Gas pipeline balancing & coal supply
issues
More Net Load Ramp Up & Down cycles on all units
More Turn-down on baseload units Lower unit minimums Faster ramps up and down
Greater Cumulative System Variability (Net Load = Load - Wind)
Increased Starts/Stops on Gas-fired units Gas pipeline balancing & coal supply
issues
6
Load CyclingLL1 Lowest Load at Which Design Superheater / Reheater Temperatures can be MaintainedLL2 Current “Advertised” Low Load (~AGC minimum)LL3 Lowest Load at Which the Unit can Remain On-Line
Generation Unit CyclingDefinitions
7
Deep Load Following Scenario
Safe, Stable, Environmentally Compliant
Down- Up Ramp Rate
Time
Ancillary Services
$?
~95% FULL Load
LL1
LL2
MW
8
Cycling Effects
Lost Generation
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Unit Upgraded (Capital Added)
Eq
uiv
alen
t F
orc
ed
Ou
tag
e R
ate
(%)
600 MW Baseloaded600 MW Cycling and Upgraded for Cycling600 MW Cycling - No Upgrades for Cycling600 MW Cycling and Designed for Cycling600 MW Cycling Arrows Show Infusion of Capital Spending
Cycling Begins
Age in YearsShaded Area = Cycling-Related
Reduced Plant Life
5
10
15
20
0
25
30
x
9
Increased O&M costsReduction in the life of key plant components and overall unit life
Decrease in overall unit reliabilityIncrease fuel cost
Consequences of Cycling Damage - $$$
10
Unit Flexibility Options – Many Moving Parts
Unit Operation
Fatigue Stress cycle damage
Unit Maintenance
Cycle Damage EFOR PdM/PMs
System Dispatch
Lower Cycling costs
Energy and CapacityTransactions
Impact on cycle wear Resource Planning
Low cost flexible resources
Unit Upgrades
Improve flexibility
Optimize Overall System Costs
Fuel Flexibility
emissions
