World English Pikok

8/6/2019 World English Pikok

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By :

FarhanaAyuni

Afiqah

Fatin Syahirah


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The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages,which in Britain developed into what we now call Old

English. Old English did not sound or look like Englishtoday. Native English speakers now would have greatdifficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless,about half of the most commonly used words in ModernEnglish have Old English roots. The words be, strong and

water, for example, derive from Old English. OldEnglish was spoken until around 1100.

Part of Beowulf, a poem written in Old English.


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The Angels, Saxons and Jutes who first invaded

England settled in different parts of the island.

Old English dialects sprang up:-Northumbrian in the north (north of the Humber

River)

-Mercian in the Midlands

-Kentish in the southeast

-West Saxon in the southwest

Wessex was the seat of powerful King Alfred- its

dialect, West Saxon, achieved a certain status

and forms the basis of most surviving OldEnglish literature and of the study of Old English

today.


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Highly inflected language (elaborate systemof inflectional suffixes on nouns, pronouns,verbs, adjectives and even determiners)

From sixth to eighth century, there was anextended period during which these Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity and anumber of terms from Latin (the language of

the religion) came into English at that time. From eighth century through the ninth and

tenth century, another group of northernEuropeans came first to plunder and then tosettle in parts of the coastal regions ofBritain.

They were Vikings and from their language,Old Norse, that the original forms ofgive,law, leg, skin, sky, take and they.


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In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy(part of modern France), invaded and conquered England.The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought withthem a kind of French, which became the language of theRoyal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a

period there was a kind of linguistic class division, wherethe lower classes spoke English and the upper classesspoke French. In the 14th century English becamedominant in Britain again, but with many French wordsadded. This language is called Middle English. It was thelanguage of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but itwould still be difficult for native English speakers tounderstand today.

An example of Middle

English by Chaucer.


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Arrival of the Norman French in England, followingtheir victory at Hastings under William the Conqueror

in 1066. These French-speaking invaders became the ruling

class, so that the language of the nobility, thegovernment, the law and civilized life in England forthe next 200 years was French.

For example : army, court, defense, faith, prison andtax

The language of the peasant remained English: workon the land and reared sheeps, cows and swine(words from Old English) while upper class talkedabout mutton, beefandpork (French origin)

After 1200, situation began to change. In 1204 KingJohn lost Normandy to King Philip of France and onboth sides of the Channel decreed were issuedcommanding that no one could own land on bothEngland and France.


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Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be"

lines, written in Early Modern English byShakespeare.


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Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden anddistinct change in pronunciation (the GreatVowel Shift) started, with vowels beingpronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th

century the British had contact with manypeoples from around the world. This, and theRenaissance of Classical learning, meant thatmany new words and phrases entered thelanguage. The invention of printing also meantthat there was now a common language in print.

Books became cheaper and more people learnedto read. Printing also brought standardization toEnglish. Spelling and grammar became fixed, andthe dialect of London, where most publishinghouses were, became the standard. In 1604 thefirst English dictionary was published.


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The main difference between Early Modern

English and Late Modern English is

vocabulary. Late Modern English has many

more words, arising from two principalfactors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and

technology created a need for new words;

secondly, the British Empire at its height

covered one quarter of the earth's surface,and the English language adopted foreign

words from many countries.


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15th century Middle English developed many of the principal

synthetic patterns we know today.

By the time of Shakespeare third-person plural pronouns

with th- instead of h- (they, their, them)

Chaucer and the Mandeville translator had used they, but

both still used the elder the older possessive form her

(their) and objective from hem (them)

Word order had become more fixed, essentially as it is in

Modern English.

Late 1400s most ways Modern English

Between 1450-1650, dramatic shifting of English vowels

took place

All long vowels markedly changed their quality

Modern spelling of English vowels had essentially beenestablished by the time of William Caxton, who founded

his printing press in the vicinity of Westminster Abbey in

1476, before the shift had progressed very far.

Caxtons spellings disguise the fundamental alteration that

has occurred in the system of English vowels.


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The relatively uniform dialect used by African

American in the inner cities of most large urban andin the rural south, when speaking casually.

AAE shares many of the characteristics of Southernand working-class dialects.

But not all African Americans speak the dialect.

Among the speakers, a difference exists in theamount of dialectal features used by differentindividuals.

Individual differences may be related to age,geographic location, income, occupation, and

education. (Terrell &

Terrell, 1993)

Many AAE structural rules reflect recognition of theredundant nature of many SAE constructions.

Speakers of AAE may have difficulty with reading andspelling in SAE.


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The largest ethnic population in US is Hispanic.

Not all with Spanish surnames speak Spanish.

The form of English spoken depends on the

amount and type Spanish spoken. The 2 largest Hispanic groups in US are of Puerto

Rican-Caribbean and Mexico-Central American

Origin.

Although both speak Spanish, their Spanishdialectal differences influence their

comprehension and production of American

English. We refer their dialect as Latino English.


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Although we shall use the term Asian English (AE), it isclearly a misnomer* because no such entity exists. It isjust a term that enables us to discuss the various dialectsof Asian Americans as a group.

Most widely used languages: Mandarin Chinese. CantoneseChinese, Filipino, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, Laotian, andVietnamese.

Mandarin Chinese has had the most pervasive* influence onthe evolution of the others. Indian and colonial Europeancultures and others have also influenced these languages.

Each language has various dialects and features thatdistinguish it from the others.

Therefore, there is, in reality no Asian English as a

cohesive unit.

*a name that does not suit what it refers to, or the use ofsuch a name

* Present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place


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During the period between the end of Queen

Elizabeth I in 1603 and the later years of the reign

of Queen Elizabeth II at the start of 21st century,the number of speakers of english increased from

5 to 7 million to somewhere between one and a

half and two billion.

Before this, english was spoken only by a relativelysmall group of mother-tongue speakers born and

bred within the shores of the British Isle.

Now, majority speakers being those for whom it is

not a first language.


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Approximately 75 territories use english as first

language / as an official second language in fieldssuch as government, law and education.

eg : Malaysia 375,000 - english as first language.5,984,000 second language.

(based on 1995 research)


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Involving the migration

of around 25,000people from south and

east of England

primarily to America

and Australia, resultedin new mother-tongue

varieties of English.

Involving the

colonisation of Asia andAfrica led, on the other

hand, to the

development of a

number of second-language varieties,

often known as new

englishes.


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First dispersal

Large scale migrations of mother-tongue

english speakers from England, Scotland and

Ireland predominantly to North America,Australia and New Zealand.

The english dialects which travelled with

them gradually developed into American andAntipodean Englishes we know today.


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Second dispersal

English in west Africa is

linked to the slave

trade and the

development of pidginand creole languages.

-Extensively settled by British

colonists from the 1850s.- These six countries became

British protectorates or colonies

at various points between the late

19th and early 20th centuries, with

english playing an important rolein the major institution such as

government, education and law.

-Early 1960s, one by one achieved

independence.

-English remains the official

language in all the countries.

Kenya

Uganda

TanzaniaMalawi

Zambia

Zimbabwe

East

Africa


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Second half of the 18th century English was

introduced to the sub-continent of South Asia

(India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,

Nepal and Bhutan).


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Began in the late 18th century as a result of the

seafaring (travelling by sea) expeditions of James

Cook and others. The main territories involved were Singapore,

Malaysia, Hong Kong and Philipines.

Papua New Guinea was also, for a short time a

British protectorate (1884-1920), and provides oneof the worlds best example of an England-based

pidgin, Tok Pisin.


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Stamford Raffles ( administrator of British East-India company) is

the name most closely associated with British

colonialism in South-East Asia.He played an important role in the founding of

Singapore as part of the British colonial empire in

1819. Other major British centres were founded

around the same time in Malaysia (Penang and Malacca)and Hong Kong was added in 1842.

After the Spanish-American war at the end of 19th

century, the US was granted sovereignty over the

Philippines which, although going independence in1946, have retained a strong American-England

influences.


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In recent years, the use of english has increased

in Singapore and a local variety has begun toemerge.

The use of english declined in Malaysia as a

result of a adoption of the local Bahasa Melayu,

as the national language and medium ofeducation when Malaysia gained independence

in 1957.


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While still obligatory as a subject of study at

school, english was regarded as useful only for

international communication. There has recently been a change of policy, with

english-medium education being reintroduced from

2003.

Before this development, radio stations usingenglish and bahasa together for a local audiences,

which is quite complex.

Nowadays, english is also learnt in other countries

in neighbouring areas most notably Taiwan. Japan and Korea having recently begun to consider

the possibility of making english official second

language.


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Both versions of English are based on a

shared blend of linguistic history

As a result, we share the same grammatical

structureWe share many more words in common than

different words.

We also share the fact that English of both

types, standard and British, have a greatdeal of diversity within them, due to regional

differences


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Vocabulary

BRITISH ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH

plain homely

postman mailman

rates taxes

draughts Checkers

bonnet hood

underground subway


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Syntactic tones

British have is being used as full verbeg: Havent you have any?

American do is being used as full verb

eg: Dont you have any?

*Claim has been made that American speech is

more exuberant and vital than British speech

but it actually depends on the slangs.


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Pronounciation

1. FLOUR

2. FORGIVE

BRITISHENGL

ISH AME

RICAN ENGL

ISH

fla r fla

BRITISH ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH

fgv f gv


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WORLD ENGLISHES A resourse book for

students by Jennifer Jenkins. (2003)

E, F. (2008).L

anguage: Its Structure and Use(5th ed). Boston: Thomson.

http://www.englishclub.com/english-

language-history.htm

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World English Pikok