World Fisheries (A Social-Ecological Analysis) || Index

Index

aboriginal groups (of Pacific Northwest), 133, 185–6, 224–7, 229, 232–3, 235, 244, 246

aboriginal leaders, 224ACIA report (2004), 364, 378acidification, 129, 139–40, 149, 237, 362–3activism, 15, 17adaptation, 44, 48, 53, 128, 141, 143, 149, 165, 188,

311, 386–7, 390, 395, 404–6to environmental feedback, 260high-latitude fishing communities, 361, 364, 370,

377measures, 36, 44policies for, 10socio-ecological, 371strategies, 130

aerial photography, 269agency, 22, 63, 102, 186, 207, 213, 329, 387–8, 393

human, 23, 403–4of knowers, 184

Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 367, 370algal blooms, 140, 237analysis, 3–4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 23–4, 44, 52, 61–2,

67–8, 72–4, 86, 90–93, 95, 97, 127, 130–132, 142–3, 155–6, 168–9, 170, 173–4, 176–7, 180, 187–8, 192, 207, 213, 216, 249, 266–7, 274, 282, 343–4, 387, 404, Plate 4

affinity, 179assumption, 108, 110–11bibliographical, 172, 174, 176bio-economic, 104comparative, 101, 174, 176conjoint, 45cost/benefit (social), 143, 230, 236economic, 143, 233environmental, 268factor, 47focus group, 270FOK-based, 125–8, 131

forced simulations, 39gap, 174, 177impact, 159indicator-based, 34joint, 126, 163matrix (structural), 168, 170, 174, 176multivariate, 45, 47network, 334, 340–341

social, 334, 340, 344problems, 180quantitative, 156, 348risk, 140, 152satellite remote sensing, 265, 269–70, 272scientific, 130, 143sensitivity, 45, 108, 110–11social-ecological, 17, 24statistical, 109structural, 179

anchovy, 49, 93, 96–7, 111–14, 116, Plate 4, Plate 11artisanal fisheries, 3, 4, 53, 155, 179, 203, 332, 383

fishers, 126, 228, 310, 315–17assumption analysis, 108, 110–11ATLAFCO (Ministerial Conference on Fisheries

Cooperation among African States Bordering the Atlantic Ocean), 154–5, 166, 403–4

backcasting, 46–7, 54, 196Bahía de Amatique, Guatemala, 310balance, 33, 53, 111–12, 117, 153, 210, 232, 238,

306, 324, 331, 381, 406checks and, 195chemical, 141contribution, 105, 118energy demands, 36modeling, 109payoffs, 80types of constraints, 84

Bali Strait, 203–7, 209, 212–13, 215, 218

World Fisheries: A Social-Ecological Analysis, First Edition. Edited by Ommer, Perry, Cochrane and Cury. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2011 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Ommer_bindex.indd 407Ommer_bindex.indd 407 12/22/2010 3:29:01 PM12/22/2010 3:29:01 PM

408 Index

banks, 210, 215–16, 369, 396Bay of Biscay, 6, 90

changes in fisheries operating within, 92–3, 96–102, Plate 4, Plate 5

beam trawling, 354benthic, 33, 37, 43, 93, 100, 352, 354–6, 382bequest value, 231–2, 238, 282, 287biodiversity, 10, 13–16, 18, 37, 123–4, 148, 189,

266, 311, 318, 324community and, 389ecosystem, 362French Biodiversity Institute, 102loss of, 231maintenance of, 352

bio-economic, 5, 10, 48–9, 67, 73, 170, 174biogeochemical cycling, 3bio-geographic ecotone, 97biotic-commodification, 227bioturbation, 355bonuses, 209bottom conditions, 125bottom trawling, 282bottom up

approaches, 312“drivers”, 406impacts of climate change, 53integration, 343knowledge, 6, 118, 122, 130, 132linkages, 343processes, 124responses, 404trophic alterations, 130

Buddhism, 235Buguma Community, 274, 276Burutu Community, 274–6bushmeat, 228buy-out schemes (fishing licenses), 373

California Current Large Marine Ecosystem, 386Canadian Council of Professional Fish Harvesters,

252–3cannery(ies), 206, 214, 294–6, 298capacity, 7, 10, 15–16, 21–2, 34, 44, 49–51, 53,

65–7, 69–72, 74, 84, 94–5, 142, 157, 160, 163–4, 171, 179, 190–191, 193–4, 196, 229, 251, 259, 306, 321, 323, 332, 334, 338–9, 343, 346, 360–361, 367, 369, 372, 375, 382, 389, 393–4, 405

adaptive, xx, 10, 34, 44–7, 53–4, 250, 260, 339, 343, 346–7, 406

carrying, 351, 353, 356effort, 74, 76, 80government, 180

harvesting, 82–3, 87, 196ideological, 194national management, 343productive, xx, 24

cap and trade, 144capital markets, 144carbon, 38, 39

carbonate, 37carbonate, calcium, 141, 363carbon-based, 141, 144carbon footprint, 376carbon free society, 144carbonic acid, 362carbon-limited, 144carbon tax, 144

career changes, 187Caribbean Fisheries Forum, 346Caribbean Sea Ecosystem Assessment, 334case studies, xx, 4–5, 7, 47–8, 52, 101–2, 259, 312,

359–60, 364, 376, 403cash crop, 152catch per unit effort, 189causal relationships, 129, 132CECAF (Fishery Committee for Eastern Central

Atlantic), 154–6Celtic Sea fishing community, 92Central Statistical Bureau (BPS Indonesia), 211–12CESPAGOH (Service Center for Artisanal Fishery in

the Gulf of Honduras), 317–19Chichilniski criterion, 232–3Chilean fisheries, 6, 168–70, 172–4, 176, 181Christianity (with respect to destruction of nature),

226, 235CISP (Italian NGO), 316–17class(social), 185, 324climate change, 5, 6, 14, 31–9, 43–6, 48, 51–4, 91–2,

94, 100–101, 120–121, 124, 128, 132, 139–42, 144–9, 183, 191, 227, 230, 232, 236–7, 247–9, 259–61, 355, 361–3, 374–7, 382–3, 391, 394–5, 405–6

biophysical impacts of, 6Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC), 32climate variability, 5, 36, 48, 51–2, 61, 109, 164, 335clusters of minimum knowledge (CMK), 169, 174coalition, 76, 80, 82, 87, 195

formation of, 80, 87coastal, xx, 3–8, 15–16, 35, 37–8, 41, 53, 60–61, 63,

67–79, 84, 87, 111, 123–6, 128, 130, 132, 142, 144–6, 152–3, 171–2, 175–6, 178, 184–5, 196, 226–7, 229–30, 250–252, 255, 260–261, 267, 294, 299, 302, 306, 310–11, 314, 317–19, 327–8, 333, 335, 337–9, 341, 347–8, 350,


Index 409

355–7, 359–63, 365–9, 371–4, 376, 383–5, 390–391, 395–6, 405, Plate 2

aquifers, 142bays, 185, 367, 369estuaries, 391

Coasts Under Stress, 7, 249, 385Code of Conduct For Responsible Fisheries, 17–18,

311, 313, 318cod fishery, 252–3, 384, 394

Canadian Northern, 382cod stocks, Atlantic collapse, 192, 250co-governance, 196Colin Clark (fisheries economist), 227collaborative, 6, 10, 19, 21–2, 128, 132, 181, 183,

186, 195, 211–12, 261, 265, 343, 346, 387, 395collapse, 14, 16, 91, 93, 95, 182, 184, 192, 196, 233,

250–252, 362–4, 381, 384–5, 396collective action, 339, 343, 393co-management (of fisheries), 10, 21–3, 121, 164,

186–9, 327, 329, 339, 387–8, 395–6, 406commodification, 293

biotic, 227commodity chain, 312Common Fisheries Policy, 94community(ies)

based co-management, 331–2development, 293maritime, 121, 129of practice, 21, 343

competing users, 335complexity, xix, 5, 11, 14, 18–19, 22, 36, 40, 48,

106, 121, 131, 148, 164, 188, 192, 194, 236, 390, 406

conceptual approaches, 112, 120, 129–32Confucianism, 235Connectivity, 53, 192, 340Conservation, 17, 20, 65–6, 123, 130, 147, 188–9,

192, 196, 224, 231, 235, 239, 247, 259, 304, 311–12, 314, 317–18, 329–30, 337, 351–3, 356, 375–6, 389, 405

Alianza Trinacional de ONGs para la Conservación del Golfo de Honduras (TRIGOH: Tri-national Alliance of NGOs for the Conservation of the Gulf of Honduras), 316

Conservation and Management Measures (CMMs), 65–6

Convention for the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Cantral Pacific Ocean, 65

FAO Agreement to Promote Compliance With International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, 61

Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo y la Conservación (FUNDAECO; Foundation for Eco-Development and Conservation), 317

goals, 60International Commission for the Conservation

of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), 337–8, 342, 344Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management

Act (MSFCMA), 304, 306World Conservation Union (IUCN), 165

Consilience, xixcontinental shelf, 38, 102, 124, 152, 282,

391, Plate 10contingent valuation, 231, 236, 285cooperatives, 312–13, 382, 386–91, 394–6coping strategies (in fisheries), 247–9, 259–61coral reefs, 237, 281–7, 334, 337co-responsibility, 387, 390, 395corporate memory, 185corporatization

(of fisheries), 247, 249–50, 256cost/benefit analysis, 143, 230, 236creationism, 225credit system, 327culture, xix, 6, 8, 13, 140, 143, 148, 183–5,

191, 225–6, 229, 235, 266, 306–7, 324, 335, 369, 386,

agriculture, 4, 18, 142, 152, 203, 303, 305, 314–15, 338–9, 342, 363, 396

aquaculture, 13, 15–16, 18–19, 32, 48–51, 53, 93, 128, 237, 288, 315

mariculture, 216monoculture, 16polyculture, 16subculture, 17

cutting edge issues, 192

Dab, 99Daoism, 235data

triangulation, 207Dawkins (Richard), 229, 235–6dead zones, 140, 237debt, 204, 209–10, 215, 217, 388decentralization (of wealth and power), 15, 18deep water, 38, 184

corals, 282fisheries, xx

deferred use value, 235demographic (change), 148, 153, 252denitrification, 37deviation amplification, 381, 383–5deviation mitigation, 381, 387Dillingham, Alaska, 367–70, 373


410 Index

diminishing marginal utility, 275diminishing returns to scale, 275discarding (fishery practice), 189, 196, 206,

208–9, 353disciplinary boundaries, 106, 191discount rates, 144, 175–6, 178, 218–19, 232–3disease(s), 15–16, 142, 190, 227, 288, 315distant-water fishing nation (DWFN), 5–6, 60, 62, 65diversification, 47, 260, 371, 385–6, 388divisions of labor, 183double feedback (within social-ecological systems),

14drift gillnetting, 316drivers of change, 7, 9, 11, 14–15, 24, 44, 46–8,

90, 92–3dynamics, 10, 12, 14, 17, 23, 43, 48, 51, 53, 72,

101, 115–16, 129, 182, 185–6, 194–5, 340, 375, 383, 403

compensatory, 33competitive, 61economic, 34, 49ecosystem, 14, 106

marine ecosystem, 23, 375Global Ocean Ecosytem Dynamics (GLOBEC)

program, 4, 8, 220hydro, 126market, 34population, 65, 90, 109, 384price, 49stock, 68, 188surplus production, 50system, 110–12, 385, 406thermo-, 36trophic, 106

EAF (ecosystem approach to fisheries), 120–121, 130, 132

Eastern Little Tuna, 204eco-labeling, 15–16ecological, xix, 4–5, 9–16, 21–24, 32, 35, 39–40, 49,

52–3, 90–92, 101, 120–123, 152, 170, 183, 185, 190, 194, 196, 207, 224, 233, 237, 247, 250, 252–3, 259–60, 268, 270, 275, 288, 293, 297, 299–300, 303, 306, 312–13, 316, 322–3, 328, 331, 334, 337, 340, 343, 356, 363, 369, 385, 388, 404, 406

biological-, 169, 171, 173–4, 176–7, 179–80cultural, 370-economic, 92equilibrium, 50ethno-, 122heterogeneity, 187indicators, 139–40

macro-, 32–3, 35, 40–41, 53, 97marine, 360, 363–4, 369, 374–5, 403, 405ocean-, 363, 368rent(s), 65restoration, 233, 235social-, xix–xx, xxii, 4–7, 9, 11–24, 46, 52, 105–6,

111, 120, 124, 128–30, 182–7, 190–192, 194–6, 220, 247–50, 258–61, 293, 297, 299, 306–7, 314, 318, 334–5, 337, 339–40, 347, 361, 370–372, 376, 381, 383, 403–4, 406

sustainability, xxvalue (of recreational fisheries), 6, 234, 284value of social values, 5, 248

ECOST/ISTAM survey, 155ecosystem

approach to fisheries, 105, 110, 120, 322ecosystem-based management, 319, 321–3,

327–9, 331marine ecosystem habitat values, 281modifications, 6services (estimation of value of), 224–5, 229–30,

234–5, 237, 258–61, 268eco-theology, 224, 235efficiency, 42, 147, 155–6, 159, 189, 250,

355, 375, 393inefficiency, 83

ejido system, 387El Niño

Southern Oscillation, 48, 396embedded knowledge, 184Embeddedness, 182, 306embodied knowledge, 184, 186emissions, 36, 40, 145, 147–9, 171, 360, 394, Plate 3employment, 4, 15, 17, 140, 142, 146, 159, 252, 297,

324–5, 328, 337, 366, 372, 375unemployment, 252, 365

empowerment, 123, 317enclosure, 250, 260, 262, 381–3, 393–6end users, 147environmental

change, 4–5, 10–11, 14, 23, 34, 44, 46, 48, 52, 139–40, 148, 189, 191, 268, 352, 362–4, 371, 381–90, 393, 395

environmentalists, 195–6episteme, 23equity, 15, 144, 210, 215, 248, 338, 386ethnic origin, 185ethno

-ichthyology, 123-oceanography, 6, 119, 121–2, 124, 128–32

European Community, 18, 87Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 62, 67–8, 304,

336–7, 375


Index 411

USA EEZ regions, 282–4, 286existence value, 171, 228, 230–231, 234–5,

239, 285experience-based observation, 385exploitation, worldwide fisheries, 16, 32, 41, 43,

51–3, 62, 65, 90, 92, 96, 100, 121, 130, 152, 156, 163, 171, 227, 230, 266, 301, 304, 306, 311, 314, 317, 337

externalities, 4, 145, 171, 175, 178, 230external shocks, 33extinction, 227–8, 231, 234, 237, 311, 362

fair tradecoffee, 313

FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, 17, 311, 318

FAO Compliance Agreement, 61Feedback, 6, 8, 12–14, 17, 21–2, 49, 120, 122,

130–131, 260, 312, 361, 382–3, 394–5loops, 14, 16, 260, 340

fishabundance, 7, 53, 351–3distributions, 5harvesters, 183, 185, 188, 249, 252–3, 255–6,

258, 260–262-packing plant, 296vendors, 17

fishercanoe fishers, 126–7, Plate 7folk, 17, 24, 335, 339, 341, 343, 345–6folk organizations, 335, 339, 343, 345–6

fisheriesAlaska, 299, 302bottom-up integration in, 343Caribbean, 334Chilean, viii, 168–169commercial, 91, 100, 189, 227, 293–307,

315, 317, 371Council, Fisheries Management, 396-dependant areas, 19, 249, 251, 306, 335, 337,

384–5, 391eco-system based, 121, 311, 318, 322European, 187Indonesia, 213landings, 91–3, 100–102, 186, 211, 315, 363, 365,

384, 391–2, Plate 4management, 15, 17, 19, 22, 75–7, 105–6, 112,

155–6, 162–5, 170, 174, 179, 184, 188, 233, 305, 311, 331, 339, 343, 345, 368, 376, 383–5, 390, 393, 406

organizations, 85–6, 346, 364, 376policies, 364practices, 6, 405

RED, 317regimes, 360, 383science, 10, 120–121, 162–3, 183, 185–8, 192, 335,

344–5, 390science networks, 187, 341, 343

systems, 359–61, 367, 369, 372, 374–5, 385fisheries ecosystems, xixfisher’s oceanological knowledge, 120fishing

capacity, 51, 94-day limits, 83down the food web, 91, 385effort, 67–8, 80, 95, 151, 155, 162, 171,

175, 178, 300, 311, 315, 317–18, 356, 363–4, 368–9, 375

license, 189, 257lobbies, 162mortality, 40, 43, 53, 79, 83, 86, 90–91, 100–101,

162, 171, 189safety, 184strategies, 116, 123, 125, 384trips, 206

fishmeal, 32, 34, 40, 47–51, 53, 300fleet separation policy, 255flexibility, 7, 47, 250, 260–261, 366, 375, 405–6focus groups, 269–70Fogo Island, Newfoundland, 383–91FOK, 120, 124, 126–32food

security, 15, 17, 32, 130, 300, 321, 324, 328, 335, 371, 373

web, 16, 33, 40–41, 53, 90–92, 126, 141, 311, 330–331, 385, Plate 11

footloose capital, 228Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), 63frame-based modeling, 6, 105, 112–13, 115frame switch, 113French fleets, 91–4, 96, 101–2, Plate 4Future, xix, 6–8, 31–3, 36–7, 39, 41, 44–7, 51–4, 86,

128, 139, 144, 146, 148, 153, 165, 169, 179–83, 193, 196, 227–8, 230–234, 238, 250–252, 257–8, 335, 352, 355–6, 360–364, 366, 372, 375–6, 383, 393–4, 396, 405–6

Game, 51, 61, 68, 71, 76, 299, 367, 370, Plate 12bio-economic, 67dynamic single-season grid, 73harvesting, 67, 87model, 60, 66RMFO-guided seasonal, 70, 72theoretic, 61, 68theory, 404three stage (3 stage), 71


412 Index

Game (cont’d)two-coalition, 76, 82two-fleet interior, 68

GDP, 140, 146, 227–8, 230, 233, 323–4gear(s), 63, 65, 69, 124, 156, 186, 204–5, 207,

250–251, 253, 260, 282, 298, 300, 337, 347, 367–8, 370, 372, 383

gender, 20, 184–5, 207, 386GEOND (geoprocessing model), 272–4Global Circulation Model (also Global Climate

Models)(GCM), 31, 34, 36–9, 52global

monitoring system, 360networks, 183

Global Environmental Facility (GEF, World Bank), 35, 147

Globalization, 10–11, 14–18, 23–4, 251, 335, 390of trade, 11

golden rules (of the Pacific Northwest), 226governance, 5–7, 9–13, 16–19, 21–4, 35, 53, 120,

128, 131–2, 148, 155, 164, 168–70, 179–81, 188, 196, 250, 259, 261, 291, 311, 318, 333–5, 337–41, 343–4, 347–8, 381, 389, 403–6

filter, 12–13Gray literature, 249Great Lakes fisheries, 230, 233greenhouse gases (GHG), 140, 142, 144–5, 147–8gross registered tonnage of fishing vessels, 94–6groundfish trawl, 255, 262

habitat, 7, 11, 14–15, 23, 68, 122, 126, 129, 192, 229, 236, 282–8, 311, 315, 335, 337, 351–3, 355–6, 369, 386, 404

associated values (of species), 5, 281–7marine, 5, 7, 23, 281, 282, 285, 287

Haddock, 99Halibut, 253–5, 257, 385harvesting power, 250–251harvest sub-sector, 153health, 13, 49–50, 141–3, 146, 182–3, 189–95, 234,

236, 309, 337, 363, 382–3Heimaey, Iceland, 365, 372hierarchy (theory), 12–13high-grading, 89, 208–9, 215high-latitude fishing communities, 359, 364, 373–4high seas, 5, 60, 62, 66–8, 71, 74–8, 80–85, 87Hinduism, 235historical transitions, 293HIV (among fishers), 15, 17–18, 24hook and line, 316, 383household surveys, 268–9, 273Hubbel and Waller (Seattle company), 296–7, 306–7human agency, 23

Human Development Index, 47human dimensions, xxii, 305–7human-environment integration, 11human-ocean interactions, 7humans-in-nature, 2, 8, 11–12, 340, 402Humboldt, 39, 47, 49, Plate 3Hurricane Katrina, 144, 148Hydrocarbon, 266, 314–15

Ibiraquera Lagoon (Brazil), 313ice age, 225, 375

new, 362iconic species, 285–6ideology, 194ILGRA, 164illegal fishing, 87, 151, 153, 314, 389

IUU (illegal, unreported, unregulated), 6, 203–4, 218

unregulated, unreported, 203indicator species, 126, 331indigenous knowledge (for management), 20individualism, 248, 258–9individual transferable quotas (ITQ), 250, 331, 381,

392, 395Indonesia Central Bank (Bank Indonesia), 215–16,

219industrial coastal communities, 3inertia (Societal resistance to change), 149information flow, 131, 142, 260, 345innovations, 61, 144, 292inshore fisheries, 384institutional, 92, 150, 153–4, 159–60, 169–70, 182,

190–194, 204, 293, 299, 305, 331, 335, 340–342, 385–6, 388, 391

arrangements, 21, 35, 334, 338, 348capacities, 160–162constraints, 188context, 92, 94, 96development, 23experimentation, 22foundations, 148framework, 95, 151, 164–5inertias, 191infrastructure, 340interactions, 23inter-institutional coordination, 180interplay, 23learning, 10, 19, 21power, 185priorities, 293recognition, 6relationships, 63structure, 179–81, 194, 383, 387


Index 413

values, 193instrumental

role, 163value, 224, 228, 234

integrated analysis, 90Integrated Coastal Management (ICM), 311, 317intensification (of fishing effort), 32, 151interactions, between fishing and climate, 91interdisciplinarity, 105, 132, 265, 277, 404inter-generational

fishing, 148, 184intergovernmental organizations, 338intermediaries (fish trade), 313–15, 317–19internal stratification, x, 247, 249, 253International Commission for the Conservation of

Atlantic Tunas. (ICCAT), 337, 344international markets, 15, 49, 367inter-organizational linkages, 339intrinsic value, 7, 224, 228, 230, 234–5investment priorities, 144IPCC, 32–3, 36, 44–7, 140, 359–61, 364Islam, 226, 235Isolation, 51, 237, 353, 369–71, 389–90, 395ITQ system, 250, 323, 365, 372, 391–3

Jainism, 235Japanese fisheries (in Alaska), 300, 302, 304Judaism, 226, 235Jukung, 205Jurisdictions, 12, 35, 204, 207–8, 211–14, 220, 299,

301, 335, 338–9, 341, 343, 346Justice, 237

environmental, 312social, 144, 192, 316

Kasahara and Burke Report, 300–301knowledge

clusters, 177, 180collaborative, 6, 22, 183elements, 170–181matrix, 169, 172production, 6, 9, 11, 22, 183–4, 187, 191, 194–6,

394–5transfers (KT), 183, 185

labor force (percentage involved in fishery), 252landing(s)

tax exemption, 203LANDSAT (satellite system), 268–9La Niña, 64, 383, 386large marine ecosystems (LME), 35larval dispersal, 130, 337latitudinal analysis of fishing countries, 33learning by doing, 20–22

least advanced countries, 152Lemuru (Sardine species), 204–9, 211–15, 218lending

predatory, 204, 215rate, 275schemes, 215

liberalization of trade, 95line-fishing (in Caribbean), 124livelihood, xx, 5, 13, 15–19, 32, 48, 53, 140, 184, 189,

219, 270, 309, 315, 317–18, 331, 333–5, 337, 343, 406

liability(ies), 210, 270local

ecological knowledge (LEK), 183, 185–7, 189elites, 253knowledge (LK), 20–21, 164, 183, 194–5, 270, 312,

329, 404, 406in primary data collection, 270

local and traditional knowledge (as qualitative indicators), 19

log books, 208, 219lunar spawning cycles, 20

Maastricht Treaty, 18Mackerel, 97, 204, 253, 337, Plate 11macro-ecological, 32, 40–41, 53, 97

rules, 33management strategies, 6, 73, 112, 375, 403mangrove(s)

land-cover, 272products, 271, 275–6resource, economic value of, 266–74

marine ecosystem stewardship, 23Marine Protected Areas, 7, 20, 351Marine Resources Committee, 229Marine Stewardship Council, 16, 313, 387, 389market dynamics, 34matrix analysis, 167, 170, 174, 176Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), 73, 311mechanical harvesting aids, 251mentorship, 185Mesoamerican Reef Ecoregion (MAR), 314meso-scale eddies, 124migration, 68, 122, 128, 171, 225, 337, 383

capelin, 189out-, 251, 394stock, 60

millennium development goals, 17–18, 211–12Millennium Ecological Assessment, 12, 23Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 24, 45, 231,

234–5, 335Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (DKP

Indonesia), 211–13, 220


414 Index

Mobility, 15, 17, 121modeling, v, vii, 5–6, 29, 32, 34, 38–9, 50–52, 54,

101, 105–13, 115, 117–18, 120–121, 163, 183, 195, 268, 404

frame-based, 6, 105, 112–13, 115modeling (pertaining to interdisciplinary research),

6, 104, 106–7, 109, 111, 117models

coupled physical-biological, 109monitoring, 7, 10, 15, 21–2, 32, 65, 71, 87, 142,

146, 148, 163, 193, 238, 299–301, 306, 312, 329–32, 353, 360, 372–3, 375–6, 387–8, 390, 394

monoculture, 16monsoon(s), 204moratorium, 381, 384–5, 392, 394MPAs, evaluation of effectiveness, 351–3, 355–7multi-agency, 207, 213multi-dimensional, 403, 406multinational, 3, 60

National Income Accounts, 146Nature, 4–5, 9, 11–12, 20, 23, 32, 34, 44–5, 52, 59,

141, 143, 179, 193–4, 204, 223–6, 229–30, 234–6, 249, 256, 265, 340, 347, 355, 365–6, 385, 390, 394, 403–4

as the “new poor”, 236Nauru Agreement, 63nautical maps, 207neoclassical economics, 230nested systems, 12, 52, 54, 249net income, 210, 217, 268, 272, 275

benefit, 268from mangrove resources, 268–70, 273, 275

net present value, 216, 232–3network(s), 21–2, 49, 51, 154, 163, 165, 170, 183–7,

190, 193–5, 236, 306, 312, 334, 339–47, 351–2, 356–7

advice, 154analysis, 334, 340–341, 344approach, 334–5, 341economics, 49European Network of Excellence for Ocean

Ecosystems Analysis, 8fisheries, 7, 185, 187, 334

fisheries science, 341, 343–4governance, 340knowledge, 190, 192, 194, 196

social-ecological, 194perspective, 7, 343, 346–7Red, Network of the artisanal fishers of the

Guatemalan Caribbean and of Lake Izabal, 309, 314, 316

simulated topological, 183, 187, 194social-ecological, 183, 187, 194theory, 340–341, 348

New Fisheries Law (Guatemala), 317Niger Delta, 265–70, 272, 276–7non-decomposability, 14non-equilibrium processes, 12non-linear processes, 14, 249–50non-market values (of fisheries industries), 248North Pacific Fishery Management Council

(NPFMC), 304–5Northwest passage (opening), 227Nushagak Bay, 367, 369Nutrients, 33, 37, 141–2, 171, 356

observer data, 189occupational health, 183, 194, 262ocean

economy (value of), 143warming, 33, 130, 362

ocean acidification, 139–40, 237, 363open access, 82, 89, 91–2, 94, 96–7, 101, 312, 339,

370, 382, 392option value, 230–231, 238oral history, 249, 262otter trawl, 250, 253, 301

Pacifico Norte, Mexico, 382, 386–7, 389–91, 394–6Pacto de Caballeros, 316–18paradigm shift, 142, 145–6, 148parameterization, 36, 53participatory methodology(ies), 9, 11, 24patron-client relationship, 206, 209pay-for-pollution, 11, 14, 128, 147, 305, 310, 314–15,

337, 353pelagic (recycling), 33, 37Peruvian fish-meal production, 366Peter Pan Seafoods, 366, 377Phronesis, 23place-based

fishing, 10, 12, 16, 23, 306, 311, 346, 390–391, 394–5, 403

management, 311Plaice-box (fishery case study), 351, 353–5Plankton, 33, 39, 109, 114, 175, 331

functional types, 38phytoplankton, 37–8, 41–2, Plate 11production, 32zooplankton, 37–8, 404, Plate 11

PNA, 62–8, 71, 76, 80, 87Pokkali polyculture, 15–16Policy, xxii, 4, 18, 63–5, 72–4, 76, 80, 84, 86–7, 146,

148–9, 152–4, 162–5, 169, 187, 191, 196, 225,


Index 415

236, 238, 255, 262, 298, 331, 333, 337, 340–344, 346–7, 353, 367, 384–5, 394, 404–5

change, 194choices, 61–2, 66, 72–4, 139Common Fisheries-, 94consequences, 60coordination, 329designs, 66dynamic strategic-, 67fisheries, 17, 61fleet separation, 255formation, 294-makers, 139–42, 145, 148, 152, 162, 183, 195,

288, 343–4, 352, 356, 406-making, 141, 145, 148, 179, 183management, 4, 61, 67, 262measure, 322–3, 328, 332National Environment Policy Act (NEPA), 303objectives, 257, 352options, 46–7, 54, 70, 80outcomes, 140performance, 62preferences, 74public sector, 7RFMO, 60, 80, 84transition(s), 306variables, 72

Pollack, 93, 99, 285, 302, 329, Plate 4Pollution, 11, 14, 128, 147, 305, 310, 314–15, 337,

353population dynamic, 65, 90, 109, 384poverty

index, 203–4, 210, 217–19Poverty Reduction Strategy (programs), 18power, 5, 18, 21, 36, 41–2, 53, 65, 82, 94, 113,

146–7, 180, 182–3, 190–191, 194–6, 226, 235, 250–251, 296, 299, 305, 313–14, 318, 323, 338, 342–3, 347, 353, 369, 381, 396, 403–4, 406

predator-prey relationship, 42–3, 171, 186prey, 33, 43, 90–91, 238, 353–5

biomass, 7, 351, 353, 355–6privatization

of science, 193–4production

primary, 31, 33, 35, 37–44, Plate 3profit maximization, 51Project Global, 15, 17property

rights, 7, 47, 227, 380, 382–3, 390, 392, 395–6secure, 7, 381, 396

prototype, 109–12, 115, 118psychology, 8

publicgood, 193managers, 155–6, 165sector policy, 7, 334

qualitative indicators, 19quantitative modeling, 12, 46, 115, 122, 305quasi-option value, 231, 238QUEST_Fish, 30–31, 34–41, 44–9, 51–4, Plate 1quota(s)

fisheries, 227

race for fish, 94rapid prototyping, vii, 11, 105, 109, 115, 117recommendations, 44, 156–7, 168, 187, 204, 219,

305, 314, 335, 344, 359–61, 372–3, 405Red (Network of Artisanal Fishers), 309, 314, 316–19reef and lagoon tenure, 20reflexivity, 182, 184, 187, 190, 192, 194regime shifts, 16, 121, 403–4regional fisheries management organizations, 346,

364, 376regional models, 34, 38, 52, 120, 132regions of freshwater influence, 355regulated open access, 91–2, 94, 96, 101regulatory measures, 155, 166relationships between people and nature, 9, 12, 73,

226relative poverty, 204, 210, 217resilience

(of ecosystems), 4, 12–13, 16, 19, 24, 100–101, 311, 352, 376, 406

resilience perspective, 12resource-rich, 3responses to change, 40, 53, 366, 368, 371, 404restructuring

economic, 203, 219, 259, 385revenue, 209–10, 216–17, 234, 251, 322, 385RFMO (regional fisheries management organizations),

60–62, 65, 67–74, 76, 80, 82–4, 86, 376Rio Dulce-Polochic, 315Rio Motagua, 315risk

manager, 152risk-taking, 17risky, 17

“Roving Bandit” model of resource exploitation, 16–18, 24

Russian fisheries (in Alaska), 303

Sablefish, 255Sacred, 224, 235Salience, 187–8


416 Index

Salinity, 124, 129, 141, 353, 355, 374, 377Salmon stock decline, 373salt water intrusion, 142sampan, 205sardine, 49, 93, 102, 110–14, 116, 124, 203–6, 209,

213, Plate 4, Plate 11satellite remote sensing, 265–6, 277scale, xix–xx, 3–7, 11–14, 18–23, 31–2, 34–41, 45,

47–9, 53–4, 90, 92–3, 96–7, 106, 112, 120–121, 124–7, 129–31, 145, 156, 163, 171, 175–6, 178, 181–2, 184, 187–8, 192, 194–6, 203–6, 208–12, 214–16, 219–21, 230, 237, 249, 265, 267, 275, 283, 285, 306, 310–15, 317–19, 323, 328, 332, 334–5, 337–41, 343, 346, 352, 363, 365, 375–6, 382–7, 389–91, 395–6, 403–4, 406, Plate 7

scarcity, 87, 151, 189, 194–6scenarios, 36, 38–9, 44–9, 51–3, 130–132, 144,

160, 231, 286, 354–5science informed policy, 4, 139, 162–4, 323,

343–4, 404scientific

advice, 65, 151–2, 154–61, 163–5, 329–30, 343–4

credentials, 187integrity, 193knowledge, 6, 121, 123, 131, 183, 312, 357, 385

seaagitation, 126–7level rise, 13, 126, 130, 132, 143, 146,

359–64, 366, 368–9, 372–4, Plate 6urchin(s)

fishery, 16, 24, 337, 388warming (and effects on fish), 97water cooling, 126

Sealords, 392Seamounts, 124, 281–7Seasonality, 33, 206, 382security

food, 15, 17, 32, 130, 300, 322, 324, 328, 335, 371, 373

self-organization, 14, 339, 343, 346, 361sensitivity analysis, 45, 108, 110–11sentinel fisheries, 384separate silos, 4sequential depletion cycles, 16serok, 205shared vision, 107shellfish, 13, 262, 282Shiretoko

approach, 329, 331–2peninsula, 329World Natural Heritage Site Scientific Council, 330

Shrimp, 13, 15–16, 18–19, 24, 32, 91, 124, 153, 158, 165, 184, 250, 253–4, 285, 302, 313, 316, 385–6, 394

simulationsMonte Carlo, 203–4, 208, 220

slerek (fishing method), 204–6, 209–10, 216–19, Plate 8

“slipper skipper”, 255small boat harvesters, 184, 252Small Island Developing States (SIDS), 335small-scale

coastal community(ies), xxfisheries, 3–4, 7, 19, 21, 210, 237, 334–5, 337, 341,

390, 403–4small-vessel

enterprises, 365fisheries, 372

snowball sampling, 207social

change, 7, 183, 196-ecological history (of Alaska), 293

interactivity, 182resilience, 361, 406systems, 1, 4–12, 14, 16–20, 22–4, 46, 104–5,

111, 118, 124, 128, 183–4, 191, 194–5, 220, 237, 247–9, 334–5, 339, 361, 381, 403

-ecology (of our bodies), 181, 183–4, 190, 196-economic (status), 35, 53, 61, 155, 265–8, 275,

277–8, 404engineering, 192inclusion, 123infrastructure, 142justice, 144, 192, 316management, 7organization, 19power, 190–191, 194, 406values, changes in the fishing life, 7, 247–8, 259,

261, 404Social Vulnerability Index (SOVI), 143socio-economic characteristics, 274sociology of science, 183, 193Southern Oscillation Index, 209spatial ownership, 125spawning zone, 296species at risk, 3species shift, 301spiritual value, 5, 7, 224–9, 231, 234–5, 248spiritual value of nature, 224–6, 236stakeholders, 7, 20, 47–8, 106, 110, 120–121, 132,

147, 155, 164, 179, 267, 270, 304, 306–7, 312, 316, 324, 332, 334, 339–40, 342–4, 346, 357, 393, 395

State-and-Transition (approach), 112


Index 417

stockassessment science, 186–8, 196, 405highly migratory, 60–61, 65, 171, 374, 376recruitment, 68, 70, 73restoration, 73

stream barricades, 296Striped Shiner, 231Sub Regional Fisheries Commission (West Africa),

153–4, 157–8, 161subsistence

fishery, 316, 370, 373subsystems, biophysical and social, 8–14Surfclam fishery, 382–3, 391–3surprise(s), 12, 14, 17, 19–20, 225, 231survey

instrument, community derived, 270–271sustainability, xx, 5–6, 10, 12, 14–15, 17, 23, 34, 51,

61, 123, 162, 306, 318, 348, 370, 389, 392, 394, 406

systemic responses, 381system model, 111–13

techne, 22“techno-hubris”, 192Tellus Institute, 147territorial waters, 3thematic maps, 269–70thermohaline circulation, 129third industrial revolution, 144, 148tipping point (re, global warming), 6, 141, 404tipping points, 6, 141, 147–8, 395, 404top-down (knowledge), 6, 119, 122, 130, 132, 188,

312, 342–3, 381, 383, 387, 395, 404, 406top-down mandates, 387total economic value, 224–5, 229–35, 237tourism, 53, 128, 238, 287, 313, 329–30, 333–5, 337,

339, 366, 390traditional

canoe fishing, 125ecological knowledge (TEK), 121–3, 125–6, 185fishing communities, 247, 251–2, 256, 258–61

Tragedy of the Commons, 312, 386Transboundary, 61, 66, 68, 195, 337–9, 346Transdisciplinarity, 192transformational technology, 293transformative, 183–4triggers, 381, 388TRIGOH (conservation alliance), 316trophic

interactions, 35, 43level (of targeted species), 33, 39–42, 91–3, 97,

99–100, Plate 11trust agreements, 255–6

tsunami, 2004 South-east Asia, 15, 225Tuna fisheries, 5, 60, 62–3, 65, 341, 345, 404Turbot, 253, 385

UNCED, 17Uncertainty, 7, 13–14, 22, 41, 45, 106, 108–9, 121,

123, 129, 139, 148, 164, 192, 194, 196, 203, 207, 215, 218, 231, 238, 252, 260, 351, 356, 360, 363

uncertainty (in fisheries), 13, 22, 45, 121, 123, 129, 192, 203, 215, 356, 360, 363

under-reporting, 203, 219unemployment, 252, 365United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA),

61, 375–6United Nations International Law of the

Sea, 306, 310upwelling, 37–8, 40, 111–14, 124, 152, 206, 386, 388use values, 230–231, 233, 235, 268, 281–3, 286–8

variability, 13, 39–40, 93, 129, 186, 311, 371, 374–5climate, 5, 36, 48, 51–2, 61, 105, 109, 164, 335,

359, 365–7, 373, 377climate driven, 60inter-annual climate, 36

ecological, 13marine-ecological, 363

ecosystem, 373marine-ecosystem, 360, 374, 376

environmental, 85, 109, 364–5marine-environmental, 364

fisheries, 129fish stock, 366flow of resources, 13inter-annual, 39, 185natural, 225short-term, 40

vertical, 38, 323gradients, 171, 175, 178integration, 391levels, 36linkages, 21, 23, 343mixing, 33, 38resolution, 37stratification, 33

vested interests, 191–2, 194virtuous behaviour (of fishers), 309, 318vulnerability, 5, 10, 15–17, 32–4, 44–8, 52–3, 128,

143, 189, 195, 304, 306, 372, 376, 395indices, 45–6

Walleye Pollock, Plate, 11warming sea, 6


418 Index

Warri (city), 266, 276wave induced mortality, 356weak institutions, 338well-being, 12, 18, 23–4, 67, 73, 190, 306, 319,

363, 404West African fisheries, 152–3Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission,

65Whaling, 295, 302–3Whitemouth croaker, 124willingness to pay (for ecosystem survival), 231–4,

236, 239, 285

Wilson, E.O., xix, 236wind tunneling, 46–7Wisconsin, Northern Highland

Lake District, 14world

model, 108–10real, 73, 76, 87, 108–11

World War II (WWII), 250, 299–300, 302World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 165, 389

Yup’ik community, Alaska, 367, 369–70, 373


Documents

World Fisheries (A Social-Ecological Analysis) || Index