World History CH World History CH 22

Section 1 Ancient Kingdoms Section 1 Ancient Kingdoms of the Nileof the Nile

The land: Its Geography The land: Its Geography and its Importanceand its Importance

Egypt Lies in North Africa with the Egypt Lies in North Africa with the Mediterranean Sea to the North and the Mediterranean Sea to the North and the Red sea to the EastRed sea to the East

Today Desert covers most of Egypt. Today Desert covers most of Egypt. In Ancient times, however, the landscape In Ancient times, however, the landscape

was much differentwas much different 12,000 years ago the area was covered in 12,000 years ago the area was covered in

swampland, that supported a large variety swampland, that supported a large variety of animalsof animals

The most dominate feature of Egypt has The most dominate feature of Egypt has been the Nile for more than 5,000 yearsbeen the Nile for more than 5,000 years

The world and AfricaThe world and Africa

The Nile RiverThe Nile River The nile river is the longest river in the The nile river is the longest river in the

world stretching 4,160 and it flows South world stretching 4,160 and it flows South to Northto North

During the ancient times the Nile was During the ancient times the Nile was “broken” by six great cataracts, or rapids. “broken” by six great cataracts, or rapids.

These Cataracts were difficult if not These Cataracts were difficult if not impossible to navigate and flowed through impossible to navigate and flowed through channels of cut out rockchannels of cut out rock

The Nile River ContinuedThe Nile River Continued The Ancient Egyptian Civilization was built The Ancient Egyptian Civilization was built

between the Nile Delta and the First great between the Nile Delta and the First great CataractCataract

{{The Flow of the Nile South to North made it The Flow of the Nile South to North made it possible to move goods uplandpossible to move goods upland} }

The Winds from the north made it possible to The Winds from the north made it possible to move goods up river inland using sailsmove goods up river inland using sails

{{The Egyptian farmers planed their work The Egyptian farmers planed their work around the annual summer flooding of the Nilearound the annual summer flooding of the Nile}}

They would harvest their crops before the floods They would harvest their crops before the floods came and the floods left fertile soil behindcame and the floods left fertile soil behind

They would dig canals to carry water to their They would dig canals to carry water to their fields and they were able to grow several crops fields and they were able to grow several crops a year a year

Other Natural AdvantagesOther Natural Advantages The ability to travel both ways on the Nile The ability to travel both ways on the Nile

was what allowed upper and lower Egypt to was what allowed upper and lower Egypt to unite into one kingdomunite into one kingdom

{{The Valleys location also gave the The Valleys location also gave the advantage of geographic Isolationadvantage of geographic Isolation}}

With the Mediterranean to the North and the With the Mediterranean to the North and the Red sea to the East and desert to the West Red sea to the East and desert to the West they were naturally protected from invasionthey were naturally protected from invasion

{{The only way into Egypt was through the The only way into Egypt was through the Isthmus of Suez in the North EastIsthmus of Suez in the North East}}

This land bridge allowed for a trade route This land bridge allowed for a trade route and exchange of ideas between Africa and and exchange of ideas between Africa and AsiaAsia

Early steps toward Early steps toward civilizationcivilization

By 12,000 BC the hunter-gatherers had moved By 12,000 BC the hunter-gatherers had moved into the Nile river valleyinto the Nile river valley

By 3,800 BC they had started to mine Copper, to By 3,800 BC they had started to mine Copper, to make tools and jewelry, and mix with tin to make make tools and jewelry, and mix with tin to make BronzeBronze

They had also learned to glaze potteryThey had also learned to glaze pottery By 3,000 BC they had developed a form of writing By 3,000 BC they had developed a form of writing

called Hieroglyphics using 600 signs or symbolscalled Hieroglyphics using 600 signs or symbols {{At first they carved these pictures into stone but At first they carved these pictures into stone but

later developed paper from the Papyrus plantlater developed paper from the Papyrus plant } } They sliced the stem of the plant into long thin They sliced the stem of the plant into long thin

strips and pressed them together making sheets strips and pressed them together making sheets of paper of paper

ContinuedContinued

Hieroglyphics were finally translated when Hieroglyphics were finally translated when in the 1800s the French Army found the in the 1800s the French Army found the Rosetta StoneRosetta Stone

the Rosetta stone is a stone with three the Rosetta stone is a stone with three different languages carved into itdifferent languages carved into it

Each passage says the same thing once in Each passage says the same thing once in hieroglyphics, once in Greek and once in hieroglyphics, once in Greek and once in an Egyptian writing called demotican Egyptian writing called demotic

{{They used the Greek text to decode the They used the Greek text to decode the hieroglyphics and figure out how to decode hieroglyphics and figure out how to decode all other hieroglyphicsall other hieroglyphics}}

The Egyptian KingdomsThe Egyptian Kingdoms Over the centuries two distinct cultures developed Over the centuries two distinct cultures developed

along the Nile riveralong the Nile river They formed two distinct kingdoms. Lower Egypt They formed two distinct kingdoms. Lower Egypt

in the North and Upper Egypt in the Southin the North and Upper Egypt in the South Sometime after 3200 BC the two kingdoms were Sometime after 3200 BC the two kingdoms were

united under King Menesunited under King Menes King Menes founded a dynasty, or family of rulersKing Menes founded a dynasty, or family of rulers Menes and his successors gained new land and Menes and his successors gained new land and

improved irrigation and trade, making Egypt improved irrigation and trade, making Egypt wealthierwealthier

They were considered political and religious They were considered political and religious leaders and built temples and tombs in their leaders and built temples and tombs in their honorhonor

cointinuedcointinued The kings of the Egypt took the title of The kings of the Egypt took the title of

Pharaoh which means “great house”Pharaoh which means “great house” These Pharaohs held absolute power and These Pharaohs held absolute power and

were also judges, high priests, and generals were also judges, high priests, and generals of the armiesof the armies

From the time of King Menes to almost 300 From the time of King Menes to almost 300 BC some 30 dynasties ruled EgyptBC some 30 dynasties ruled Egypt

This time span is divided into three KingdomsThis time span is divided into three Kingdoms The Old KingdomThe Old Kingdom The Middle KingdomThe Middle Kingdom The New KingdomThe New Kingdom

The Old KingdomThe Old Kingdom This existed from 2600 BC to 2180 BCThis existed from 2600 BC to 2180 BC Many developments in science and art took Many developments in science and art took

place during this timeplace during this time They Egyptians of the old kingdom built the They Egyptians of the old kingdom built the

Great Sphinx and the largest of the pyramidsGreat Sphinx and the largest of the pyramids The society was split into two classesThe society was split into two classes The Lower classes were peasants and The Lower classes were peasants and

farmers who served in the army and worked farmers who served in the army and worked on building projectson building projects

They made the Pyramids (not slaves) and They made the Pyramids (not slaves) and canals for the cropscanals for the crops

Built in the old kingdomBuilt in the old kingdom

continuedcontinued The upper class included the Pharaoh, the The upper class included the Pharaoh, the

royal family, priests, scribes, and Govt royal family, priests, scribes, and Govt OfficialsOfficials

The upper class gradually became a small The upper class gradually became a small but powerful hereditary group of noblesbut powerful hereditary group of nobles

{{Toward the end the Pharaohs became Toward the end the Pharaohs became weaker and the nobles strongerweaker and the nobles stronger}}

For more than 100 years after the fall of For more than 100 years after the fall of the Old Kingdom there were civil wars the Old Kingdom there were civil wars dividing Egyptdividing Egypt

Rivals fought for control of the landRivals fought for control of the land

The Middle KingdomThe Middle Kingdom The Middle Kingdom began in 2050 BC when The Middle Kingdom began in 2050 BC when

a new line of Pharaohs reunited Egypta new line of Pharaohs reunited Egypt This new era was the “golden age” for Egypt This new era was the “golden age” for Egypt

marked by stability and prosperitymarked by stability and prosperity However at this time the nobles and the However at this time the nobles and the

priests were weakening the power of the priests were weakening the power of the PharaohPharaoh

Around 1780 a people called the {Around 1780 a people called the {HyksosHyksos came in and were able to take over using the came in and were able to take over using the Chariot and compound bowChariot and compound bow}}

The Hyksos were able to take over but there The Hyksos were able to take over but there is little evidence of how they did and weather is little evidence of how they did and weather or not they were violent, but they did rule for or not they were violent, but they did rule for more than 100 yearsmore than 100 years

Pyramids of the middle Pyramids of the middle kingdomkingdom

The HyksosThe Hyksos Little is known about the Hyksos which Little is known about the Hyksos which

means outsiders and they remained means outsiders and they remained outsidersoutsiders

Some Historians think that they were Some Historians think that they were brutal and destroyed the cities of Egyptbrutal and destroyed the cities of Egypt

Others think that they were able to take Others think that they were able to take over with their superior technology but over with their superior technology but were fair to the conquered Egyptians were fair to the conquered Egyptians

This invasion and 100 year occupation by This invasion and 100 year occupation by these outside forces led to the second these outside forces led to the second intermediate period and The New intermediate period and The New KingdomKingdom

The Hyksos, chariot, and The Hyksos, chariot, and bowbow

The New KingdomThe New Kingdom

Eventually the leaders in upper Egypt drove Eventually the leaders in upper Egypt drove the Hyksos out of the country and a line of the Hyksos out of the country and a line of strong pharaohs united Egyptstrong pharaohs united Egypt

This new ruling group ran Egypt out of This new ruling group ran Egypt out of Thebes and Pharaohs ruled with absolute Thebes and Pharaohs ruled with absolute powerpower

These new Pharaohs used the technology of These new Pharaohs used the technology of the Chariot to create a strong army and the Chariot to create a strong army and conquered land in the Eastern Mediterranean conquered land in the Eastern Mediterranean

Egyptian became an empire which when Egyptian became an empire which when weaker Pharaohs ruled, the conquered lands weaker Pharaohs ruled, the conquered lands tried to break awaytried to break away

The New Kingdom The New Kingdom ContinuedContinued

One of the New Kingdom rulers was {One of the New Kingdom rulers was {HatshepsutHatshepsut one of the first ever known Female rulersone of the first ever known Female rulers}}

She reigned as Co-Pharaoh from 1503 BC to She reigned as Co-Pharaoh from 1503 BC to 1482 BC with her stepson Thutmose III 1482 BC with her stepson Thutmose III

Hatshepsut was a strong ruler who kept Egypt's Hatshepsut was a strong ruler who kept Egypt's borders secure and built trade with other borders secure and built trade with other countriescountries

She was able to rule due to Thutmose II’s Skin She was able to rule due to Thutmose II’s Skin disease leading to his death before Thutmose III disease leading to his death before Thutmose III was of age to rule allowing Hatshepsut to rule in was of age to rule allowing Hatshepsut to rule in his steadhis stead

From 1380 to 1362 BC Amenhotep IV Ruled From 1380 to 1362 BC Amenhotep IV Ruled Egypt and tried to bring Social and Religious Egypt and tried to bring Social and Religious changes changes

Hatshepsut’s TempleHatshepsut’s Temple

Amenhotep IVAmenhotep IV Before Amenhotep the Egyptians were Before Amenhotep the Egyptians were polytheisticpolytheistic

meaning that they believed in many different godsmeaning that they believed in many different gods {{Amenhotep believed in only one god or Amenhotep believed in only one god or

monotheismmonotheism}} The one god that he believed in was the sun god The one god that he believed in was the sun god

Aton and in recognition of Aton, Amenhotep Aton and in recognition of Aton, Amenhotep changed his name to changed his name to AkhenatonAkhenaton or “he who is or “he who is pleasing to Aton”pleasing to Aton”

This caused struggle with the priests who did not This caused struggle with the priests who did not like their decreased role and decreased wealthlike their decreased role and decreased wealth

He was unable to change his peoples religious He was unable to change his peoples religious beliefs and after his death the priests were able to beliefs and after his death the priests were able to take control back and reestablish polytheismtake control back and reestablish polytheism

Amenhotep/Amenhotep/AkhenatonAkhenaton

Egypts DeclineEgypts Decline After the death of Akhenaton few strong After the death of Akhenaton few strong

Pharaohs ruled EgyptPharaohs ruled Egypt Ramses II was one of those leaders who Ramses II was one of those leaders who

kept the empire together and ordered the kept the empire together and ordered the construction of temples and monumentsconstruction of temples and monuments

A series of invasions including the A series of invasions including the Assyrians and the Nubians led to the Assyrians and the Nubians led to the downfall of the Egyptian imperial powerdownfall of the Egyptian imperial power

By the 300’s BC the rule of Egypt by By the 300’s BC the rule of Egypt by Egyptians came to an endEgyptians came to an end

The Great Temple of The Great Temple of Ramses II Ramses II

ReviewReview What Direction does the Nile river flow?What Direction does the Nile river flow? What made it possible to move goods up What made it possible to move goods up

river?river? Why did geographic isolation benefit the Why did geographic isolation benefit the

Egyptians?Egyptians? Why were we eventually able to read Why were we eventually able to read

Hieroglyphics?Hieroglyphics? Name the outside invaders that came in Name the outside invaders that came in

and took over Egypt for a while.and took over Egypt for a while. What was special about What was special about Hatshepsut?Hatshepsut?