World History

Chapter 11, Section 2

Spread of Islam

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Main Idea

The Islamic state expanded and affected a variety of cultures

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Terms to Define

Caliph Jihad

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People to Meet

Abu Bakr Ali Mu’awiyah Husayn The Sunni The Shiite Harun al-Rashid

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Places to Locate

Damascus Bagdad

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Did You Know?

According to Islam, the duty of jihad—a religious duty on Muslims to spread Islam by waging war—can be fulfilled in four ways: by the heart, the tongue, the hand, and the sword. Jihad has come to denote any conflict waged for principle

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Successor to Muhammad

Muhammad died in A.D. 632 No instructions for succession No one could really replace Muhammad Needed strong leader to preserve unity Leaders chose new type of leader—

caliph, meaning successor

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The Rightly Guided Caliphs

First four chosen for life—close friends and relatives of Muhammad

All sought to protect and spread Islam beyond Arabian Peninsula

First was his father-in-law, Abu Bakr Last was his son-in-law, Ali Sought guidance from other Muslims

—”rightly guided…”

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The Rightly Guided Caliphs

Kept in close touch with the people Asked the advice of other Muslim

leaders

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Early Conquests

Muslims military forces carried Islam forward

Attacked Byzantine and Persian Empires Wanted land for growing population Conquered Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Persia,

and Egypt

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Islamic Conquest Success—Why?

They were united in religious duty—”jihad”—religious struggle

The other empires were weak from war Conquered people welcomed the more

benevolent Muslim rule

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Islamic Conquest Success--Why

Quran forbade use of force in winning converts

Islamic teaching promised warriors who died in jihad immediate entry into paradise

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Division Within Islam

Many wanted to fill the Caliph Struggle began when Ali was elected the

fourth caliph One of Ali’s powerful rivals, Mu’awiyah,

governor of Syria and nephew of the third caliph, Uthman, who had been murdered

Mu’awiyah accused Ali supports of encouraging the murder

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Division Within Islam

Ali tried to depose Mu’awiyah, but he refused to step down

A battle ensued Mu’awiyah’s forces seemed a sure loss Mu’awiyah’s forces tied copies of Quran to

lances, and Ali’s forces would not fight against them, forcing Ali to negotiate

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Division Within Islam

During negotiations, Mu’awiyah’s forces took over Egypt and attacked Iraq

In A.D. 661, Ali was stabbed to death by disillusioned follower

Ali’s older son renounced his claim to the caliph

Mu’awiyah became first caliph of Umayyad dynasty

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Division Within Islam

Followers of Ali, the Shiites, never accepted Mu’awiyah’s rule

When Mu’awiyah died, the Shiites claimed the caliph for Ali’s son, Husayn Husayn’s followers in Iraq invited him to

lead them When Husayn arrived in Iraq with family

and some followers, he was beheaded

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Division Within Islam

Umayyad troops massacred all but women and a young son in a battle at Karbala The leader sent Hussayn’s head to

Mu’awiyah’s son who assumed the caliphate

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Division of Islam

The murders of Ali and Husayn led to permanent schism in Islamic world

The majority of Muslims are Sunni “Followers of the Way” Follow the teachings of Muhammad Tradition of “Rightly guided Caliphs” Caliph may be any rightly guided Muslim

accepted by the people

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Division of Islam

The Shiites Smaller group of Muslims Series of leaders aimed at destroying

existing caliph Establish new one in its place Live mostly in Iraq and Iran Believe caliph should be descendent of

Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and husband, Ali

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Shiite and Sunni

Sunni--”followers of the way” Believe caliph was primarily a leader, not

religious authority Shiite—followers of Ali and Husayn

Believed the caliph should be held only by descendents of Muhammad

Line should go through daughter Fatimah and her husband Ali

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Shiite and Sunni (cont)

Split has lasted until modern times Profound impact 90 percent of Muslims are Sunnis Shiite stress spiritual life Shiite regard suffering and martyrdom as

signs of their devotion to Islam Stress imam’s power as spiritual leader

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Shiite

Live primarily in Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon Minority of Muslims

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The Islamic State

Umayyads moved capital from Madinah to Damascus, Syria, which was more centrally located—A.D. 661-A.D.750

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Umayyad Conquests

Warriors spread Islam to borders of India and China in the east

In the west, Islam was spread to North Africa and Spain—southern most area of Christian western Europe

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Muslims Advance into Europe

By A.D. 716, ruled most of Spain Advanced halfway into France before

they were stopped at the Battle of Tours in A.D. 732

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Life in the Umayyad State

Built powerful state Ruled more like kings than like the

earlier caliphs Stress political rather than religious Made Arabic the official language Minted first currency Built roads and established postal routes

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Umayyad Tax

Jews and non-Greek Christians were tolerated and given protection if they paid a tax

Tolerated because the believed on one God

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Opposition to Umayyad Rule

Dissatisfaction among non-Arab Muslims Paid more taxes Received lower wages in the military Discriminated against socially

Discontent particularly strong in Iraq and Persia

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The Abbasids

A.D. 747 anti-Umayyad Arabs and non-Arab Muslims joined forces and defeated the Umayyads

The winning Abbasid Dynasty built a new city, Baghdad

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The Abbasids (cont)

Caliph Harun al-Rashid Developed sophisticated urban

civilization Emphasized diversity of empire’s people Many lands earlier won broke free

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World History

Daily Life and Culture

Section 3

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Main Idea

The many achievements of Islamic civilization spread to and influenced other parts of the world

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Terms to Define

Madrasa Bazaar Caligraphy Arabesque Chronicle

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People to Meet

Ma’mum Al’Razi Ibn Sina Omar Khayyam Moses Maimonides Ibn-Khaldun

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Family Life

Islam set boundaries for Family life Business Religious practices

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Role of Women

Islam stress equality of all believers Woman’s social position was subservient

to male family members Quran said men were responsible for

women Woman’s position defined by her

relationships as a sister, wife, mother daughter, etc

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Improved Social Position for Women

Limited Polygamy Men could have up to four wives All were to be treated with equality and

kindness Women had control of their property

She could keep it when re-marrying She could inherit property

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Women

Teachers Trade Charities Government Arts

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Role of Men

Politics Army Baths Chess Gymnastics School—read and write Arabic Wealthier boys went on to “Madrasas”—

theological schools

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City and Country

Most lived in the country Leadership came from the cities Cites set up in residential business

districts Began as trading centers or military

towns

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Urban Centers

Houses centered around courtyards Fountains and gardens Thick walls and few windows Few pieces of furniture People sat on carpets or leaned on

pillows Meals—people sat in circle and ate from

trays of breads, meats, and fruits

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Trade and the Bazaar

Muslims dominated trade throughout the Middle East and North Africa until A.D. 1400s

Destination for trade was the city bazaars, or marketplaces Mazes of shops and stalls People shopped from all over the world Men met for conversation and business

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Rural Areas

Growing food difficult because of dry climate and scarce water

Most farms were large with grants from the government

Wheat, rice, beans, cucumbers, celery, mint, almonds, blackberries , melons, apricots, figs, olives, apples, pears, cherries, etc

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Islamic Achievements

Use of Arabic promoted trade, encouraged communication and spread knowledge among different peoples of the Islamic state

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The House of Wisdom

A.D. 800s Baghdad became a leading intellectual center

Abbisid caliph Ma’mun founded House of Wisdom in Baghdad

Specialized in translations of Greek, Persian, and Indian texts into scientific texts

Sparked many scientific achievements in Islamic world

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Mathematics

Adopted the numerals and developed the place-value system Number’s value is determined by the

position of its digits Made possible great achievements in math

Invented algebra and expressed equations to define curves and lines

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Astronomy and Geography

Improved on the Greek astrolabe to accurately measure the size and circumference of the earth

Produced the first accurate maps of Eastern Hemisphere

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Chemistry and Medicine

Developed the animal/mineral/vegetable classification system

- Al-Razi—renowned chemist and physician Founded the science of optics, the study of light

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Art and Literature

Used “calligraphy”—the art of elegant handwriting—to decorate buildings

“Arabesques”—geometric designs—were used to decorate books, carpets, swords, and walls

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Literature

The Quran Poetry Kalila and Dimna—animal fables “A Thousand and One Nights” “The Arabian Nights” “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”

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Philosophy and History

Moses Maimonides—attempted to reconcile his faith with the teachings of Aristotle

Ibn-Khaldun—looked for laws and cause and effect relationships to explain historical events

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