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Industrial RevolutionWorld History | Chapter 25
The Beginnings ofIndustrialization The Industrial Revolution starts in Englandand soon spreads to other countries.
Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England?Britain has natural resources — coal,
iron, rivers, harborsExpanding economy in Britain
encourages investmentBritain has all needed factors of
production — land, labor, capital
Geography
1. What one generalization can be made about virtuallyall of the major industrial areas in Great Britain in1850?
Geography
2. Which is the only industrial area that is not in a coal producingregion?
Geography
3. What was the major industrial activity around Durham in north England?
Charles Dickens
From farms to cities
Industrial Revolution — greatly increases output of machine-made goods
Enclosures — large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges Factories pay more than farms Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land
once owned by village farmers▪ Crop rotation — switching crops each
year to avoid depleting the soil
Review
What were four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Large population of workers
Political Stability
Extensive Natural Resources
Expanding Economy
ENGLAND: a leader nation
GETS THE JUMP ON COMPETITION +FORCED TO UNDERGO “TRIAL AND
ERROR” ON MACHINES –SLOWLY BUILDS FROM ‘BOTTOM UP’
+ENCOUNTERS ‘MASSIVE SOCIAL
PROBLEMS” CONTINENT DOESN’T –CONTROLS “INDUSTRIAL ‘PSYCHIC’
CLIMATE ” +
Transportation
Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine first steamboat
first railroad line
Cities turn into slums
Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums
Life span in one large city is only 17 years
Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes
Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes
Cities also without adequate housing, education, police protection
Working Conditions
Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round
Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers
Many coal miners killed by coal dust
Child labor
BenefitsProble
ms
U.S. has natural and labor,
resources needed to industrialize
non-industrialized countries fall
further behind
rise of global
inequality
European nations, U.S., Japan
exploit colonies for resources
Europe and U.S. gain economic
power
African and Asian economies lag,
based on agriculture, crafts
Economics
Laissez faire — Economic idea of government NOT interfering or regulating businesses
Adam Smith — laissez faire defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations
Believed in “natural laws of economics”: an invisible hand would guide the economy
Adam Smith
Click icon to add pictureEconomic liberty guarantees economic progress
Smith’s 3 economic natural laws — 1) self-interest 2)competition 3) supply and demand
Capitalism: system of privately owned businesses seeking profitsSocialism: factors of production owned by, operated for the people
UTILITARIANISM• POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY in late 1700’S by JEREMY BENTHAM
• GOVERNMENT SHOULD HAVE POLICIES THAT PROMOTE GREATEST GOOD FOR GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE
• JS MILL FURTHERED UTILITARIANISM• UNREGULATED CAPITALISM IS WRONG• Womens’ rights; agric. co-ops; equal division of profits; legal, prison, educational reforms
Karl Marx
Communist Manifesto 1848• believe society is divided into warring classes• Capitalism helps “haves” (employers)• Hurts “have-nots,” (workers) •BOURGEOISIE = MIDDLE CLASS•PROLETARIAT = WORKERS
KARL MARX
“Workers of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!”
“From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs”
The Communist Manifesto did NOT influence the Revolutions of 1848
•Predicted workers would overthrow the capitalists in a revolution•Only proletariat would exist and rule•Eventually the State will wither away
Karl Marx
Communism — society where people own, share the means of production
Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba
Marx’s version of communism was NOT a dictatorship. Has never really been tried.
Improvements
• (think back to guilds) goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions
Unions• U.S. ends child labor, sets
maximum hours in 1904 Children
•In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empireSlavery•Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848Women
UNIONS
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: UNIONS REPRESENTED ALL WORKERS ALL AT ONCE (PAY, WORKING CONDITIONS)
STRIKES: IF DEMANDS NOT MET, WORKERS WOULDN’T WORK
•8-HOUR WORK DAY•1 ½ PAY FOR OVER 40 HOURS•VACATIONS•HEALTH BENEFITS•PENSIONS•SAFER CONDITIONS•NO CHILD LABOR
UNIONS
UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE: RIGHT TO VOTE FOR ALL PEOPLE (ORIGINALLY ONLY LAND-OWNING MEN)
CHARTIST MOVEMENT: GIVE WORKERS RIGHT TO VOTE
REFORMS HARD FOUGHT TO GETOCCURRED OVER LONG TIME PERIODENTERED INTO LAWS WHICH HELPED SOCIETY
UNIONS
AS TIME PASSED OTHER REFORMS OCCURRED HELPED ON BY UNION ACTIVITY:
END OF SLAVERYWOMEN’S RIGHTSPUBLIC EDUCATIONPRISON REFORM
JANE ADDAMSAND HULL HOUSE
MOTHER JONES