WORLD HISTORY IIWORLD HISTORY II

SOL REVIEWSOL REVIEW

World ReligionsWorld Religions JudaismJudaism

• Concentrated in Europe Concentrated in Europe and Middle East in 1500and Middle East in 1500

• Now concentrated in US Now concentrated in US and Israeland Israel

• Monotheistic- “one Monotheistic- “one God”God”

• 10 Commandment- 10 Commandment- rules of moral conductrules of moral conduct

• Torah –Holy writingsTorah –Holy writings• Holy city-JerusalemHoly city-Jerusalem

ChristianityChristianity• Concentrated in Europe Concentrated in Europe

and Middle East in 1500and Middle East in 1500• Now North and South Now North and South

America and EuropeAmerica and Europe• MonotheisticMonotheistic• Jesus is Son of GodJesus is Son of God• Life after deathLife after death• New Testament- Life New Testament- Life

and teachings of Jesusand teachings of Jesus• Christian doctrine Christian doctrine

established by early established by early church councilschurch councils

• Holy city Jerusalem and Holy city Jerusalem and BethlehemBethlehem

World ReligionsWorld Religions IslamIslam

• Concentrated in Concentrated in Western Asia, Africa Western Asia, Africa and Southern Europe in and Southern Europe in 15001500

• Now in Middle East, Now in Middle East, Africa and AsiaAfrica and Asia

• MonotheisticMonotheistic• Muhammed is the Muhammed is the

prophetprophet• Koran is holy bookKoran is holy book• Five Pillars of IslamFive Pillars of Islam• Mecca, Medina and Mecca, Medina and

Jerusalem are holy Jerusalem are holy citiescities

BuddhismBuddhism• Concentrated in East Concentrated in East

and Southeast Asia in and Southeast Asia in 15001500

• Now East and Southeast Now East and Southeast AsiaAsia

• Siddhartha Gautama Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) founder(Buddha) founder

• Four Noble TruthsFour Noble Truths• Eightfold path to Eightfold path to

enlightenmentenlightenment• Spread from India to Spread from India to

China and other parts of China and other parts of Asia Asoka’s Asia Asoka’s missionaries and their missionaries and their writingswritings

World ReligionsWorld Religions

HinduismHinduism• Concentrated in India in 1500 and nowConcentrated in India in 1500 and now• Many forms of one deity (god)Many forms of one deity (god)• Caste systemCaste system• ReincarnationReincarnation• Karma- Future reincarnation based on Karma- Future reincarnation based on

present behaviorpresent behavior

RenaissanceRenaissance ““Rebirth” of Classical Knowledge (ancient Greece Rebirth” of Classical Knowledge (ancient Greece

and Rome)and Rome) Birth of the Modern WorldBirth of the Modern World HumanismHumanism- belief in the abilities of people- belief in the abilities of people SecularismSecularism- concern for nonreligious subjects- concern for nonreligious subjects Began in Italy and spread to Northern EuropeBegan in Italy and spread to Northern Europe ContributionsContributions

• Art- Michelangelo and Leonardo da VinciArt- Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci• Literature- ShakepeareLiterature- Shakepeare• Intellectual ideas- ErasmusIntellectual ideas- Erasmus

Regional Trade in 1500Regional Trade in 1500

Traditional patterns of trade in 1500Traditional patterns of trade in 1500• Silk roads across Asia (China)to the Silk roads across Asia (China)to the

Mediterranean (Italian city states)Mediterranean (Italian city states)• Maritime routes across the Indian OceanMaritime routes across the Indian Ocean• Trans-Saharan routes across North AfricaTrans-Saharan routes across North Africa• Northern European links with the Black SeaNorthern European links with the Black Sea• Western European sea and river tradeWestern European sea and river trade• South China Sea and lands of Southeast AsiaSouth China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia

Why was trade important?Why was trade important?

Exchange of products and ideasExchange of products and ideas China- Paper, compass, silk, porcelainChina- Paper, compass, silk, porcelain India and Middle East- Textiles, numeral India and Middle East- Textiles, numeral

systemsystem

Exchange in science from contact with the Exchange in science from contact with the Muslims in the Middle EastMuslims in the Middle East• MedicineMedicine• AstronomyAstronomy• MathematicsMathematics

Now Lets take a break and see how much you

remember?

The ReformationThe Reformation

What problems and issues caused the Reformation?What problems and issues caused the Reformation? Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of

usuryusury (charging interest for loaning money)(charging interest for loaning money) German and English kings disliked Italian control German and English kings disliked Italian control

of the Churchof the Church The Church had a great deal of political power The Church had a great deal of political power

and wealth- Popes interfered in the politics of and wealth- Popes interfered in the politics of other countriesother countries

Corruption in the churchCorruption in the church Sale of Sale of indulgencesindulgences (certificate purchased for (certificate purchased for

the forgiveness of sinsthe forgiveness of sins

The First Protestant ReformerThe First Protestant Reformer

Martin LutherMartin Luther Was angered by sale of indulgencesWas angered by sale of indulgences Wrote the Wrote the 95 Theses95 Theses which outlined his which outlined his

disagreements with the Churchdisagreements with the Church When he refused to take them back he was When he refused to take them back he was

excommunicated and he formed his own church, excommunicated and he formed his own church, the Lutheran Church, the first protestant church.the Lutheran Church, the first protestant church.

ViewsViews Salvation by faith aloneSalvation by faith alone Bible was the ultimate authorityBible was the ultimate authority All humans equal before GodAll humans equal before God

Other Protestant ReformersOther Protestant Reformers

John CalvinJohn Calvin (Calvinist Tradition) (Calvinist Tradition)• PredestinationPredestination- those who were saved - those who were saved

was chosen by God at birthwas chosen by God at birth• Faith revealed by living a righteous lifeFaith revealed by living a righteous life• Working and being successful showed Working and being successful showed

you were chosen by Godyou were chosen by God

King Henry VIIIKing Henry VIII (the Anglican (the Anglican Tradition)Tradition)• Wanted a divorce but Pope refused to Wanted a divorce but Pope refused to

give him onegive him one• Established himself as the head of the Established himself as the head of the

national church in Englandnational church in England• Appropriated (took) the land and wealth Appropriated (took) the land and wealth

of the Church in Englandof the Church in England• Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Dismissed the authority of the Pope in

RomeRome

Reformation in GermanyReformation in Germany

Princes in Northern Germany Princes in Northern Germany converted to protestantismconverted to protestantism

The Hapsburg family and princes in The Hapsburg family and princes in the South continued to support the the South continued to support the Pope and ChurchPope and Church

Thirty Years’ WarThirty Years’ War-- conflict between conflict between the Protestants of the North and the the Protestants of the North and the Catholics of the southCatholics of the south

Reformation In EnglandReformation In England

Anglican Church became the national Anglican Church became the national church throughout the British Isles church throughout the British Isles under under Elizabeth IElizabeth I

The Reformation contributed to the The Reformation contributed to the rise of rise of capitalismcapitalism (private (private ownership of business with the goal ownership of business with the goal of making a profit)of making a profit)

Reformation in FranceReformation in France

Catholic monarchy granted French Catholic monarchy granted French Protestants, Protestants, HugenotsHugenots, freedom of , freedom of worship by the worship by the Edict of NantesEdict of Nantes (later revoked)(later revoked)

Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from of the Thirty Years’ War from religious to political in an attempt to religious to political in an attempt to increase the power of France.increase the power of France.

Catholic Counter ReformationCatholic Counter Reformation

Series of reforms by the Church Series of reforms by the Church designed to stop the spread of designed to stop the spread of Protestantism and reassert the Protestantism and reassert the Church’s authorityChurch’s authority

Society of Jesus (Society of Jesus (JesuitsJesuits) founded to ) founded to act as missionaries and teachersact as missionaries and teachers

InquisitionInquisition established as a church established as a church court to try and punish court to try and punish hereticsheretics (those who went against the chuch)(those who went against the chuch)

Role of the Printing PressRole of the Printing Press

GutenbergGutenberg invented a printing press invented a printing press with moveable type with moveable type

Books became more available and Books became more available and less expensiveless expensive• Growth of literacyGrowth of literacy• Bible of printed in English, French, and Bible of printed in English, French, and

GermanGerman

Important in spreading the ideas of the Important in spreading the ideas of the Reformation and RenaissanceReformation and Renaissance

Results of the ReformationResults of the Reformation

Growth of secularismGrowth of secularism Growth of individualismGrowth of individualism Growth of religious tolerationGrowth of religious toleration

Factors contributing to the Age of Factors contributing to the Age of DiscoveryDiscovery

GoldGold• Demand for gold, spices and natural Demand for gold, spices and natural

resources in Europeresources in Europe

•Glory

-Political and economic competition between European empires

•God

-Desire to spread Christianity

Improvements in navigation

Caravel –new type of ship

Compass

Astrolabe

Contribution of Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal

Established a school for navigators, sailors and mapmakers

Financed early voyages of exploration

Major explorersMajor explorers

Portugal- Portugal- Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama SpainSpain

• Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus (discovered the (discovered the New World)New World)

• Hernando CortezHernando Cortez (defeated the Aztecs) (defeated the Aztecs)• Franciso PizarroFranciso Pizarro (defeated the Incas) (defeated the Incas)• Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan (1 (1stst to to

circumnavigate the globe-sail around circumnavigate the globe-sail around the world)the world)

More explorersMore explorers

EnglandEngland• Sir Francis DrakeSir Francis Drake

•France

-Jacques Cartier

Results of the Age of ExplorationResults of the Age of Exploration Diffusion of ChristianityDiffusion of Christianity

• Migration of colonists to new landsMigration of colonists to new lands• Conversion of Conversion of indigenous indigenous (native) people(native) people

•Expansion of overseas territorial claims and European emigration to North and South America• Indigenous people were killed and enslaved

•Rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin America

•Forced migration of some Africans into slavery

•Colonies imitated the culture and society of mother countries

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

Western Hemisphere agricultural Western Hemisphere agricultural products such as corn, potatoes, and products such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco changed European lifestylestobacco changed European lifestyles

European horses and cattle changed European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles of American Indiansthe lifestyles of American Indians

European diseases like smallpox European diseases like smallpox killed many American Indianskilled many American Indians

Results of tradeResults of trade

AfricaAfrica• European trading posts along the coastEuropean trading posts along the coast• Trade in slaves, gold and other productsTrade in slaves, gold and other products

•Asia

-Colonization by small groups of Merchants

-India, the Indies and China

-Portugese, Dutch and British set up trading companies

Impact of the Columbian ExchangeImpact of the Columbian Exchange

Shortage of labor to grow cash crops Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African slavesled to the use of African slaves

Slavery was based on raceSlavery was based on race European plantation system in the European plantation system in the

Caribbean and the Americas Caribbean and the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environmentdamaged the environment

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade• Linked Europe, Linked Europe,

Africa and the Africa and the Americas.Americas.

• Slaves, sugar and Slaves, sugar and rum were tradedrum were traded

• Most slaves came Most slaves came from coast of West from coast of West AfricaAfrica

• Middle PassageMiddle Passage was was the voyage of the voyage of slaves across the slaves across the Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean

Export of precious Export of precious metalsmetals• Gold and silver Gold and silver

were exported to were exported to Europe and AsiaEurope and Asia

• Incas and Aztecs Incas and Aztecs and other natives and other natives were used as slave were used as slave labor in mineslabor in mines

• Increase in supplies Increase in supplies of gold and silver of gold and silver led to inflation in led to inflation in SpainSpain

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Located in Asia MinorLocated in Asia Minor ExpandedExpanded

• Southwest Asia, Southeastern Europe, Southwest Asia, Southeastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula, North AfricaBalkan Peninsula, North Africa

•Capital at Constantinople renamed Istanbul

•Islamic religion as a unifying force that accepted other religions

•Trade in coffee and ceramics

Mughal EmpireMughal Empire

Located in North IndiaLocated in North India Spread Islam into IndiaSpread Islam into India Building of the Taj MahalBuilding of the Taj Mahal Influence of the Indian textiles on the Influence of the Indian textiles on the

British textile industryBritish textile industry Europeans established coastal ports Europeans established coastal ports

in India to compete for tradein India to compete for trade

ChinaChina• Creation of foreign Creation of foreign

enclaves to control enclaves to control trade-foreigners trade-foreigners were restricted to were restricted to certain citiescertain cities

• Emperor controlled Emperor controlled foreign influence foreign influence and tradeand trade

• Increase in Increase in European demand European demand for Chinese goods for Chinese goods such as tea and such as tea and porcelainporcelain

JapanJapan• Characterized by Characterized by

powerless emporor powerless emporor ruled by shogun ruled by shogun (military leader)(military leader)

• Adopted policy of Adopted policy of isolation to limit isolation to limit foreign influencesforeign influences

Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution

MercantilismMercantilism• Economic practice adopted by European Economic practice adopted by European

colonial powers in an effort to became colonial powers in an effort to became self-sufficientself-sufficient

• Based on the theory that colonies Based on the theory that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother existed for the benefit of the mother countrycountry

• Competition for overseas markets, Competition for overseas markets, colonies and resourcescolonies and resources

Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution

New economic system emergedNew economic system emerged• New money and banking system were New money and banking system were

createdcreated• Economic practices such as Economic practices such as

mercantilism evolvedmercantilism evolved• Colonial economies were limited by the Colonial economies were limited by the

economic needs of the mother countryeconomic needs of the mother country

Stand Up and Stretch!

Let’s see how much you remember.

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

PioneersPioneers• CopernicusCopernicus-developed heliocentric -developed heliocentric

theorytheory• KeplerKepler- discovered planetary motion- discovered planetary motion• GalileoGalileo- used telescope to support - used telescope to support

heliocentric theoryheliocentric theory• NewtonNewton-discovered laws of gravity-discovered laws of gravity• HarveyHarvey-discovered circulation of the -discovered circulation of the

bloodblood

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

ImportanceImportance•emphasis on reason and emphasis on reason and

systematic observation of systematic observation of naturenature

•Formulation of the scientific Formulation of the scientific methodmethod

•Expansion of scientific Expansion of scientific knowledgeknowledge

Absolute MonarchiesAbsolute Monarchies

Characteristics of absoluteCharacteristics of absolute monarchiesmonarchies• centralization of powercentralization of power• concept of rule by concept of rule by divine rightdivine right

•Absolute monarchs

•Louis XIV-France

•Frederick the Great-emphasized army in Prussia

•Peter the Great-wanted to westernize Russia

Development of the rights of Development of the rights of Englishmen as a result of the Englishmen as a result of the

English Civil WarEnglish Civil War Struggle between Roundheads Struggle between Roundheads

(Puritans) and Cavaliers (supporters (Puritans) and Cavaliers (supporters of the king)of the king)

Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell became Lord became Lord Protector and Protector and King Charles IKing Charles I was was executed.executed.

The monarch was restored by The monarch was restored by Charles II.Charles II.

•Glorious Revolution

•William and Mary took over the throne to prevent a Catholic from becoming King

These events increased the power of the parliament over the King.

Englishmen’s rights were protected by the English bill of Rights of 1689

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

Applied reason to the human Applied reason to the human world, not just the natural worldworld, not just the natural world

stimulated religious tolerationstimulated religious toleration Fueled democratic revolution Fueled democratic revolution

around the worldaround the world

Enlightenment ThinkersEnlightenment Thinkers

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes• LeviathanLeviathan• The state must have central authority to The state must have central authority to

manage behaviormanage behavior

•John Locke

•Two Treatises on Government

•People are sovereign; monarchs are not Chosen by God

•People have Natural rights

•Montesquieu

•Spirit of the Laws

•The Best form of government includes a separation of powers- Judicial, legislative and executive

•Jean Jacque Rousseau

•The Social Contract

•Government is a contract between rulers and the people.

•Voltaire

•Religious toleration and separation of Church and State

Enlightenment Artists, Enlightenment Artists, philosophers and writersphilosophers and writers

Bach, MozartBach, Mozart- composers- composers Eugene DelacroixEugene Delacroix-painter-painter VoltaireVoltaire-philosopher-philosopher CervantesCervantes- Novelist, - Novelist, DonQuixoteDonQuixote Paintings depicted classical subjects, Paintings depicted classical subjects,

public events, natural scenes, and public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits)living people (portraits)

New forms of Literature-novelNew forms of Literature-novel

Improvement of TechnologyImprovement of Technology

All weather roads improved year All weather roads improved year round transportation and traderound transportation and trade

New designs in farm tools increased New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution)productivity (agricultural revolution)

Improvement in ship design lowered Improvement in ship design lowered cost of transportationcost of transportation

Influence of the EnlightenmentInfluence of the Enlightenment

Political philosophies of the Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and Francethe Americas and France

Thomas Jefferson’sThomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Declaration of Independence incorporated Locke’s Independence incorporated Locke’s ideasideas

The Constitution of the US The Constitution of the US incorporated ideas of separation of incorporated ideas of separation of powers.powers.

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

CausesCauses• Influence of Enlightenment IdeasInfluence of Enlightenment Ideas• Influence of the American RevolutionInfluence of the American Revolution

• Events of the French RevolutionEvents of the French Revolution Storming of the BastilleStorming of the Bastille -seen as the -seen as the

beginning of the Revolutionbeginning of the Revolution Reign of TerrorReign of Terror

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

ResultsResults• End of absolute monarchyEnd of absolute monarchy• Rise of Rise of NapoleonNapoleon

unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French dominationunder French domination

awakened feelings of national pride awakened feelings of national pride and growth of Nationalismand growth of Nationalism

Influence of American and Influence of American and French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Independence movements came to Independence movements came to French, Spanish and Portuguese French, Spanish and Portuguese coloniescolonies

Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture-Haiti-Haiti Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar- South America- South America

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

Restored Monarchies after the defeat Restored Monarchies after the defeat of Napoleon.of Napoleon.

Wanted to maintain a “balance of Wanted to maintain a “balance of Power”Power”

stimulated the growth of nationalismstimulated the growth of nationalism new political philosophiesnew political philosophies

• liberalism- government should changeliberalism- government should change• conservativism- no changeconservativism- no change

Unification of ItalyUnification of Italy

Count CavourCount Cavour unified Northern Italy unified Northern Italy GaribaldiGaribaldi joined Southern Italy to joined Southern Italy to

northern Italynorthern Italy The Papal States (including Rome) The Papal States (including Rome)

were last to join Italywere last to join Italy

Unification of GermanyUnification of Germany

BismarckBismarck-Leader of Prussia-Leader of Prussia Philosophy was Philosophy was RealpolitikRealpolitik-do what -do what

ever is necessary to achieve and ever is necessary to achieve and hold power.hold power.

Franco-Prussian War lead to creation Franco-Prussian War lead to creation of Germanyof Germany

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Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Began in England (resources available)Began in England (resources available) invention and improvement of the invention and improvement of the

steam engine (James Watt)steam engine (James Watt) Spread to Europe and USSpread to Europe and US Important to Textile, steel and iron Important to Textile, steel and iron

industriesindustries Enclosure movement provided labor Enclosure movement provided labor

supplysupply

•Factory system

•Technological advancements

•Eli Whitney-cotton gin

•Bessemer- process to make steel

•Jenner -small pox vaccine

•Pasteur-discovered bacteria

Impacts of the Industrial Impacts of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Population increasePopulation increase increased standard of living for manyincreased standard of living for many improved transportationimproved transportation urbanizationurbanization environmental pollutionenvironmental pollution increased educationincreased education dissatisfaction of the working class with dissatisfaction of the working class with

working conditionsworking conditions Growth of middle classGrowth of middle class

Political philosophiesPolitical philosophies

CapitalismCapitalism• Adam Smith’sAdam Smith’s

Wealth of NationsWealth of Nations• Market competitionMarket competition• no government no government

interference in interference in economyeconomy

• Laissez-faireLaissez-faire

Socialism and Socialism and communismcommunism• Karl Marx ‘sKarl Marx ‘s

Communist Communist Manifesto and Das Manifesto and Das KapitalKapital

• Response of Response of injustices of injustices of capitalismcapitalism

• redistribution of redistribution of wealthwealth

ImperialismImperialism Industrial revolution motivated Europeans Industrial revolution motivated Europeans

to compete for colonies to provide raw to compete for colonies to provide raw materials and markets for manufactured materials and markets for manufactured goods.goods.

Invention of the cotton gin led to an Invention of the cotton gin led to an increased demand for African Slaves in increased demand for African Slaves in the southern USthe southern US

Colonized people responded with armed Colonized people responded with armed conflicts (Boxer Rebellion in China) and conflicts (Boxer Rebellion in China) and independence movementsindependence movements

Forms of imperialismForms of imperialism

Colonies- South Africa, CongoColonies- South Africa, Congo Protectorates-Egypt (Suez Canal)Protectorates-Egypt (Suez Canal) spheres of influence- Chinaspheres of influence- China

World War IWorld War I

CausesCauses

• MM ilitarism ilitarism

• AA llianceslliances

• II mperialismmperialism

• NN ationalismationalism

Important peopleImportant people• Woodrow Wilson-Woodrow Wilson-

president of the USpresident of the US• Kaiser Wilhelm II-Kaiser Wilhelm II-

ruler of Germanyruler of Germany• Nicholas II- Russian Nicholas II- Russian

Tsar overthrownTsar overthrown• Lenin- leader of the Lenin- leader of the

Bolshevik Bolshevik Revolution in RussiaRevolution in Russia

Major events of World War IIMajor events of World War II

Assassination of Austria’s Archduke Assassination of Austria’s Archduke FerdinandFerdinand

United States enters the warUnited States enters the war Russia leaves the war after the Russia leaves the war after the

Bolsheviks take overBolsheviks take over Treaty of Versailles ended the warTreaty of Versailles ended the war

• Germany blamed and made to pay Germany blamed and made to pay reparationsreparations

Outcomes of World War IOutcomes of World War I

Colonies demanded independenceColonies demanded independence End of Russian, Ottoman, German and End of Russian, Ottoman, German and

Austro-Hungarian EmpireAustro-Hungarian Empire Enormous cost of lives, property and Enormous cost of lives, property and

social disruptionsocial disruption League of Nations established but US League of Nations established but US

did not join- was not effectivedid not join- was not effective Great Britain and France given Great Britain and France given

mandates in Middle Eastmandates in Middle East

Great Depression-1930’sGreat Depression-1930’s

CausesCauses• German reparationsGerman reparations• Dominance of US in Dominance of US in

global economyglobal economy• High protective High protective

tariffstariffs• expansion of creditexpansion of credit• Stock Market CrashStock Market Crash

ImpactImpact• High unemploymentHigh unemployment• Bank failures and Bank failures and

collapse of creditcollapse of credit• Collapse of prices in Collapse of prices in

world tradeworld trade• Growth of Fascist Growth of Fascist

parties in Germany parties in Germany and Italyand Italy

Totalitarian Governments of the Totalitarian Governments of the 1930’s1930’s

Soviet Union-Soviet Union-USSRUSSR• Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin• 5 year plans to 5 year plans to

speed speed industrializationindustrialization

• Collectivization Collectivization of farmsof farms

• Great PurgeGreat Purge

ItalyItaly• Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini• Fascist partyFascist party• Restore the glory Restore the glory

of Romeof Rome• invasion of invasion of

EthiopiaEthiopia

Totalitarian GovernmentsTotalitarian Governments

JapanJapan• HirohitoHirohito- emperor- emperor• Hideki Tojo- military Hideki Tojo- military

leaderleader• military took control military took control

of the governmentof the government• wanted to wanted to

industrializeindustrialize• desire for raw desire for raw

materials caused materials caused invasion of China and invasion of China and KoreaKorea

GermanyGermany• Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler( Mein ( Mein

Kempf) and the Nazi Kempf) and the Nazi (National Socialist ) (National Socialist ) partyparty

• Inflation and Inflation and depressiondepression

• Anti SemitismAnti Semitism• Extreme nationalismExtreme nationalism• targeted communist targeted communist

and Jews- blamed for and Jews- blamed for loss of WWIloss of WWI

World War II (1939-1946)World War II (1939-1946)

Aggression by totalitarian powersAggression by totalitarian powers NationalismNationalism Failure of Treaty of VersaillesFailure of Treaty of Versailles Weakness of League of NationsWeakness of League of Nations AppeasementAppeasement Europe and US were isolationist and Europe and US were isolationist and

pacifist- wanted to prevent warpacifist- wanted to prevent war

World War IIWorld War II Major events of WarMajor events of War

• German invasion of German invasion of PolandPoland

• Fall of FranceFall of France• Battle of BritainBattle of Britain• German invasion of German invasion of

Soviet UnionSoviet Union• Japanese attack on Japanese attack on

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor• D-DayD-Day• Atomic bomb dropped Atomic bomb dropped

on Japanon Japan

Major leadersMajor leaders• Franklin Roosevelt-Franklin Roosevelt-

US PresidentUS President• Harry Truman- Harry Truman-

President after death President after death of FDRof FDR

• Eisenhower, Eisenhower, MacArthur and MacArthur and Marshall- US Marshall- US GeneralsGenerals

• Winston Churchill- Winston Churchill- British Prime MinisterBritish Prime Minister

HolocaustHolocaust GenocideGenocide Hitler’s attempt to eliminate the Jews Hitler’s attempt to eliminate the Jews

based on his ideas of the Germans as a based on his ideas of the Germans as a master race.master race.

Final Solution-concentration camps, Final Solution-concentration camps, extermination camps, gas chambersextermination camps, gas chambers

6 million Jews killed6 million Jews killed other targets-Poles, Slavic people, Jehovah other targets-Poles, Slavic people, Jehovah

witnesses, Homosexuals, disabledwitnesses, Homosexuals, disabled

Other examples of genocideOther examples of genocide

Armenian genocide by Turks of the Armenian genocide by Turks of the Ottoman Empire after WWIOttoman Empire after WWI

Peasants, political opponents in the Peasants, political opponents in the Soviet Union under StalinSoviet Union under Stalin

The educated, artists, monks and The educated, artists, monks and minorities by Pol Pot in Cambodiaminorities by Pol Pot in Cambodia

Tutsi minority by Hutu in RwandaTutsi minority by Hutu in Rwanda Muslims and Croats by Bosnian Serbs Muslims and Croats by Bosnian Serbs

in Yugoslaviain Yugoslavia

Outcomes of WWIIOutcomes of WWII

European powers’ loss of empiresEuropean powers’ loss of empires 2 major powers- US and USSR2 major powers- US and USSR War crimes trials in Nuremburg and War crimes trials in Nuremburg and

JapanJapan Division of Europe- Iron Curtain- allies of Division of Europe- Iron Curtain- allies of

US and allies of USSrUS and allies of USSr United Nations establishedUnited Nations established Marshall plan to rebuild EuropeMarshall plan to rebuild Europe Formation of NATO and Warsaw PactFormation of NATO and Warsaw Pact

Reconstruction of GermanyReconstruction of Germany

Democratic government installed in Democratic government installed in West GermanyWest Germany

Germany and Berlin divided by AlliesGermany and Berlin divided by Allies

Reconstruction of Japan

•US Occupation under MacArthur

•Democracy and economic development

•elimination of Offensive capabilities

•dominant economic in Asia

Cold War (1945-48)Cold War (1945-48)

Yalta Conference Yalta Conference Soviet control of Eastern EuropeSoviet control of Eastern Europe Rivalry between US and USSRRivalry between US and USSR Democracy and Free enterprise vs. Democracy and Free enterprise vs.

dictatorship and communismdictatorship and communism President Truman and the policy of President Truman and the policy of

containment (prevent the expansion containment (prevent the expansion of communism)of communism)

Cold War (1948 -1989)Cold War (1948 -1989)

NATO vs. Warsaw PactNATO vs. Warsaw Pact Korean WarKorean War Vietnam WarVietnam War Berlin and the Berlin WallBerlin and the Berlin Wall Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis Nuclear weapons and the theory of Nuclear weapons and the theory of

deterrencedeterrence

Important peopleImportant people

Chiang kai-ShekChiang kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) leader (Jiang Jieshi) leader of nationalist Chinaof nationalist China

Mao Tse-tungMao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) leader of (Mao Zedong) leader of communist Chinacommunist China

Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh- Leader of communists - Leader of communists in Vietnamin Vietnam

Independence movementsIndependence movements

IndiaIndia• elimination of British ruleelimination of British rule• led by led by Gandhi-Gandhi- civil disobedience and civil disobedience and

passive resistancepassive resistance• country divided along religious lines- country divided along religious lines-

Pakistan (Muslim) and India (Hindu)Pakistan (Muslim) and India (Hindu)• India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri

Lanka became independentLanka became independent

African IndependenceAfrican Independence

Right to self determination given by Right to self determination given by UN charterUN charter

Peaceful and violent revolutionsPeaceful and violent revolutions pride in African culture and heritagepride in African culture and heritage resentment of imperialist ruleresentment of imperialist rule Great Britain, France, Belgium and Great Britain, France, Belgium and

Portugal lost coloniesPortugal lost colonies

African IndependenceAfrican Independence

West Africa- peaceful transitionWest Africa- peaceful transition Algeria- War for independence from Algeria- War for independence from

FranceFrance Kenya (British)- Violent struggle Kenya (British)- Violent struggle

under leadership of under leadership of KenyattaKenyatta South Africa- Black South Africans’ South Africa- Black South Africans’

struggle against Apartheidstruggle against Apartheid

Middle EastMiddle East

French Mandates French Mandates given given independenceindependence• SyriaSyria• LebanonLebanon

British mandates British mandates given given independenceindependence• JordanJordan• Palestine (part Palestine (part

became Israel- became Israel- homeland for Jewshomeland for Jews

Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious difference

Other ethnic religious conflictsOther ethnic religious conflicts

Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland Balkans (former Yugoslavia)Balkans (former Yugoslavia)

Collapse of CommunismCollapse of Communism

Soviet economic collapseSoviet economic collapse Nationalism in Warsaw Pact countriesNationalism in Warsaw Pact countries Tearing down Berlin WallTearing down Berlin Wall Breakup of USSRBreakup of USSR Expansion of NATOExpansion of NATO

One last review!!!!One last review!!!!