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Objectives
• Be able to account for the magnitude and speed of the Mongol conquests.
• Be able to describe the benefits that resulted from the integration of Eurasia in the Mongol Empire.
• Be able to compare and contrast the effects of Mongol rule on Russia and the lands of Islam with the effects on East Asia.
• Be able to identify points of continuity and discontinuity in the transition from Mongol to Ming rule of China.
The Rise of the Mongols
Genghis Khan - 1206– supreme leader– Temujin
• early learnings– charisma of personal strength– religious tolerance– no mercy– versatility
Mongols– nomads from steppes of C.Asia– key to movement
• long-term trends• pressures
The Rise of the Mongols
Nomadism - 1000 CE– way of life forced by scarcity of
resources• pastures, water• slavery and tribute
– labor and currency
– traits• superb horsemen
– shooting arrows– replacement of chariots
• centralized decision-making– decision ratification
• arranged marriages / alliances– women
» negotiation / management
• alliance building
The Rise of the Mongols
Trade and Communication– great cultural diversity– spread of religious ideas
• shamanism• politics / religious association
– universal rulership• legitimate conquests• claim superiority over religious
leaders– iron
• bridles, stirrups, wagons, bridges– settled agriculturalists
• mutual dependence• conflict vs. trade relations
Mongol Conquests
Genghis Khan - 1206-1227– C. Asia, Middle East, Russia
• tribute
• Batu– Russia
• Ogodei– Tanggut and Jin– 1241
Reasons for Success– horsemanship; superior bows
• Mamluk forces– flaming arrows; catapults– threat of slaughter– inclusive armies
Overland Trade
Textile Manufacture– silk
• westward expansion• Eastern motifs to West
– Mongol trade route control• merchants, missionaries• political ambassadors
– paisa
– travel literature• insights to Eurasia
– Marco Polo– ambition for Asian routes
• image of inexhaustible wealth– plague
• great pandemic (1347-1352)
Fall and Rise of Islam, 1260-1500
Il’khan– Mesopotamia and Iran– little Muslim exposure
• Buddhist
Golden Horde– southern Russia– allied with Muslim Turks
• Batu conversion - 1260
Issues– Abbasid caliph - 1258– Caucasus
• Western alliance
• Ghazan conversion - 1295– forced conversion
Islam and the State
Il-khan Economic Goal– peaceful, maximum tax revenue– tax farming
• tax-collecting contracts• short-term
– good: minimum overhead• long-term
– bad:land bankruptcy– govt. land appropriation
» shrinking tax base
• Ghazan– new method of management
• paper money• no Middle East confidence• depression
• Rise of C. Asian Timurs
Art and Science in Islamic Eurasia
Ilkhans and Timurids– intellectual developments
• Iran to China• shared artistic trends; politics
– strong effects on Europeans
• Juvaini– 1st to write history of Mongols
• Rashid al-Din– Il-khan prime minister– attempt at world history
• Europe and China
• Nasir al-Din– algebra and trigonometry– astronomy; planetary revolution– Nicolas Copernicus
Maraga– world center for eclipse
prediction– amass astronomical data from
entire empire• Spain, Byzantine, India, China• European numeral transition
– adaptation of Indian numeral system
– fractions idea from China• precise pi calculation
Art and Science in Islamic Eurasia
Regional Definition In Response to the Mongols
Mongols Affected Regions– cities vs. countryside
Russia– Batu (1230 CE)
• rule from Crimea– successful winter campaigns– no united resistance
• Russian Orthodox Church– granted great privileges
• reconciliation– distance = church survival– church = Russian identity
• independence
• Russian Princes– tax collectors / census
takers– Alexander Nevskii
• better to submit
Moscow– dominant political center– destruction of Kievan
countryside
• Ivan III– prince of Moscow (1462-
1505)– tsar (1480)
Regional Definition In Response to the Mongols
Centralization in Europe and Anatolia
Papacy vs. Holy Roman Emperor• Western Europe
– Holy Land question– Frederick II (Hohenstaufen)
• 1212-1250
• Eastern Europe– Hungary / Poland defense– Teutonic Knights
• Christianization• colonization
– Lake Chud• end of northern Crusades
– multinational force
• 1241 CE
Centralization in Europe and Anatolia
Trade Routes– replace terror with awe– inexhaustible wealth
• Technology– gunpowder; coal mining– metallurgy; bronze cannons– mathematics; diplomatic
passports
Negatives– plunder of the countryside– spread of the plague
Rise of the Ottoman Turks– conquest of Constantinople
(1453)