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Slide 1
World Religions
Part 7: Islam
Session 4: The Rise of “Radical” Islam
Dirk’s Contact Info
Phone: 603.431.3646 (Bethany Church’s main number) Email: [email protected] Facebook Page: Pastor Dirk Rodgers
Twitter: @dirk_at_bethany Tumblr: www.tumblr.com/blog/dirkscorner
Dirk’s Web Site: www.dirkscorner.com Bethany Church Web Site: www.bethanychurch.com
Slide 2
The Rise of “Radical” Islam
1. Where to Begin?2. Saudi Roots3. Egyptian Roots4. Arabs Jihadists in Afghanistan5. Iranian & Roots6. ISI/ISIS/ISIL/IS7. Reactions
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Slide 3
1 WHERE TO BEGIN?
Part 7.4: The Rise of Radical Islam
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Slide 4
With Muhammad Himself?“A Struggle for the Meaning of Islam”
mage Sources: Top: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5RpHCr0mmi4/TxleIwZtdII/AAAAAAAABIM/_nv3V6IsEnU/s1600/ISLAMIC+CHILD.jpgBottom: http://resources2.news.com.au/images/2011/09/20/1226141/544490-radical-islam.jpg
“There is today a struggle for the meaning of Islam: who will speak for it, what it stands for, and what
its essential values are.”
Source: Hassaballa, Hesham A.; Helminski, Kabir (2007-12-18). The Beliefnet Guide to Islam (Beliefnet Guides) (p. 9-10). Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. Kindle Edition.
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Slide 5
With Muhammad Himself?
“A Struggle for the Meaning of Islam”
“Islam is not a one-size-fits-all religion, even within the context of its major sects. This has been the
Islamic reality from the beginning.”
Source: Roby C. Barrett, Islam: Ideology and Conflict - Analysis of Islamic World's Diversity of Politics and Faith, Extremism and Terrorism, Sunni and Shia Divide, Sectarian Violence, Review of Islam's Historical Conflicts, JSOU Press Report 14-8, The JSOU Press, MacDill Air Force Base, Florida, 2014, (Kindle Locations 311-312). Progressive Management. Kindle Edition.
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Slide 6
“The term salaf refers to a return to the time of the "ancestors" and the early period of Islam as a time of the epitome of Islamic society. Salafi is one who looks back and seeks to return to that idyllic time, hence all the proclamations about recreating the Caliphates.”
Source: Barrett, ibid, Kindle Locations 231-234
With Muhammad Himself?
“A Struggle for the Meaning of Islam”
Salafis
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Slide 7
“This idea of an ideal Islamic past, the past that devout fundamentalists as well as radical extremists see as the embodiment of the pure Islamic society, is just that— an idea—because it never really existed, but as an image it is very much alive.”
Source: Barrett, ibid, Kindle Locations 321-323
With Muhammad Himself?
“A Struggle for the Meaning of Islam”
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Slide 8
Islamist groups “…all aim at the re-instauration of the Islamic might
in the world: to achieve this goal, the use of violence is not rejected.”
Source: Mehdi Mozaffari, “What is Islamism? History and Definition of a Concept”, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, Vol. 8, No. 1, 17–33, March 2007, in http://pure.au.dk/portal/files/22326292/What_is_Islamism_Totalitarian_Movements_article.pdf, accessed 5/15/2016
With Muhammad Himself?
“A Struggle for the Meaning of Islam”
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Slide 9
2 SAUDI ROOTS
Part 7.4: The Rise of Radical Islam
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Slide 10
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, 1703 - 1792
Rejected the influence of modernism
Critical of tomb veneration Believed to oversee stoning of
“adulterous woman” Participated in founding of first
Saudi state (see below) Regarded as founder of
“Wahhabism”, part of the larger Salafi movement Image Source:
https://ariskaalfaiz.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/muhammad-ibn-abd-
al-wahab/ Proponent of “takfir”, excommunication of non-conforming Muslims
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Slide 11
Muhammad bin Saud, d. 1765 bin Saud to al-Wahab
Image Source: https://ariskaalfaiz.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/muhammad-ibn-abd-al-wahab/
"This oasis is yours, do not fear your enemies. By the name of God … we will never agree to expel you."
al-Wahab to bin Saud"You are the settlement's chief and wise man. I want you to grant me an oath that you will perform jihad (Struggle to spread Islam) against the unbelievers. In return you will be imam, leader of the Muslim community and I will be leader in religious matters."
Source: Madawi al-Rasheed, A History of Saudi Arabia, Cambridge University Press, 2002, 17.
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Slide 12
Abdul-Aziz Ibn Saud, 1875-1953 Establishes the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, 1932 Continued alliance with Wahabbi
religious leadership, but retained political authority to negotiate with Western powers
Allowed Shia to attend the hajj Allowed Muslims to drive
automobiles and use other modern conveniences
Image Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=552663
Suppressed militant Ikhwan rebels who objected to these concessions to modernity, 1929
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Slide 13
3 EGYPTIAN ROOTS
Part 7.4: The Rise of Radical Islam
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Slide 14
Hassan al-Banna, 1906-1949 Found Muslim Brotherhood in
1928 Goal was to turn Egypt into a
Muslim State Filled many social, educational
and even military voids in Egyptian neighborhoods, while nominally ruled by Britain and Turkey
King Farouk declares the Brotherhood illegal in 1948
Assassinated in 1949
Image Source: http://qudsday.org/hassanimages/per/slides/pic2.jpg, http://www.hassanalbanna.org/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19201471
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Slide 15
Gamal Abdul Nasser, 1918-1970 Helped lead the overthrow of
King Farouk in 1952 Survived assassination attempt
by Muslim Brotherhood in 1954 Becomes 2nd President of Egypt
in 1956 (after forcing Muhammad Naguib to resign)
Wanted to establish a socialist, modern, secular state
Resigns presidency after loss to Israel in Six Day War, 1967
Recalled and served as Prime Minister, 1968 - 1970
Image Source: Bibliotheca Alexandrina and Gamal Abdel Nasser Foundation (Nasser Archive Website), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25699781
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Slide 16
Sayyid Qutb, 1906 - 1966
Image Source: The original uploader was at
Arabic Wikipedia - Transferred from ar.wikipedia to Commons by Pieter
Kuiper using CommonsHelper., Public Domain,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10694905
Joins Muslim Brotherhood; ideological leader
Imprisoned after the Nassarassassination attempt.
Wrote Milestones while in prison Execute, 1966 Saw history as a battle between
between jahiliyya (era of darkness and ignorance) and Islam
Advocated takfir; jihad Mentored Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin
Ladin’s 2nd in command, then 15 years old, and current Al-Qaeda leader
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Slide 17
Anwar Sadat, 1918 - 1981
Image Source: extracted from another file: Anwar Sadat and Cyrus
Vance.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/
index.php?curid=1849239
Sought some reconciliation with the Brotherhood in exchange for the commitment to non-violence
Yom Kippur War, 1973, Peace Treaty, 1979
Various leaders, including al-Zawahiri, oppose peace with Israel and the Brotherhood’s concessions
Sadat responded with crackdown at universities
Assassinated, 1981
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Slide 18
Ayman al-Zawahiri, b. 1951
Image Source: Hamid Mir -https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Os
ama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37176005
Worked in Medical field as a surgeon
Initially part of the Muslim Brotherhood; later rejects their concessions to Sadat (See above)
Forms Jamaat al-Jihad in opposition Arrested after Sadat assassination
plot discovered; gives up info while tortured in prison
Helped with successful assassination of Sadat in 1981 (see above)
Imprisoned then released, later to join Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda (see below)
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Slide 19
4 ARAB JIHADISTS IN AFGHANISTAN
Part 7.4: The Rise of Radical Islam
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Slide 20
USSR Invades Afghanistan, 1979
Image Source: By Erwin Lux - Private collection; apparently a crop of this image at Flickr, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5310966
Mujahideen in Kunar, Afghanistan
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Slide 21
Osama bin Laden, 1957-2011
Image Source: Hamid Mir -http://www.canadafreepress.com/,
CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/
index.php?curid=15159070
17th child of billionaire construction magnate Mohammed bin Laden, close to Saudi royal family.
Began using personal fortune to support mujahedeen in Afghanistan, 1979.
Crossed into Afghanistan, 1984
Helped to establish Al-Qaeda to expand “jihadist operations after the Soviets pulled out from Afghanistan”, 1988-1989 (Barrett, 10)
After a period of activity in Pakistan, Sudan, etc., joins Taliban in Afghanistan; issues fatwa against US, 1996
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Slide 22
Osama bin Laden, 1957-2011
Image Source: Hamid Mir -http://www.canadafreepress.com/,
CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/
index.php?curid=15159070
Wanted by FBI for planning US embassy bombings in Tanzania and Kenya, 1998
Plans Sept 11, 2001 attacks against US, claims responsibility in 2004
Killed by American forces, May, 2011
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Slide 23
Mohammed Omar, d. c. 2013
Image Source: Khalid Hadi -http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/e
nglish/mullah_omar.html, Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.p
hp?curid=43936153
Details surrounding his birth are uncertain
Founded Taliban (Pashtun for 'students‘), 1994
Formed Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan; Taliban names him, “Commander of the Faithful”; “Supreme Leader of the Muslims”1996
Lead opposition after American invasion in 2011
Death in 2013 not confirmed until 2015. Succeeded by Mullah Akhtar Mansour, killed in
May, 2016, by a US drone strike
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Slide 24
5 IRANIAN & PALESTINIAN ROOTS
Part 7.4: The Rise of Radical Islam
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Slide 25
Ayatollah Khomeini, 1902-1989
Image Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/
index.php?curid=6325187
Shiite Leader Leads Iranian Revolution,
Supreme Leader of Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979
Promoted “Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist”
Backed hostage takers in “Iranian Hostage Crisis”, Calls US, the “Great Satan”, 1979
Proclaimed fatwa against Salman Rushdie, 1989
Succeeded by current Supreme Leader of Iran, Sayyed Ali Khamenei
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Slide 26
Abbas al-Musawi, 1952-1992
Image Source: http://wiki.islamiccounterterrorism.org/images/hezbollah/sayyed_abba
s_al-musawi.425px.001.jpg
Co-founded Hezbollah with Subhi al-Tufayli, supported by Shiite Khomeini regime, 1985
Founded in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 1982
Connected to kidnapping, torture and killing of Colonel William Richard Higgins, 1988-1990
Connected to bombing of US embassy, Marine, and French Peacekeeping force barracks, 1983, among many other attacks, including suicide bombings
Killed in Israeli bombing attack, 1992
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Slide 27
Sheikh Ahmed Ismail Hassan Yassin, 1937-2004
Image Source: By Source, Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.p
hp?curid=29614207
Co-founded Hamas with Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi, to liberate all Palestine from Israeli control.
Called Hamas, “paramilitary wing” of the Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood
maintains that Palestine is “consecrated for future Muslim generations until Judgment Day"
Frequently called for suicide bombings against Israel
Repeatedly arrested and released in prisoner exchange deals
Survived one assassination attempt in 2003; killed in 2004
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Slide 28
6 ISI/ISIS/ISIL/IS
Part 7.4: The Rise of Radical Islam
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Slide 29
Living in the Shadow of 9/11
Image Source: By UpstateNYer - Own work; derivative work of the following:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpegby Michael Foran on FlickrDN-SD-03-11451.JPEGby the United States NavyUA Flight 175 hits WTC...by TheMachineStops on FlickrWTC-Fireman requests 1...by the US GovernmentFlight93Engine.jpgby the US GovernmentVideo2 flight77 pentag...by the United States Department of Defense, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12722547
4 Coordinated Attacks19 al-Qaeda terrorists2996 people killed,
including the 19 hijackers
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Slide 30
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, 1966-2006
Image Source: (WP:NFCC#4), Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curi
d=38734528
Jordanian Muslim who ran paramilitary camp in Afghanistan.
Joined al-Qaeda in 2004; formed AQI in 2006;
Launched many suicide bombings against both American and Shiite locations on Iraq
Connected to assassination of American diplomat, Laurence Foley, 2002
Oversaw capture and beheading of American civilian, Nicholas Berg, 2004
Killed in American strike, 2006
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Slide 31
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, b. 1971
Image Source: U.S Army -http://www.scribd.com/doc/256164952/B
aghdadi-Detainee-File, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.
php?curid=40014797
Muslim cleric and sharia student in Baghdad; story circulated that his family were descended from Muhammad
Captured and released by US military, 2004 (apparently not 2005-2009 as some have claimed)
Joined Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC) which merged with AQI and became the Islamic State in Iraq (ISI), 2006; named head of ISI, 2010
Conducted multiple terrorist and suicide bombing missions in Iraq, esp. in retaliation for killing of bin Laden
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Slide 32
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, b. 1971
Image Source: U.S Army -http://www.scribd.com/doc/2561649
52/Baghdadi-Detainee-File, Public Domain,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40014797
Announced formation of Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham/the Levant" (ISIS/ISIL), 2013
Disagreement with Zawahiri and Jabhat al-Nusra, group already active in Syria
Responsible for kidnapping, rape and murder of US human rights aid worker, Kayla Mueller, 2013-2015
Al-Qaeda disavows ISIL, 2014
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Slide 33
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, b. 1971
Image Source: U.S Army -http://www.scribd.com/doc/2561649
52/Baghdadi-Detainee-File, Public Domain,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40014797
Captures Mosul, Christians targeted, 2013
Proclaims world-wide caliphate, renamed “Islamic State” (IS), 2014
CIA reports that some 2,000 Westerners have been recruited to join ISIS, 2014
Ongoing battles for territory in both Iraq and Syria, attack in Paris, 2015
Takes Palmyra, Syria, May, 2015; retaken by Syrian forces, March, 2016
Iraqi soldiers (with US, Iranian Shiite and Hezbollah support) begin to retake Fallujah, May, 2016
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Slide 34
7 REACTIONS
Part 7.4: The Rise of Radical Islam
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Slide 35
US – A ‘Quick Take’
“In early 2015, Americans overwhelmingly—by 70 percent—identified the Islamic State as the main threat to the United States, according to a poll by the University of Maryland.”
Source: Robin Wright, A Short History of Islamism, Newsweek, 1/10/15, http://www.newsweek.com/short-history-islamism-298235, accessed 5/15/2016
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Slide 36
Muslims Condemning Terrorism
“Muslims Around The World Condemn Charlie Hebdo Attack.” Huffington Post, Jan 2015
Just a Few of Many Articles
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/07/muslims-respond-charlie-hebdo_n_6429710.html
“Muslims strongly condemn Paris terror attacks” USA Today, Nov 2015
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/11/14/muslims-strongly-condemn-paris-attacks/75772102/
“Muslims Leaders Worldwide Condemn 'Inhumane Horror' of Terror Attacks Done in Name of Islam.” CP World, April 2016
http://www.christianpost.com/news/muslims-leaders-condemn-terror-attacks-done-in-name-of-islam-160677/#xQBP4fIggwIY0xEM.99
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Slide 37
Muslims Condemning Terrorism
http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2016/03/23/_why_aren_t_muslims_condemning_the_attacks_en_masse_a_belgian_director_has.html
“Why aren’t Muslims taking to the streets en masse to condemn
the attacks?”
Because we’re driving the taxis that have been taking the
population home for free since yesterday …
Because we’re caring for the wounded in hospitals …
Because we’re driving the ambulances that are racing through
the streets like shooting stars to try to save what life remains in
us …
Because we’re at the reception desks of the hotels that have
been welcoming onlookers for free since yesterday ….
Etc…
One Illuminating Response after the Paris Attacks….
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Slide 38
Abdurrahman Wahid, 1940-2009
“Islam is like a forest. When seen from a distance, it appears to be a single entity, but when approached more closely, the diversity of its individual trees becomes obvious. Fundamentalism is just one of many Islamic 'trees,' and not Islam itself.”
Image Source: National Information and Communication AgencyRepublic of Indonesia - K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid: President of the Republic of Indonesia, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7895576
Former President of Indonesia, 1999-2001
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Slide 39
Alternative Muslim Responses
"AIFD is the most prominent American Muslim organization directly confronting the ideologies of political Islam and openly countering the common belief that the Muslim faith is inextricably rooted to the concept of the Islamic State (Islamism). Founded by Dr. M. Zuhdi Jasser, AIFD looks to build the future of Islam through the concepts of liberty and freedom."
Source: http://aifdemocracy.org/about/, accessed 5/15/2016
American Islamic Forum for Democracy
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Slide 40
Alternative Muslim Responses
“Founded in Washington, DC in 2004, the Center for Islamic Pluralism (CIP) is a think tank that challenges the dominance of American Muslim life by militant Islamist groups. Specifically, our mission is to: Foster, develop, defend, protect, and further mobilize moderate
American Muslims in their progress toward integration as an equal and respected religious community in the American interfaith environment;
Define the future of Islam in America as a community opposed to the politicization of our religion, its radicalization, and its marginalization, which has taken place because of the imposition on Muslims of attitudes opposed to American values, traditions, and policies;
Educate the broader American public about the reality of moderate Islam and the threat to moderate Muslims and non-Muslim Americans represented by militant, political, radical, and adversarial tendencies.”
Source: http://www.islamicpluralism.org/about/, accessed 5/15/2016
Center for Islamic Pluralism
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Slide 41
Alternative Muslim Responses
Source: http://www.clarionproject.org/Progressive-Muslim-Organizations, accessed 5/15/2016
Similar Moderate OrganizationsAlliance of Iranian WomenAmerican Islamic Leadership CoalitionThe Clarion ProjectThe Democratic Party LibyaFree Muslims CoalitionIslamic Supreme CouncilMuslim Canadian CongressMuslims Facing TomorrowProgressive Muslims Institute CanadaQuilliam FoundationEtc…
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Slide 42
A Few Conclusions1. An indeterminate number of Muslims harbor anti-Western,
anti-American sentiments, preferring a Muslim majority government to other alternatives.
2. An indeterminate number of Americans, including many Evangelical Christians, harbor anti-Muslim sentiments, preferring to limit Islamic practice and culture here in the US.
3. Extremism, on either side, is not the answer. A middle way must be found to allow both religions to co-exist peacefully in the world and in our country.
4. Believers in Jesus must lead the way toward informed, loving and intelligent conversation with Muslims who desire peaceful co-existence, and who are working to moderate the extremes within their culture.
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