World School Debates – Part 2

Defining motions Presenting reasonable definitions

1. Ensuring there is a clear issue to be debated

= no squirrelling= no vague/ metaphorical motions

Defining motions/ presenting reasonable definitions:

2. Taking the obvious meaning- if the motion poses a clear issue for

debate (i.e. has an obvious meaning), the Proposition must define the meaning accordingly

- Any other definition would not be reasonable

Defining motions/ presenting reasonable definitions:

3. Finding the correct level of abstraction- Definition must match the level of

abstraction (or specificity)- Debate is as specific OR as general as

the motion itself

Eg. 1 ‘This House would maintain US military bases in Asia.’

Specifically US and Asian military bases

Cannot talk about American bases in Japan (while ignoring those in Korea)

Proposition might be entitled to use Japan as a major example supporting its cause, but cannot claim it is the only one able to be raised in the debate.

Eg. 2 ‘Countries should have off-shore military bases’

If Proposition cites examples from the Roman and British empires and their alleged benefits,

Motion becomes too general; requires teams to focus on American bases in Asia today.

Hence, Proposition could argue that Am bases should remain in Asia as there are benefits to countries having off-shore military bases,

the sorts of benefits derived during the time of the Roman & Br empires show, by analogy, the sorts of benefits gained from having Am bases in Asia today.

BUT Focus must:

remain on American bases in Asia.

Opposition would be at liberty to argue that the Roman and British empire examples are not that analogous and fail to assist the Proposition case.

DEFINING MOTIONS

Squirrelling- distortion of the definition to enable a

team to argue a pre-prepared argument it wishes to debate regardless of the motion set

- merely asserts some sort of ‘link’ between the words of the motion and the Proposition’s case.

Example of ‘Squirrelling’

‘This House would legalise performance-enhancing drugs in sport’.

Implication:

Sport = fun

Life = fun

Therefore, Sport = Life

Performance-enhancing drugs = soft drugs

Soft drugs = marijuana

Example of ‘Squirrelling’

‘This House would legalise performance-enhancing drugs in sport’.

So, motion becomes:

Marijuana should be legalised as it enhances people’s ability to have fun in the sport of life.

Example of vague/metaphorical motions:

‘This House believes that there is light at the end of the tunnel.’

‘This House believes life is a bowl of cherries.’ there is no clear/ obvious issue for debate gives Proposition enormous scope to say what

the topic is about without the Opposition / audience being able to predict anything

DEFINING MOTIONS/ PRESENTING REASONABLE DEFINITIONS

4. Proving motions expressed as general principles

= when teams debate general issues, the emphasis is on the principle, not the specifics

= Proposition has onus of proving the motion is generally true; that it is true in the majority of cases

DEFINING MOTIONS/ PRESENTING REASONABLE DEFINITIONS

4. Proving motions expressed as general principles

= a single example will not prove a generalised motion, nor will a welter of examples

= important to analyse examples, show how they are linked, highlight reasons and arguments they point to that will prove the team’s case.

Example of Truisms

‘This House believes that the Sun is rising in the East.’

This is obviously true Unless case is re-defined

East = China’s/ Asia’s

Idea of the rising Sun = importance in the world militarily/ economically/ politically

Example of Tautologies

‘This House believes that extremism is the catalyst for progress.’

Definition of extremism – radical groups that contribute to the advancement of society.

* This is a circular argument : radicals groups that contribute to the advancement of society help cause the advancement of society.

Use of Absolute words

COMPARE ‘This House believes that all politicians are

incompetent.’With: ‘This House believes that politicians are

incompetent.’* The latter only requires incompetence to be

shown in majority of cases.

Use of Dictionaries:

Words must always be defined in context For quick, concise explanation of its

meaning Helps explain the proper use of the word

in question.

TERMINOLOGY

ParametersSetting parameters/ boundaries to what is included

Eg. ‘This House believes that gay couples should be allowed to adopt children.’

= issue for debate: merits of gay couple adopting children

= issue could only arise in societies where gay relationships are not illegal

TERMINOLOGY

ModelsTeams are expected to propose specific plans or models

Eg. ‘This House believes that smoking should be banned.’

= teams are expected to take the motion as it stands

= at most, the motion can involve a ‘change debate’

TERMINOLOGY

A ‘change debate’

Proposition – first identifies problems that exist e.g. health effects of smoking and costs these impose on society.

- Then proposes banning as solution to problem and argues that this will be effective (i.e. will solve problem)

TERMINOLOGY

A ‘change debate’Opposition may argue:– problem is not as bad as suggested e.g. costs

are borne by individuals who know the risks, and are similar to other legal activities like drinking alcohol, driving cars.

- that the Proposition’s solution will not solve problem (prohibition only leads to black market, which causes more problems)

TERMINOLOGY

A ‘change debate’

Opposition may argue:

– that there are better solutions for the problem (e.g. raising taxes, education programmes)

- Hence it is necessary for the Proposition to set out its proposed solution in a fair amount of detail in order to prove its effectiveness.

Terminology

This proposed solution is called a ‘model’ or ‘plan’

Proposition must ensure that its model is a reasonable one if it is to serve as a basis for the debate.

Terminology

Criteria- A criteria is put forward to assess the truth of a

motion- Often occurs in ‘judgement debates’ when the

Proposition’s task is to judge a particular subject favourably or unfavourably

- And the Opposition has to challenge that judgement

Eg. ‘This House believes that the United Nations has failed’

Opposition expected criteria for measuring UN’s failure to be:

= whether it had lived up to its objectives (e.g. promoting peace, economic prosperity, human rights)

= therefore prepared examples of UN peace-keeping operations, economic and social development programmes, human rights committees, etc.

Eg. ‘This House believes that the United Nations has failed’

BUT Proposition’s criteria for measuring UN’s failure depended on whether it was doing as well as it should be.

= UN’s failure to adapt or evolve to meet changing circumstances

= executive officers not appointed on merit= inadequate and politicised processes

Therefore, UN was performing more poorly than it should after 50 years of existence.

Constructing Cases

Once a definition is settled, each team has to:

Present a case Support the case with several arguments Back each argument with one OR more

examples

Constructing a Case

A team’s case can be written as a ‘because statement’.

Eg. ‘Affluent nations should accept more refugees.’

Constructing a Case

Eg. ‘Affluent nations should accept more refugees.’

1. Because there are people in need

2. Because they have the means to help them

3. Because they benefit from more diverse communities

Constructing a Case

Arguments

= are divided among the three speakers

= most important arguments are made first

= reasons/ rationale why the team’s case is right

Constructing a Case

Case – Affluent nations benefit from taking more refugees

Argument - refugees often flood into neighbouring countries- this destabilises the countries, causing regional

instability - Which often affects the affluent countries’

political and economic interests[Mention examples next]

Constructing a Case

Argument - Besides maintaining regional stability,

taking in more refugees also adds to the nations’ diversity and multiculturalism,

- Which is an element in their success.

[Mention examples here]

EXAMPLES

Arguments require logic and reason, need to be supported by examples

No debates can ever be won thru mere listing of examples

Mere arguments with no supporting evidence would reduce such arguments to assertions / generalisations

EXAMPLES

Best examples are those that the ordinary intelligent person will have heard of i.e. facts/ events/ occurrences widely reported in the media

Useful facts, figures and examples can be introduced into a debate

Good Debating involves:

An effective blend of argument Rebuttal Speaking ability Teamwork

Good Debating involves:

Displaying the best material, presentation and strategy on the motion set

Not seeking to handicap the Opposition before the debate begins

Or confounding the reasonable expectations of audiences and adjudicators