WORLD WAR I

CHAPTER 11

WORLD WAR I BEGINS

CAUSES

Nationalism = a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation

Germany Serbia

Imperialism

Colonies supplied European nations with raw materials and markets

Germany

Militarism

Militarism = the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy

Germany starts the naval arms race

Alliance System

Triple Entente (Allies) = France, Britain, Russia

Triple Alliance = Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy -> become Central Powers when Ottoman Empire replaces Italy

An Assassination Leads to War

June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Bosnia

Austria declares war on Serbia

Russia supports Serbia -> Germany declares war on Russia and then on Russia’s ally (France)

Germany invades Belgium -> Britain declares war on Germany and Austria

Type of Warfare

Trench Warfare

“No man’s land”

Americans Question Neutrality

Pacifists = war is evil Naturalized citizens had ties to Germany and

Ireland Common ancestry and language = ties with

Britian Socialists criticized capitalists/imperialist

struggle to control markets in China, Africa, M. East

Parents did not want children to die Germany portrayed as a bully Americans traded more with Britain and France

The War Hits Home

British blockades coast of Germany 750,000 Germans died of starvation Germany responds by sending U-boats to British

waters

British ship, the Lusitania,

is sunk and 128 Americans

die

The U.S. Declares War

Pres. Wilson wins reelection in 1916 by keeping the U.S. out of war

He tries to organize a peace agreement Germany announces plan to sink all ships (hostile or

neutral) in British waters on sight Zimmermann note = German telegram – Germany

will help Mexico recover territory in the U.S. 4 unarmed American merchant ships are sunk Russia replaces repressive monarchy with a

democracy -> war of democracies vs. brutal monarchies

April 1917 – Congress approves declaration of war

Assignment

1. List the four major causes of the war and explain which one you think was the most significant.

2. Why were America’s ties with the Allies stronger than its ties with the Central Powers?

3. Do you think Germany was right for increasing its U-boat attacks in 1917?

4. Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? ◦ Naturalized citizens, socialists, pacifists, parents

5. Why does the U.S. eventually join the war?

Section 2: American Power Tips the Balance

America Mobilizes

Selective Service Act (1917) Men had to register with the govt. and could be

randomly selected for military

Shipyard workers receive “deferred” classificationParts of ships were assembled at the shipyard -> in

one day 95 ships were builtGovt. took over commercial and private ships

1. In what way does this photograph show men being turned into soldiers?

2. How do you think military training made these men feel about joining the armed forces?

3. How do you think they would have reacted to the “I Want you” poster?

400,000 African Americans served in the armed forces

Segregated units

Mostly non-combat units

America Turns the Tide

Convoy System > U-boats

U.S. Navy sets up 230-mile barrier of mines

Fighting in Europe

2.5 years of fighting in trenches for the AlliesThe Allies are exhausted and demoralizedWHAT DO THEY NEED?

American Expeditionary Force

John J. PershingInfantry men called doughboysSmall town boys impressed by Paris

New Weapons

Mechanized warfare = machines powered by gasoline or diesel

The War Introduces New Hazards

DysenteryPoisonous gasLack of sleep“Shell shock” ---- (PTSD)Trench foot

American Troops Go on the Offensive

Americans stop the Germans 5o miles from Paris

Then go on the attack Alvin York – conscientious objector (a

person who opposes warfare on moral grounds) turns into war hero -> kills 25 Germans and captures 132

The Collapse of Germany

1918 – Austria – Hungary surrender to the Allies

German sailors mutiniedExhausted Armistice – truce – 11/11/1918

The Final Toll

22 million died -> ½ civilians20 million wounded10 million became refugees$338 billion = cost of the warU.S. lost 48,000 men in battle -> 62,000 died

of disease200,000 Americans wounded

The United States used the __________ _________ to protect its ships from the German U-boats.

The ___________ _____________ ______________ required men to register for ____________ service.

Mechanized warfare included _______________ and _____________ .

Assignment

Read pp. 388-395 and complete Guided Reading for Ch. 11 Section 3

Assignment

1. Describe how the United States mobilized for the war.

2. Summarize U.S. battlefield successes. 3. Identify the new weapons and the medical

problems faced in World War I. 4. Describe U.S. offensives and the end of war.

1. You do not need to copy the questions, but make sure to reference the question in your response. Complete sentences are necessary.

Discussion – Sedition in WWI (Reading Like a Historian)

What does patriotism mean to you?

Do you think it’s important for people to be patriotic?

Is it patriotic or anti-American to criticize the U.S. government?

Central Question

Were critics of WWI anti-American?

Public Opinion Was Divided

Socialists, Christian pacifists, anarchists, women’s groups, unionists, intellectuals opposed the war

War is immoral, war helps the capitalists

What about the Zimmerman telegram and sinking of Lusitania?

Wilson – “He kept us out of war” (1916)

Unrestricted submarine warfare = American ships are sunk

U.S. declares war in 1917

Wilson established the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 = suppressed anti-British, pro-German, anti-war opinions

1,500 people were prosecuted and over 1,000 convicted

Discussion

What did President Wilson do to promote nationalism and restrict dissent during WWI?

Do you think these were necessary decisions? Why or why not?

Document C

Do you think Debs and Schenck broke the law?

Document D

What does this ruling say?

Do you agree with the ruling?

Section 3: The War at Home

Journal

During times of war should the government and/or president be given more power? Why or why not?

Congress Gives Power to Wilson

Entire economy has to be focused on the warPower of government is expanded War Industries Board (WIB) is created (1917)

Mass production techniques Price controls “gasless Sundays” “lightless nights”

War Economy

Hourly wages rise for metal workersOwners of industries make money ->

dangerous conditions and child labor -> increase in union membership and strikes

National War Labor Board settles disputes between management and labor -> safety inspections, 8-hour work day

Food Administration

One day a week was “meatless,” wheatless,” “sweetless”

Selling the War

U.S. raises $35 billionTaxes – progressive income tax, higher tax on

tobacco, liquor, luxury goods

“The Rape of Belgium” by German soldiers

How did this poster encourage Americans to buy liberty bonds?

Committee on Public Information

U.S.’s first propaganda agency – biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions

Distributed copies of Wilson’s war message75,000 men serve as “Four-Minute Men”

“Over There” by George Cohan

Why do you think this song was used as a marching song?

Why did it motivate people to give money for the war effort?

Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase

2 million Americans had been born in Germany

Some lost jobsOrchestras did not play Mozart, Bach,

BeethovenGerman-born miner is lynched in Illinois

Dachshunds or “liberty pups”

Espionage (1917) and Sedition Acts (1918)

$10,000 fine and 20 year prison sentence for interfering with the war effort

Newspapers lost mailing privilegesProfessors fired Unions demanded better working conditionsGovt. silenced ideas

African Americans and the War

W.E.B. Dubois believed if blacks supported the war their conditions would improve in America

Job opportunities and political power in North + racial discrimination and floods in the South lead to the Great Migration -> hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks move to the North

African American migrants leads to overcrowding and racial tension in cities

The Migration of the Negro by Jacob Lawrence

Journal

Think about the race riots of 1917 and 1919. How do these events relate to race relations today?

http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B004ALFWQC/ref=dv_dp_ep8

19 left to 12 left 24.30 – 31.30

Women in the War

Jobs for women during the war = railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, bricklayers

Increased support for their right to vote

The Flu Epidemic

Fall of 1918 – affects ¼ of the U.S. pop. Fines and factories are shut downSpreads even faster among soldiers500,000 Americans die30 million world wide

Assignment

1. Did the Espionage and Sedition Acts affect freedom of speech? How?

2. Why were union leaders targeted by the government?

3. How did the lives of American women improve during WWI?

Section 4: Wilson Fights for Peace

Fourteen Points

1. There should be no secret treaties2. Freedom of the seas should be maintained3. Tariffs and other economic barriers should be

lowered4. Arms should be reduced5. Colonial policies should consider the interests of

the colonial peoples 6-13 = boundary changes for a nation according to

ethnicity14th = League of Nations = international

organization that discusses issues rather than going to war

The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan

“Big Four” – Wilson (U.S.), Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (Britain), Orlando (Italy) worked out plan

14th Point is keptAbsent: Russia, Central Powers

Debating the Treaty of Versailles

New nations: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

No army for GermanyReparations (war damages) = $33 billion

must be given to the AlliesWar guilt cause = Forced Germany to admit

sole responsibility for starting the war Germany stripped of colonial possessions and

land Germany feels humiliated -> leads to WWII

Debating the Treaty of Versailles

Too harshSome Americans did not want the League of

Nations to influence American foreign policyU.S. does not join the League