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World War II Erupts
Chapter 16 Notes
Objectives:• How did the aftermath of World War I
contribute to political problems in Europe?
• How did the problems facing Europe in the postwar years lead to the rise of totalitarian leaders?
• What events exemplify the growing use of military force by totalitarian regimes in the 1930s?
• What alarming actions did Adolf Hitler take in the mid-1930s?
Problems in Europe after WWI
• Millions dead• Farms & cities ruined• Economy in ruins
Problems in Europe after WWI
• Problems w/ Treaty of Versailles – France --too easy– Italy—ignored– Germany—loses land, pay
reparations, weak gov’t.
Europe after World War I
Problems in Europe after WWI
• Problems w/ the League of Nations – No military power
Rise of Dictators in Europe & Asia
• Italy, 1922– Benito Mussolini – National Fascist Party
• Glorified state; no individual rights
– Violence against Comm. & Soc.
Italy
• 1935, Italy invades Ethiopia• Ethiopians request help from
League of Nations & world—denied
Rise of Dictators in Europe & Asia
• Spain, 1930s– Francisco
Franco– Fascist – General during
the Spanish Civil War, emerges leader
Spanish Civil WarNationalists
• Monarchy & monarchists
• Catholics & Catholic Church
Popular Front• Anarchists• Basques• Catalans• Communists• Republicans• Socialists
Spanish Civil War
Guernica by Pablo Picasso
Rise of Dictators in Europe & Asia
• Soviet Union– Joseph Stalin– Communist– Seized power at
Lenin’s death – Eliminated all
opposition (purges & gulags)
Soviet Union
• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact– Hitler agrees not to invade SU– SU will stay out of war– Divide Poland b/w them
Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact
Rise of Dictators in Europe & Asia
• Japan– Hideki Tojo (main
military leader; takes full control in 1940)
– Nationalist/Military gov’t.
Japan• 1934—violates Washington Naval
Conference & builds up navy
Japan• 1936—signs anticommunist pact
w/ Germany
Japan
• 1937--Invades Manchuria & northern China to gain resources
Japan
• 1941—invades French Indochina – Interferes w/ American interests– Won’t negotiate w/ FDR
Germany• Germany,
– Adolf Hitler– National
Socialist Party (Nazis)
– Failed attempt to seize power in 1922-23• Prison • wrote Mien
Kampf
Germany
– 1933—became chancellor (elected position)• Gradually seized power & built up
military
Germany• First concentration
camps built, 1933• Goering founds
GESTAPO, 1933• the SS (Schutzstaffel)
is formed, 1934• Hitler becomes Der
Fuherer, 1934
Hermann Goering
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
• 100 of these in Nazi-occupied Europe• prisoners used for forced labor• prisoners usually lasted less than 1/2
year• communists, homosexuals, criminals,
social-democrats, artists.• First camp was opened in 1933, right
after Nazis came to power
Germany• Nuremberg Laws, 1935
M arry o r h av e sexw ith A rya ns
h ire A rya n w o m ena s m a ids
h a ve r ig h ts o fc i t izen sh ip
Je w s a re no t a llow e d to :
Objectives: • How did Germany’s actions in 1939
trigger the start of World War II?
• Where did German forces turn after overrunning Poland in 1939?
• What developments increased tensions between the United States and Japan in East Asia?
Germany• Heinreich Himmler
appointed chief of German police, 1936
• 1936—Hitler places troops in the Rhineland (area that borders France & Germany)– GB & Fr do nothing
to stop this
Germany
Germany• 1938—Anschluss—Hitler attempts
to unite Germans in Germany & Austria– Austrian gov’t objects– Hitler forces his way into Austria– GB & Fr do nothing to stop this
Germany
• 1938--Hitler wants control of the Sudetenland (area of Czechoslovakia)– Encourages Germans in
Sudetenland to protest Czech. Gov’t.
– Munich Agreement--N. Chamberlain & other Allies allow Hitler to annex the Sudetenland (appeasement)• Churchill is against appeasement
Munich Agreement
• Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. –British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain
Germany
• Kristallnacht (night of broken glass), 1939
Germany
• 1939—Hitler annexes the rest of Czechoslovakia (appeasement fails)– Signs pact w/ Italy– Signs pact w/
Soviet Union
Germany & Italy form alliance
Germany• 1939--Hitler invades Poland
– Blitzkrieg – German Jews sent to Poland, ghettos
established– Allies (GB & Fr) declare war on
Germany• Wait for Hitler to attack through the
Maginot Line• Hitler attacks through the Ardennes
Forrest
German troops in Warsaw, Poland
Germany• 1940—Hitler invades Denmark &
Norway– Gives Germany more access to
Atlantic Ocean
Germany• 1940—forms an alliance w/ Italy &
Japan– Tripartite Pact– Axis Powers
Germany
• 1940--Hitler invades Belgium
Germany• Hitler also
invades France– Attacks through
Ardennes Forrest– France surrenders
to Germany & Italy, June 1940 Maginot Line
Germany
• British troops evacuate Dunkirk, France, June 1940
• Vichy France—unconquered area of France
The French Resistance
Gen. Charles DeGualle
Objectives:• Why was a commitment to
isolationism so widespread in the 1930s?
• How did Roosevelt balance American isolationism with the need to intervene in the war?
• What did the United States do to prepare for war in 1940 and 1941?
• What were the causes and effects of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor?
US Isolationism
• Amer. questioned reasons & cost of WWI
• Anti- League of Nations feelings • 1935—Neutrality Act
– Prohibits sale of arms & loans to warring countries
America First Committee
US Intervention• Individual Amer. participate in
Spanish Civil War: American Lincoln Brigade
• FDR ends trade w/ Italy following invasion of Ethiopia
• FDR gives “Quarantine Speech”
US Intervention
• US builds up navy• “Cash & Carry” policy• FDR urges “All aid short of war”
US Intervention• Lend Lease
Act• Atlantic
Charter– Agreement
b/w FDR & Churchill
– Against Hitler
Lend-Lease Act
• Great Britain............$31 billionSoviet Union.............$11 billionFrance.....................$3 billionChina....................$1.5 billionOther European........$500 millionSouth America.........$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
• US conflict w/ Japan over Indochina
• US ends trade w/ Japan & freezes assets in US
• US allies w/ Brit. & Fr.
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Kamikaze Pilots
Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
• Attack lasted 2 hrs• 8 battleships damaged; 4 sunk• 200 aircraft destroyed• 2,400 Americans killed
Pearl Harbor Memorial
Objectives:• How did the U.S. armed forces
mobilize to fight World War II?
• What role did American industry and science play in mobilizing to fight World War II?
• How did mobilization challenge the nation’s ideals of freedom?
FDR signs a declaration of war after attacks on Pearl Harbor
America Mobilizes for War
• Gen. George C. Marshall leads effort – Mobilization ends the Depression
America Mobilizes for War
– Factories turn to wartime production• Gov’t. regulated production
– National War Labor Board– Smith Connally Act
• Opportunities for women:– Factory jobs
• Rosie the Riveter– WAVES (Navy)– WACS (Army)– WASPS (Air Force)– Red Cross Nurses
Rosie the Riveter
This is my grandmother’s Nurse’s Aid class. Can you pick out which lady she is?
My grandparents (Paul & Bette Bratten)
America Mobilizes for War
• New military bases• Mass production of ships
– Henry Kaiser• Draft reinstated; many
volunteers
America Mobilizes for War• Manhattan
Project– Atomic bomb– J. Robert
Oppenheimer & Gen. Leslie Groves
Oak Ridge, TN
• City did not exist until 1942• Site chosen b/c of rural location,
proximity to hydroelectric power, water sources, railroad lines & private nature of Appalachians
• 4 factories built
Y-12 Plant
Graphite Reactor
Minorities
• Afr. Amer. served in segregated units
• More jobs for minorities all around
• Bracero program brought Hispanics to work in US– Zoot suit riots
