WORLD WAR II• Please pick up Focus #28 directions and maps. Take the first 20

minutes of class to work with your partner(s) to complete the directions. Colored pencils are on the counter and table – you’ll need at least two.

• Take out Class Notes #27 – we will finish the notes today before starting poster presentations for “Fighting Overseas”.

• TURN IN YOUR CAPSTONE TOPIC PROPOSAL!!!

We will:

*map Axis expansion in Europe and the Pacific and major battles/campaigns of World War II

*explain why America moved from isolationism to intervention from 1937 to 1941

*analyze how America helped to win World War II

Germany & Italy Dominate Europe

Japan Dominates East Asia & the Pacific

Unit Schedule & Materials• Monday, April 21: continue WW II (Home Front posters due)

• Wednesday, April 23: complete WW II, unit review

• Friday, April 25: Unit Test and Binder Check (all materials due)

Unit Materials (no homework):

Focus #26: Roaring Twenties (also a stand-alone grade)

Focus #27: Great Depression Graphs

Focus #28: WW II Maps

Class Notes #24: Roaring Twenties

Class Notes #25: Great Depression

Class Notes #26: New Deal Chart

Class Notes #27: Threat of Totalitarianism

Class Notes #28: World War II Chart

50% recovery credit available for late New Deal program summaries and WW II posters by April 25

Quiz #7 retake on April 25 (after the test) for eligible students - you must have completed Focus 26-27 and Class Notes 24-26

American Isolationism • Americans remained predominantly

isolationist in the face of growing external threats

• The Nye Committee (1935) blamed America’s entry into World War I on U.S. industry’s greed for war profits

• Congress passed the Neutrality Acts (1935-39) to restrict any assistance to belligerents (even to nations that were victims of aggression)

• The America First Committee organized a grass-roots movement to pressure Congress and the President to keep America out of war no matter what – Charles Lindbergh emerged as its primary spokesman – he personally admired Hitler and the Nazi government and spoke openly against the “Jewish influence” in Western civilization

Preparing the Nation for War• 1937 – FDR’s called for a “quarantine” of aggressor

nations in the wake of Japan’s invasion of China• 1939 – Congress amended the Neutrality Acts to allow

for “cash and carry” aid for Britain and France after World War II started in Europe

• 1940 – Congress passed legislation authorizing the first peace-time draft in American history, as FDR called on America to become the great “arsenal of democracy”; the U.S. offered Britain “destroyers for bases”; FDR was also re-elected for a precedent-shattering third term

• 1941 – Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act at FDR’s urging, authorizing military assistance to Britain and (as of June 1941) the USSR; FDR and British PM Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter committing the U.S. and UK to shared war aims based on democratic principles

WW II in Political Cartoons

Take five minutes with your partner(s) to analyze the political cartoon provided to you. Identify:

*at least three specific details and their meaning

*the message of the cartoon

Be prepared to explain your cartoon to the class

Note the cartoonist – he started his career in editorial cartooning before becoming a noted children’s author in the 1950s and 1960s

Pearl HarborJapan’s navy attacked the U.S. fleet on December 7, 1941 in an effort to quickly knock the U.S. out of the war before it even entered the conflict

Much of the U.S. fleet was sunk or damaged in this surprise attack

Why did Japan take this risk?

Before we leave:

• Remember to bring completed WW II posters by the start of class on Monday, April 21

• Turn in your Capstone topic proposal if you have not already done so.

• Have an excellent spring break!!!

World War II: Fighting Overseas

• Please pick up a copy of the binder check rubric and unit test preview – we will look at those together before resuming World War II

• Take out Class Notes #28, Focus #28 maps, and your WW II poster (unless you already presented)

We will:

*preview the unit test & binder check

*analyze how Americans helped to win WW II both overseas and on the home front

Allied War StrategyOn December 8, 1941, FDR asked Congress to declare war; Germany and Italy then declared war on the U.S.

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill visited FDR within days to hammer out U.S.-UK strategy – why “Germany first”?

The United Nations alliance was officially created on January 1, 1942 – only the second time the U.S. allied with other nations

Battle of MidwayIn the months following Pearl Harbor, Japanese forces rapidly conquered Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, where thousands of U.S. soldiers were taken prisoner

Japan sought to build on its success by taking the air base at Midway Island, which would allow it to bomb Hawaii

U.S. Navy intelligence discovered the plan and U.S. aircraft carriers struck at the Japanese fleet on June 3-4, 1942

Midway was the “turning point” in the Pacific, allowing the U.S. to go on the offensive against Japan

Operation Torch

U.S. General Dwight Eisenhower led the first major Allied assault on Axis territory in November 1942 – by May 1943, Axis troops surrendered in Tunisia and North Africa was under Allied control

This campaign paved the way for an Allied invasion of Italy later in 1943

Tuskegee Airmen & Other Segregated Units

http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?keyindex=121606

Although military units were still segregated during the war, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Japanese Americans distinguished themselves in combat

Tuskegee Airmen (top right) flew air combat missions in Europe

Nisei (Japanese American regiments) fought in Europe and served as interpreters in the Pacific theater

Impact: Their brave example led to desegregation of the military in 1947

D-Day/NormandyBy spring 1944, the Germans were on the defensive – the Soviet Red Army was pushing back on the Eastern Front after its victory at Stalingrad (winter 1942-43) and the British and Americans were pushing up the Italian “boot”

General Eisenhower (Supreme Allied Commander in Europe) designed and led Operation Overlord to open a third front in Europe by invading France

D-Day (June 6, 1944) was the largest amphibious invasion in history and successfully established an Allied foothold in France

D-Day Invasion – June 6, 1944http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?frompage=play&keyindex=117506&location=005849&chapterskeyindex=376378&sceneclipskeyindex=-1

Island-Hopping in the PacificStarting with the Battle of Guadalcanal in 1942-43, the U.S. began an island hopping campaign to gradually push the Japanese back and reclaim lost territory

By fall 1944, General Douglas MacArthur led U.S. forces back to the Philippines and the U.S. Navy won a decisive victory over Japan at Leyte Gulf

Battles of Iwo Jima & OkinawaBy early 1945, the U.S. began to prepare for an invasion of the Japanese home islands

The first step was to seize control of Iwo Jima and Okinawa as key air bases

Japanese resistance was fierce; more than 13,000 Americans died taking the two islands

Far left: U.S. Marines raise the flag on Mt. Suribachi (Feb. 1945)

Left: Mt. Suribachi today; it took nearly a month to capture the island of Iwo Jima

Hiroshima & NagasakiIn July 1945, President Harry Truman ordered the dropping of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – was he right to do so?

The Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy” on Hiroshima on August 6, followed on August 9 with the dropping of “Fat Man” on Nagasaki – over 200,000 Japanese died in the attacks

By August 15, the Japanese government agreed to unconditional surrender and formally did so on September 2 aboard the U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay

Before we leave..

• Complete all unit materials for the binder check and unit test on Friday, April 25.

• Make sure to prepare for the unit test by reviewing the terms provided and developing your essay outline.

World War II: The Home Front

• Please take out Class Notes #28, Focus #28 maps, binder check guide, and the unit test preview

We will:

*analyze how Americans helped to win WW II both overseas and on the home front

*review for the unit test

Unit Test & Binder Check on Friday!

Turn in Capstone topics by Friday!

The Nuremberg Trials

By the time Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, the Allies had already uncovered evidence of the Holocaust – the systematic murder of over 11 million people (including 6 million Jews) at the hands of the Nazis

The Allies placed high-level Nazi leaders on trial for “war crimes,” the first time this had ever happened in history

12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death and executed

Women in the Military

WACS, WASPS, and WAVES filled critical non-combat roles during the war and freed up men for combat duty

Over 350,000 women served in the military during the warAbout 5 million men volunteered for service; another 10 million men were drafted under the Selective Service Act of 1940

A. Philip Randolph & the Double-V Campaign

Labor leader A. Philip Randolph fought for equal pay for African American workers in war industries

He led the “Double-V” campaign that pledged a march on Washington in 1941; FDR signed an executive order to guarantee equal pay in war industries

Many African Americans equated the fight against the Axis to the fight against racism and discrimination at home

The Manhattan Project

In 1939, Albert Einstein wrote to FDR warning that Germany was working on a super-weapon

The Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) started the Manhattan Project in 1942 at super-secret sites across the country; the first bomb was successfully tested in New Mexico in July 1945

Office of Price Administration (OPA) & Rationing

To prevent inflation, the OPA froze prices on most goods and set up a rationing system for high-demand goods such as gasoline, meat, sugar, and coffee

The OPA kept inflation below 30% during the war and most Americans were willing to tighten their belts as part of the war effort

War Production Board (WPB)The WPB guided conversion of industry to war production, allocated raw materials, and regulated the workplace to improve productivity

The WPB also organized nationwide drives to conserve key resources such as scrap iron, tin cans, paper, and cooking fat

Industrial Production & Workers

By 1944, 18 million Americans worked in war industries (6 million were women); wages rose 10%

Unemployment fell to about 1% as many Americans moved South and West to work in war industries

Japanese-American Internmenthttp://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?frompage=play&keyindex=104246&location=005849&chapterskeyindex=307246&sceneclipskeyindex=-1

In February 1942, FDR issued Executive Order 9066, which ordered the evacuation of Japanese Americans to internment camps, citing national security needs

Over 110,000 citizens and residents were rounded up and sent to “relocation centers”

In 1944, the Supreme Court decided in Korematsu v. United States that the government’s policy was justified on the basis of “military necessity”

Reparations payments were authorized in 1990 ($20,000 for every person sent to a camp)

GI Bill of Rights

In 1944, Congress passed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, better known as the GI Bill of Rights

Nearly 8 million veterans went back to school or training on the GI Bill, which paid for their education

The act also provided federal loan guarantees for buying homes and farms and starting new businesses

Before we leave…

• Remember to review for the unit test and prepare your binder materials to turn in on Friday

• The quiz #7 retake will be offered after the test on Friday

• Prepare your essay outline for use on the unit test