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World War II
The Interwar Period 1919-1929
Independent Internationalism – increased trade, investment –thus involvement – but w/ Am. Interests and unilaterialism World order is too fragile to deal w/ crises of 30s w/o AM
Twenties Pacifism
Nye Committee Ludlow Amendment
Diplomacy 1921 Washington Naval Conference Dawes Plan 1928 Kellogg Briand Treaty
Thirties Diplomacy Europe –Retreat
Ends Dawes Plan – more economic fragility High tariffs Ignores Fascist militarism Recognizes the USSR
Asia – Rivalry J invades Manchuria – Stimson Doctine J controls China – Panay Incident
Latin America – Reform Clark Memorandum – repeals Roosevelt Corollary Good Neighbor Policy – collective security in region Reciprocity treaties (tariffs) – Pan Americanism But support dictators for stability
Neutrality Acts
Reflects American isolationism and fear of being dragged into war
Neutrality Act 1935 –no arms shipments – no travel by Americans on belligerent ships
Neutrality Act 1936 –no loans or credit to belligerants
Neutrality Act 1937 – no arms to either belligerent in Spanish Civil War
1938 – Europe Appeasement – W. democracies fear war – US/USSR not present
Preparedness
America First Committee – Lindbergh Committee to Defend America by Aiding
the Allies – White Committee Most Americans are isolationist – thus
FDR must “move” the attitude of the people to understand implications of non-involvement and involvement
Two Visions of the World Totalitarianism – fascism/communism Democracy – capitalism
The Process 1937-19411937 Quarantine Speech – J invades China1939 Neutrality Act – “cash & carry” - way to aid
the allies - US = “arsenal of democracy”1940 national Defense Act – selective service &
increase $ for defense September 1940 – “destroyers for bases”
agreement – US can defend N Atlantic March 1941 – Lend Lease Act – can get materiel to
Allies on credit – defend allies/defend America July 1941 – “Shoot on Sight” undeclared war N
Atlantic ; J. assets frozen – oil/steel embargo December 1941 – Pearl Harbor – War is declared on
J – Germany declares war on US
European Front
Europe First Marshall – Eisenhower1942 – two objectives
Overcoming German subs in N Atlantic Air raids – strategic bombing German cities
Turning Points
El Alamein – control N AfricaStalingrad – winter of ’42-’43D-Day June 1944 Battle of the Bulge – winter “44-’45 Hitler suicides April 1945Unconditional surrender May 7, 1945
Pacific Front
Holding action Nimitz – MacArthurTurning points
Coral Sea – May 1942 Midway -June 1942 Guadacanal – August 1942 Leyte Gulf – October 1944
Island Hopping
GI
US Bombers
Bill Mauldin – GI LifeWillie and Joe
Iwo Jima: Mt Suribachi - Rosenthal
Future Presidents
WWII Memorial 2004
Manhattan Project
Oppenheimer Test July 1945 Hiroshima – August 6, 1945Nagasaki – August 9, 1945 Unconditional surrender – September 3,
1945
Nuclear Age Begins
Victory
MASSIVE SOCIAL CHANGEWAR AND DEPRESSION CHANGED
THE SOCIAL FABRIC OF THE NATION
Home Front
Economic
Ends the depression and unemployment Male unemployment ended 1943
Financed by Bonds Taxes
Withholding tax
Economic: Mobilization
War Production Board - Nelson Office of Economic Stabilization
Rationing Control prices and wages No anti trust suits
National War Labor Board No strikes – Lewis tests A. Philip Randolph
Randolph
Economic: Research
National Defense Research Committee Manhattan Project Radar, jet engines, sonar, bomb sights,
pressurized cabins Use of plastics (DuPont) Drugs, penicillin DDT and pesticides
Economic: Impact
Income and opportunityChange in distribution of wealth Basis of post war prosperity – a boom Cooperation government and business Union as power broker Increase presence of federal
government in people’s lives through its central role in the economy
“For most Americans, despite anger at the OPA and the income tax, the war meant the end of the Depression.”
Mobilization: Patriotism
Office of War Information Duty, sacrifice, unity, morale
Radio – 4.5 hr/day Movies – patriotic themes MusicUSO
Ration Books
Patriotic Hollywood
Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy
Social Impact Demographic shift - migrationWest – CA transformed Urban areas
Women
“Rosie the Riveter” – defense work heavy industry Married, older, children Gender and race discrimination – wages
and work Women in the militaryPost war feminism and women’s rights –
daughters of Rosie
Families
Marriages & births “good bye babies” Juvenile crimeWorking teenagersLatch key kids – no child care
African Americans
1.5 million north & west504,000 – military – segregated unitsDouble Victory A. Philip Randolph – FEPC (EO 8802) Race Riots CORE formed; NAACP membersSmith v Allright 1944
Double V
Seeking opportunity
Segregated units
Mexican Americans300,000 – military Defense industry jobs Braceros program Zoot Suit Riots 1943
Native Americans
25,000 military – warrior traditionDefense industry jobs Navaho Code Talkers BUT reservation lost leadership in post
war – vets lost benefits if on federal land
Navaho Code Talkers
Japanese Americans
“Internal enemies” Suspicions layered on earlier
discrimination – property, education, jobs
Sons and Daughters of the Golden WestEO 9066 – evacuation of
“unassimilated” enemy group – 127,000 to relocation camps – pardon and reparations 1988
442nd
Earl Warren: Governor of CA
“Unfortunately, however, many of our good people and some of our authorities…are of the good opinion that because we have had no sabotage and no fifth column activities in this state since the beginning of the war, that means that none have been planned for us. But I take the view that this is the most ominous sign of our whole situation. It convinces me perhaps more that any other factor that the sabotage we are to get will be timed just like Pearl Harbor
We believe that when we are dealing with the Caucasian race, we have methods that will test the loyalty of them and we believe that we can in dealing with the Germans and the Italians, arrive at some fairly sound conclusions because of the knowledge of how they live in the community…But when we deal with the Japanese we are in an entirely different field and we cannot inform any opinion we believe to be sound. Their method of living, their language make for this.”
James Omura: Congressional testimony
“It is doubtless difficult for Caucasian Americans to properly comprehend and believe in what we say. Our citizenship has even been attacked as an evil cloak under which we expect immunity for the nefarious purpose of conspiring to destroy the American way of life. To us – who have been born, raised, and educated in American institutions and in our system of public schools, knowing and owing no other allegiance than to the United States – such a thought is manifestly unfair and ambiguous.
I would like to ask the committee: Has the Gestapo come to America? Have we not risen in righteous anger at Hitler’s
mistreatment of the Jews? Then is it not incongruous that citizen Americans of Japanese descent should be similarly
mistreated and persecuted? …WE cannot understand why General DeWitt
can make exceptions for families of German and Italian soldiers in the
armed forces of the US while ignoring the civil rights of Nisei Americans. Are
we to be condemned merely on the basis of our racial origin? Is citizenship
such a light and transient thing that that which is our inalienable right in normal times is torn from us in times
of war?”
Relocation Camps
Japanese American Boy Scout Troop in a Relocation Camp
442nd Regiment
Civil Liberties
“Greatest mass abridgement of civil liberties in our nation’s history”
Hirabayashi v US 1943 Korematsu v US 1944 Ex Parte Endo 1944
THE OPINIONS –Kormatsu
Majority: “compulsory exclusions of large groups…except under circumstance of direct emergency and peril, is inconsistent with our basic governmental institutions. But when under conditions of modern warfare our shores are threatened by hostile forces, the power to protect must be commensurate with the threatened danger.”
Parallels to Dred Scott and Plessy
The Opinions: KormatsuDissenting: Frank Murphy“This exclusion..ought not to be
approved. Such exclusion goes over the ‘very brink of constitutional power’ and falls into the ugly abyss of racism.’”
1976 Ford repealed EO 90661984 Kormatsu’s conviction
overturned; 1986 Hirabayashi’s conviction overturned
1988 - reparations
SHAPES POST WAR WORLD TWO VISIONS
War Time Diplomacy
Pre War Diplomacy
Four Freedoms – Jan 1941 Expression – speech and press Religion From want From fear
Atlantic Charter – Aug 1941 Wilsonianism
Stated War Aims no territory self determination free seas/free trade collective security
War Time Diplomacy
Casablanca – Jan 43 FDR – Churchill unconditional surrender - Germany invade Sicily
Moscow Oct 43 US-USSRUSSR-War against Japan after defeat of Ger. World Collective Security Org. (UN)
Declaration of Cairo – Dec 43 unconditional surrender of J. Free Korea China restored under Jiang Jieshi
(problem = Mao Zedong) China to be America’s hub in Asia
(cold war implications) Teheran Dec 43
Big Three all there *USSR J. *Second Front Promised
Shapes post war world
Yalta – MOST SG Feb 45 FDR criticized for “losing” E.
Europe Ger divided – occupation zones “free” election in E. Europe
(Poland) USSR Japan USSR gets Sakhalin Is, Kurile
peninand concessions in Manchuria
UN permanent security council – US, USSR, Br, Fr, China
Yalta reflected post war reality Stalin in control of E Europe – only
continued war could evict (US v USSR)USSR bore brunt of fighting and loses
Potsdam July 45 new players – FDR dead –HST
Churchill de-elected Atlee & Stalin
unconditional surrender J. war crimes tribunal (Nuremburg) demilitarization and de-nazification of G.
HST – learned A Bomb works
War’s Legacy War = engine/accelerator for social
changeProsperity - consumer & defense
spending – cheap energy Demographic changesRising expectations –social
transformationsOpportunity – GI Bill Increase in exec power and federal gov’t
(big gov’t, big business, big labor)Threats to civil liberties Expansion of Civil Rights – 4 freedoms at
homeUS ---world leadership and
position/economic powerCost = $320 billion; 1000% increase in
spending Debt = $250 million Death =300,000 Wounded =800,000
War’s Legacy
Global economic interdependence and American power
Ushers in the Cold War – shapes next 45 years
Colonialism challenged –nationalism and self determination impact the next decades
“third world Focus