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War breaks out in Europe
• Jan. 1933 Hitler PM in Germany & est. the 3rd Reich
• Needs living space- lebensraum • March 1938 marches into Austria and
takes it (eagerly want to be part of G)• German speaking pop. Here in & Czech.
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/ww2/before/fascism.htm
Hitler keeps moving…
• Now wants the western part of Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland)
• GB & France vow to protect C.• 3 leaders meet in Munich- (M.
Conference)– Hitler promises this will be the LAST – GB & France give him- appease Hitler to avoid
war
• Chamberlain- “peace in Europe achieved”http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/ww2/before/fascism.htm
Poland!
• German & Russian speaking pop.• GB & F vow to protect these areas• A German invasion might bring in the
Soviets too• August 1939- Stalin & Hitler sign a
non-aggression pact– No war– Split Poland into 2
Invasion of Poland
• Sept. 1, 1939 German invasion of Poland
• Blitzkrieg– Poland falls by
the end of the month
• Sept. 3rd France & GB declare war on Germany
Early stages of war
• Maginot Line- fortifications to keep G. out• B & F wait for army-> “phony war”• Soviets take Eastern Poland & other
Baltic states– Invades Finland too
• Hitler– Invades Norway & Denmark (April 1940)– Better position to attack GB– May- Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg
fall
Hitler’s success
• France falls easily June 1940 • France’s fate (3)
– Germany controls N. France– Vichy gov’t in Southern France est.- a
Nazi puppet gov’t– Charles de Gaulle refuses to accept this-
sets up exile gov’t in GB
Battle of Britain
• Air raid on London- wear down the morale of the people
• Hitler carries on for months (1940)
• Attempting to destroy the RAF• RAF uses radar to detect
German planes• Hitler finally ends attack• Churchill’s rally
http://history.sandiego.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics2/81930bg.JPG
WWII & America
• Congress allows US to sell goods to F & GB• Sept. 1940- Axis powers est.
– France gone & GB attacked by Hitler’s air raids
• 1940 Congress approves $$ for defense• Pass a peace time draft in ’40 • 1940 FDR warns America of trouble if GB
falls and that the US has to help defeat the Axis powers
FDR draws closer to war
• Lend-Lease Plan March 1941 • USSR relations
– Lend-lease program extended to USSR when Hitler invades there
• German U-Boats in Atlantic to sink US ships carrying supplies to Europe– 1941 US Navy has permission to attack
U-Boats in self-defense
Even closer…
• Churchill & FDR secretly meet on USS Augusta– C- wants US involvement
• Final result- Atlantic Charter• Joint declaration of war aims
– Collective security– Disarmament– Self-determination– Economic cooperation– Freedom of seas
• **basis of the United Nations• FDR waiting to go to war http://www.ssa.gov/history/pics/
acharter1.jpg
Japan & the Pacific
• Japanese:– Already controlling Manchuria– Invaded China– Taking E. colonial land (ex. Vietnam) – Wanted to control East Asia
• US Response: cut off trade with Japan (need oil!!) and attempt peace talks
• Americans aware of imminent Japanese attack (code breakers) – Didn’t know the potential location– Waiting for Japan to make the 1st step towards
war– Dec. 6th all peace talks end
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/ww2/images/before/japan.jpg
Pearl Harbor
• Dec. 7, 1941 Japan attacks Hawaii• 2 hours-
– 2, 403 killed– 1, 178 wounded
• 8 battleships gone (luckily 3 aircraft carriers were out)
• Dec. 7th FDR addresses Congress & asks for declaration of war– “a date which will live in infamy”
US prepares for war
• 2 wars- Europe & Pacific• 5 million volunteer, but still need the draft• Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
– Female volunteers in non-combat jobs – Nurses, ambulance drivers, pilots, etc.
• Minorities?– Should they fight??– 300K M-A– 1 Million A-A– 13k C-A– 33K J-A– 25K N-A
http://z.about.com/d/history1900s/1/0/l/S/wwiip24.jpg
Japanese Americans
• Fear of another Japanese attack
• 1942 evacuate J. from HI
• 1942- FDR orders that all J-A in CA, WA, OR, &AZ to “relocation centers”– 2/3rd Nisei
• No evidence ever found, but FDR thought it was a security matter
http://gainesjunction.tamu.edu/issues/vol3num1/mjones/images/clip_image004.jpg
http://education.nebrwesleyan.edu/eisenhower/partsites/northeastpage/safarik/internmentpage.html
. . . Victims of war time hysteria, these people, two-thirds of whom were United States citizens, lived a bleak and humiliating life in tar paper barracks behind barbed wire and under armed guard . . .-Sign at the Minidoka Relocation Center
American Workforce
• Car industry focuses on war production (1942) and others follow
• Many Americans working in these fields including women & minorities
• Scientists organized under the OSRD– Focus on new technology– Pesticide, penicillin, radar, etc. – Manhattan Project
War time!
• Worries about prices increasing• Office of Price Administration (OPA)
– Keep prices reasonable
• War bonds– Org. drives to collect goods that could be
recycled into war products
• Rationing – Coupon books for scarce products for
each family
Time to fight!
• Churchill & FDR meet for 3 weeks (Dec. 1941) to devise war strategy– Believe Germany & Italy posed a greater
threat….focus on Japan after crippling Europe
• Hitler tries to blockade GB- Starve them to death – Allied response- convoy system- very
successful
Battles
• Stalingrad- Stalin urges Allies to create a 2nd front in Western Europe to relieve the Soviets– Allies not ready for
that- go to Africa instead
• Leningrad
• North Africa • Operation Torch-
Eisenhower • Desert Fox • Successful by ’43• FDR & Churchill
meet in Africa to devise next stage– Italy!– Unconditional
surrender
VE Day!
• D-Day June 6th, 1944 Operation Overlord • Battle of the Bulge • April 25th, 1945
– Soviets in Berlin– April 30th Hitler commits suicide – Week later the 3rd Reich surrenders to
Eisenhower – May 8th- VE day!
– April 12th FDR dies of a stroke in GA– Harry S. Truman new president
War in the Pacific
• Douglas MacArthur • Japanese control Hong Kong, French
Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand & most of China
• March 1942 American forces leave Philippines and promise to return
• April 1942 air raid on Tokyo- Doolittle’s Raid
Manhattan Project
• Invasion on Japan- too costly • Head of project- Leslie Groves &
Robert Oppenheimer – Practice test- July 16, 1945 (NM)
• Late July- Truman warns Japan to surrender (refuse!)– August 6th- Hiroshima– August 9th- Nagasaki
• Sept. 2nd official surrender by the emperor
Meetings of the Mind
• Casablanca- FDR & Churchill– Jan. 1943– Invade Sicily– Want unconditional surrender
• Tehran- FDR, C & S– Nov. 1943– B & A invade France & S invade
Germany and eventually join Pacific war
Meetings of the Mind Part II
• Yalta- FDR, C, & S– Feb. 1945– Germany divided in occupation zones– Free elections in E. Europe (S- controlled)– S. enter Pacific War – Est. of United Nations
• Potsdam- S, Truman, & Attlee– July- Aug. 1945– Warn Japan to surrender– Hold trials for Nazi leaders