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Worldwide energy stats
bull Total energy consumption15 TW (1012) in 2004 (865 from fossil fuels)
bull This corresponds to 5middot1020 Jyrbull Worldwide reserves of fossil fuels -
4000middot1020 J (800 yrs)
bull 25middot1024 J of uranium reserves
bull Renewable energy flux from the sun (radiation wind waves) 120 PW (1015) or 38middot1024
Jyr
Fuel type Power (TW) Energy (1018 Jyr)
Oil 56 180 38
Gas 35 110 24
Coal 38 120 26
Hydroelectric 09 30 6
Nuclear 09 30 6
Geo wind solar wood 013 4 09
Total 1483 474 100
Energy Consumption Breakdown
EERE funded by DOE $23 Bbull Biofuels ($235 M)bull Batteries ($200 M)bull Fuel Cells ($68 M)bull Hydrogen (cut from 2010 budget considered too long
term)bull Solar cells ($320 M)bull Wind ($75 M)bull WaterGeothermal ($30 M $50 M) bull Green Buildings ($237 M)bull Financing for states industry and consumers to
encourage adoption ($350 M)bull Nuclear ($845 M $191 for Gen IV)) Office of Nuclear
energybull Fusion ($421 M) Office of Science ($49 B)
Potential for solar
bull A land mass of about 100x100 miles in the Southwest US-less than 05 of the US mainland land mass or about 25 of the area currently used for the nations highwayroadway system-could provide as much electricity as presently consumed in the United States
bull Truly renewable with a net positive energybull Can be converted into electricity
Solar cells
bull For use at site of power usebull Integration of solar energy into the electrical gridbull Semi-conductor
ndash Absorb photonndash Excite electron into conduction bandndash Mobile electron holesndash directional flow of electronsndash An array of solar cells produce a usable quantity of
direct current (DC)ndash Store the charge that is produced
n-doped Si (electron rich) and p-doped Si (electron poor)
Types of solar cells
bull Wafer- based crystaline siliconndash Mono vs poly (less efficient but cheaper)
bull Thin film Si ndash more flexible lighterbull Cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell ndash easier to
depositlarge scale productionbull CuInGabull Organic polymer cells (low cost large scale
production and flexibility poor efficiency)bull Sensitized Solar cells (Graumltzel cells) semi-
conductor formed between photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte
Performance
bull Efficiency (5-20 )
bull Manufacturing cost (materials and methods)
bull Net Energy Analysis (Break even in 1-7 yrs depending on solar cell)
bull Trade-off between efficiency and cost
Additional factors
bull Solar concentrators (use a large area of lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight on a small area of photovoltaic cells)ndash 400 sunsndash 300 times reduction of materials
bull Inverters and grid integrationndash One way to two way grids that communicate
Table 21ndash3 Technical Barriers in PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaic Technical BarriersModulesA Material Utilization amp CostB Design amp PackagingC Manufacturing ProcessesD EfficiencyInverters amp Other BOSE Inverter Reliability amp Grid IntegrationF Energy Management SystemsG BOS Cost amp Installation EfficiencySystems Engineering amp IntegrationH Systems EngineeringI Modularity amp StandardizationJ Building-integrated products
2015 Goal
bull PV-produced electricity and domestic installed PV generation capacity of 5-10 GW
bull 1000 GWyr of electricity in US
bull Much more long term
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies
bull Large scale electricity plants in the Southwest US
bull CSP plants produce power by first converting the sunrsquos energy into heat next into mechanical power and lastly into electricity in a conventional generator
bull Thermal storage (molten salt) or hybrid natural gas system
Nuclear Energy
bull How does a nuclear reactor work
bull Is it a major energy source worldwide
bull Problemsndash Waste Disposalndash Accidents
bull Futurendash Researchndash Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Fuel type Power (TW) Energy (1018 Jyr)
Oil 56 180 38
Gas 35 110 24
Coal 38 120 26
Hydroelectric 09 30 6
Nuclear 09 30 6
Geo wind solar wood 013 4 09
Total 1483 474 100
Energy Consumption Breakdown
EERE funded by DOE $23 Bbull Biofuels ($235 M)bull Batteries ($200 M)bull Fuel Cells ($68 M)bull Hydrogen (cut from 2010 budget considered too long
term)bull Solar cells ($320 M)bull Wind ($75 M)bull WaterGeothermal ($30 M $50 M) bull Green Buildings ($237 M)bull Financing for states industry and consumers to
encourage adoption ($350 M)bull Nuclear ($845 M $191 for Gen IV)) Office of Nuclear
energybull Fusion ($421 M) Office of Science ($49 B)
Potential for solar
bull A land mass of about 100x100 miles in the Southwest US-less than 05 of the US mainland land mass or about 25 of the area currently used for the nations highwayroadway system-could provide as much electricity as presently consumed in the United States
bull Truly renewable with a net positive energybull Can be converted into electricity
Solar cells
bull For use at site of power usebull Integration of solar energy into the electrical gridbull Semi-conductor
ndash Absorb photonndash Excite electron into conduction bandndash Mobile electron holesndash directional flow of electronsndash An array of solar cells produce a usable quantity of
direct current (DC)ndash Store the charge that is produced
n-doped Si (electron rich) and p-doped Si (electron poor)
Types of solar cells
bull Wafer- based crystaline siliconndash Mono vs poly (less efficient but cheaper)
bull Thin film Si ndash more flexible lighterbull Cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell ndash easier to
depositlarge scale productionbull CuInGabull Organic polymer cells (low cost large scale
production and flexibility poor efficiency)bull Sensitized Solar cells (Graumltzel cells) semi-
conductor formed between photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte
Performance
bull Efficiency (5-20 )
bull Manufacturing cost (materials and methods)
bull Net Energy Analysis (Break even in 1-7 yrs depending on solar cell)
bull Trade-off between efficiency and cost
Additional factors
bull Solar concentrators (use a large area of lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight on a small area of photovoltaic cells)ndash 400 sunsndash 300 times reduction of materials
bull Inverters and grid integrationndash One way to two way grids that communicate
Table 21ndash3 Technical Barriers in PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaic Technical BarriersModulesA Material Utilization amp CostB Design amp PackagingC Manufacturing ProcessesD EfficiencyInverters amp Other BOSE Inverter Reliability amp Grid IntegrationF Energy Management SystemsG BOS Cost amp Installation EfficiencySystems Engineering amp IntegrationH Systems EngineeringI Modularity amp StandardizationJ Building-integrated products
2015 Goal
bull PV-produced electricity and domestic installed PV generation capacity of 5-10 GW
bull 1000 GWyr of electricity in US
bull Much more long term
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies
bull Large scale electricity plants in the Southwest US
bull CSP plants produce power by first converting the sunrsquos energy into heat next into mechanical power and lastly into electricity in a conventional generator
bull Thermal storage (molten salt) or hybrid natural gas system
Nuclear Energy
bull How does a nuclear reactor work
bull Is it a major energy source worldwide
bull Problemsndash Waste Disposalndash Accidents
bull Futurendash Researchndash Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
EERE funded by DOE $23 Bbull Biofuels ($235 M)bull Batteries ($200 M)bull Fuel Cells ($68 M)bull Hydrogen (cut from 2010 budget considered too long
term)bull Solar cells ($320 M)bull Wind ($75 M)bull WaterGeothermal ($30 M $50 M) bull Green Buildings ($237 M)bull Financing for states industry and consumers to
encourage adoption ($350 M)bull Nuclear ($845 M $191 for Gen IV)) Office of Nuclear
energybull Fusion ($421 M) Office of Science ($49 B)
Potential for solar
bull A land mass of about 100x100 miles in the Southwest US-less than 05 of the US mainland land mass or about 25 of the area currently used for the nations highwayroadway system-could provide as much electricity as presently consumed in the United States
bull Truly renewable with a net positive energybull Can be converted into electricity
Solar cells
bull For use at site of power usebull Integration of solar energy into the electrical gridbull Semi-conductor
ndash Absorb photonndash Excite electron into conduction bandndash Mobile electron holesndash directional flow of electronsndash An array of solar cells produce a usable quantity of
direct current (DC)ndash Store the charge that is produced
n-doped Si (electron rich) and p-doped Si (electron poor)
Types of solar cells
bull Wafer- based crystaline siliconndash Mono vs poly (less efficient but cheaper)
bull Thin film Si ndash more flexible lighterbull Cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell ndash easier to
depositlarge scale productionbull CuInGabull Organic polymer cells (low cost large scale
production and flexibility poor efficiency)bull Sensitized Solar cells (Graumltzel cells) semi-
conductor formed between photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte
Performance
bull Efficiency (5-20 )
bull Manufacturing cost (materials and methods)
bull Net Energy Analysis (Break even in 1-7 yrs depending on solar cell)
bull Trade-off between efficiency and cost
Additional factors
bull Solar concentrators (use a large area of lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight on a small area of photovoltaic cells)ndash 400 sunsndash 300 times reduction of materials
bull Inverters and grid integrationndash One way to two way grids that communicate
Table 21ndash3 Technical Barriers in PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaic Technical BarriersModulesA Material Utilization amp CostB Design amp PackagingC Manufacturing ProcessesD EfficiencyInverters amp Other BOSE Inverter Reliability amp Grid IntegrationF Energy Management SystemsG BOS Cost amp Installation EfficiencySystems Engineering amp IntegrationH Systems EngineeringI Modularity amp StandardizationJ Building-integrated products
2015 Goal
bull PV-produced electricity and domestic installed PV generation capacity of 5-10 GW
bull 1000 GWyr of electricity in US
bull Much more long term
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies
bull Large scale electricity plants in the Southwest US
bull CSP plants produce power by first converting the sunrsquos energy into heat next into mechanical power and lastly into electricity in a conventional generator
bull Thermal storage (molten salt) or hybrid natural gas system
Nuclear Energy
bull How does a nuclear reactor work
bull Is it a major energy source worldwide
bull Problemsndash Waste Disposalndash Accidents
bull Futurendash Researchndash Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Potential for solar
bull A land mass of about 100x100 miles in the Southwest US-less than 05 of the US mainland land mass or about 25 of the area currently used for the nations highwayroadway system-could provide as much electricity as presently consumed in the United States
bull Truly renewable with a net positive energybull Can be converted into electricity
Solar cells
bull For use at site of power usebull Integration of solar energy into the electrical gridbull Semi-conductor
ndash Absorb photonndash Excite electron into conduction bandndash Mobile electron holesndash directional flow of electronsndash An array of solar cells produce a usable quantity of
direct current (DC)ndash Store the charge that is produced
n-doped Si (electron rich) and p-doped Si (electron poor)
Types of solar cells
bull Wafer- based crystaline siliconndash Mono vs poly (less efficient but cheaper)
bull Thin film Si ndash more flexible lighterbull Cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell ndash easier to
depositlarge scale productionbull CuInGabull Organic polymer cells (low cost large scale
production and flexibility poor efficiency)bull Sensitized Solar cells (Graumltzel cells) semi-
conductor formed between photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte
Performance
bull Efficiency (5-20 )
bull Manufacturing cost (materials and methods)
bull Net Energy Analysis (Break even in 1-7 yrs depending on solar cell)
bull Trade-off between efficiency and cost
Additional factors
bull Solar concentrators (use a large area of lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight on a small area of photovoltaic cells)ndash 400 sunsndash 300 times reduction of materials
bull Inverters and grid integrationndash One way to two way grids that communicate
Table 21ndash3 Technical Barriers in PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaic Technical BarriersModulesA Material Utilization amp CostB Design amp PackagingC Manufacturing ProcessesD EfficiencyInverters amp Other BOSE Inverter Reliability amp Grid IntegrationF Energy Management SystemsG BOS Cost amp Installation EfficiencySystems Engineering amp IntegrationH Systems EngineeringI Modularity amp StandardizationJ Building-integrated products
2015 Goal
bull PV-produced electricity and domestic installed PV generation capacity of 5-10 GW
bull 1000 GWyr of electricity in US
bull Much more long term
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies
bull Large scale electricity plants in the Southwest US
bull CSP plants produce power by first converting the sunrsquos energy into heat next into mechanical power and lastly into electricity in a conventional generator
bull Thermal storage (molten salt) or hybrid natural gas system
Nuclear Energy
bull How does a nuclear reactor work
bull Is it a major energy source worldwide
bull Problemsndash Waste Disposalndash Accidents
bull Futurendash Researchndash Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Solar cells
bull For use at site of power usebull Integration of solar energy into the electrical gridbull Semi-conductor
ndash Absorb photonndash Excite electron into conduction bandndash Mobile electron holesndash directional flow of electronsndash An array of solar cells produce a usable quantity of
direct current (DC)ndash Store the charge that is produced
n-doped Si (electron rich) and p-doped Si (electron poor)
Types of solar cells
bull Wafer- based crystaline siliconndash Mono vs poly (less efficient but cheaper)
bull Thin film Si ndash more flexible lighterbull Cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell ndash easier to
depositlarge scale productionbull CuInGabull Organic polymer cells (low cost large scale
production and flexibility poor efficiency)bull Sensitized Solar cells (Graumltzel cells) semi-
conductor formed between photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte
Performance
bull Efficiency (5-20 )
bull Manufacturing cost (materials and methods)
bull Net Energy Analysis (Break even in 1-7 yrs depending on solar cell)
bull Trade-off between efficiency and cost
Additional factors
bull Solar concentrators (use a large area of lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight on a small area of photovoltaic cells)ndash 400 sunsndash 300 times reduction of materials
bull Inverters and grid integrationndash One way to two way grids that communicate
Table 21ndash3 Technical Barriers in PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaic Technical BarriersModulesA Material Utilization amp CostB Design amp PackagingC Manufacturing ProcessesD EfficiencyInverters amp Other BOSE Inverter Reliability amp Grid IntegrationF Energy Management SystemsG BOS Cost amp Installation EfficiencySystems Engineering amp IntegrationH Systems EngineeringI Modularity amp StandardizationJ Building-integrated products
2015 Goal
bull PV-produced electricity and domestic installed PV generation capacity of 5-10 GW
bull 1000 GWyr of electricity in US
bull Much more long term
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies
bull Large scale electricity plants in the Southwest US
bull CSP plants produce power by first converting the sunrsquos energy into heat next into mechanical power and lastly into electricity in a conventional generator
bull Thermal storage (molten salt) or hybrid natural gas system
Nuclear Energy
bull How does a nuclear reactor work
bull Is it a major energy source worldwide
bull Problemsndash Waste Disposalndash Accidents
bull Futurendash Researchndash Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
n-doped Si (electron rich) and p-doped Si (electron poor)
Types of solar cells
bull Wafer- based crystaline siliconndash Mono vs poly (less efficient but cheaper)
bull Thin film Si ndash more flexible lighterbull Cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell ndash easier to
depositlarge scale productionbull CuInGabull Organic polymer cells (low cost large scale
production and flexibility poor efficiency)bull Sensitized Solar cells (Graumltzel cells) semi-
conductor formed between photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte
Performance
bull Efficiency (5-20 )
bull Manufacturing cost (materials and methods)
bull Net Energy Analysis (Break even in 1-7 yrs depending on solar cell)
bull Trade-off between efficiency and cost
Additional factors
bull Solar concentrators (use a large area of lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight on a small area of photovoltaic cells)ndash 400 sunsndash 300 times reduction of materials
bull Inverters and grid integrationndash One way to two way grids that communicate
Table 21ndash3 Technical Barriers in PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaic Technical BarriersModulesA Material Utilization amp CostB Design amp PackagingC Manufacturing ProcessesD EfficiencyInverters amp Other BOSE Inverter Reliability amp Grid IntegrationF Energy Management SystemsG BOS Cost amp Installation EfficiencySystems Engineering amp IntegrationH Systems EngineeringI Modularity amp StandardizationJ Building-integrated products
2015 Goal
bull PV-produced electricity and domestic installed PV generation capacity of 5-10 GW
bull 1000 GWyr of electricity in US
bull Much more long term
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies
bull Large scale electricity plants in the Southwest US
bull CSP plants produce power by first converting the sunrsquos energy into heat next into mechanical power and lastly into electricity in a conventional generator
bull Thermal storage (molten salt) or hybrid natural gas system
Nuclear Energy
bull How does a nuclear reactor work
bull Is it a major energy source worldwide
bull Problemsndash Waste Disposalndash Accidents
bull Futurendash Researchndash Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Types of solar cells
bull Wafer- based crystaline siliconndash Mono vs poly (less efficient but cheaper)
bull Thin film Si ndash more flexible lighterbull Cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell ndash easier to
depositlarge scale productionbull CuInGabull Organic polymer cells (low cost large scale
production and flexibility poor efficiency)bull Sensitized Solar cells (Graumltzel cells) semi-
conductor formed between photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte
Performance
bull Efficiency (5-20 )
bull Manufacturing cost (materials and methods)
bull Net Energy Analysis (Break even in 1-7 yrs depending on solar cell)
bull Trade-off between efficiency and cost
Additional factors
bull Solar concentrators (use a large area of lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight on a small area of photovoltaic cells)ndash 400 sunsndash 300 times reduction of materials
bull Inverters and grid integrationndash One way to two way grids that communicate
Table 21ndash3 Technical Barriers in PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaic Technical BarriersModulesA Material Utilization amp CostB Design amp PackagingC Manufacturing ProcessesD EfficiencyInverters amp Other BOSE Inverter Reliability amp Grid IntegrationF Energy Management SystemsG BOS Cost amp Installation EfficiencySystems Engineering amp IntegrationH Systems EngineeringI Modularity amp StandardizationJ Building-integrated products
2015 Goal
bull PV-produced electricity and domestic installed PV generation capacity of 5-10 GW
bull 1000 GWyr of electricity in US
bull Much more long term
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies
bull Large scale electricity plants in the Southwest US
bull CSP plants produce power by first converting the sunrsquos energy into heat next into mechanical power and lastly into electricity in a conventional generator
bull Thermal storage (molten salt) or hybrid natural gas system
Nuclear Energy
bull How does a nuclear reactor work
bull Is it a major energy source worldwide
bull Problemsndash Waste Disposalndash Accidents
bull Futurendash Researchndash Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Performance
bull Efficiency (5-20 )
bull Manufacturing cost (materials and methods)
bull Net Energy Analysis (Break even in 1-7 yrs depending on solar cell)
bull Trade-off between efficiency and cost
Additional factors
bull Solar concentrators (use a large area of lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight on a small area of photovoltaic cells)ndash 400 sunsndash 300 times reduction of materials
bull Inverters and grid integrationndash One way to two way grids that communicate
Table 21ndash3 Technical Barriers in PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaic Technical BarriersModulesA Material Utilization amp CostB Design amp PackagingC Manufacturing ProcessesD EfficiencyInverters amp Other BOSE Inverter Reliability amp Grid IntegrationF Energy Management SystemsG BOS Cost amp Installation EfficiencySystems Engineering amp IntegrationH Systems EngineeringI Modularity amp StandardizationJ Building-integrated products
2015 Goal
bull PV-produced electricity and domestic installed PV generation capacity of 5-10 GW
bull 1000 GWyr of electricity in US
bull Much more long term
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies
bull Large scale electricity plants in the Southwest US
bull CSP plants produce power by first converting the sunrsquos energy into heat next into mechanical power and lastly into electricity in a conventional generator
bull Thermal storage (molten salt) or hybrid natural gas system
Nuclear Energy
bull How does a nuclear reactor work
bull Is it a major energy source worldwide
bull Problemsndash Waste Disposalndash Accidents
bull Futurendash Researchndash Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Additional factors
bull Solar concentrators (use a large area of lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight on a small area of photovoltaic cells)ndash 400 sunsndash 300 times reduction of materials
bull Inverters and grid integrationndash One way to two way grids that communicate
Table 21ndash3 Technical Barriers in PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaic Technical BarriersModulesA Material Utilization amp CostB Design amp PackagingC Manufacturing ProcessesD EfficiencyInverters amp Other BOSE Inverter Reliability amp Grid IntegrationF Energy Management SystemsG BOS Cost amp Installation EfficiencySystems Engineering amp IntegrationH Systems EngineeringI Modularity amp StandardizationJ Building-integrated products
2015 Goal
bull PV-produced electricity and domestic installed PV generation capacity of 5-10 GW
bull 1000 GWyr of electricity in US
bull Much more long term
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies
bull Large scale electricity plants in the Southwest US
bull CSP plants produce power by first converting the sunrsquos energy into heat next into mechanical power and lastly into electricity in a conventional generator
bull Thermal storage (molten salt) or hybrid natural gas system
Nuclear Energy
bull How does a nuclear reactor work
bull Is it a major energy source worldwide
bull Problemsndash Waste Disposalndash Accidents
bull Futurendash Researchndash Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Table 21ndash3 Technical Barriers in PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaic Technical BarriersModulesA Material Utilization amp CostB Design amp PackagingC Manufacturing ProcessesD EfficiencyInverters amp Other BOSE Inverter Reliability amp Grid IntegrationF Energy Management SystemsG BOS Cost amp Installation EfficiencySystems Engineering amp IntegrationH Systems EngineeringI Modularity amp StandardizationJ Building-integrated products
2015 Goal
bull PV-produced electricity and domestic installed PV generation capacity of 5-10 GW
bull 1000 GWyr of electricity in US
bull Much more long term
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies
bull Large scale electricity plants in the Southwest US
bull CSP plants produce power by first converting the sunrsquos energy into heat next into mechanical power and lastly into electricity in a conventional generator
bull Thermal storage (molten salt) or hybrid natural gas system
Nuclear Energy
bull How does a nuclear reactor work
bull Is it a major energy source worldwide
bull Problemsndash Waste Disposalndash Accidents
bull Futurendash Researchndash Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
2015 Goal
bull PV-produced electricity and domestic installed PV generation capacity of 5-10 GW
bull 1000 GWyr of electricity in US
bull Much more long term
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies
bull Large scale electricity plants in the Southwest US
bull CSP plants produce power by first converting the sunrsquos energy into heat next into mechanical power and lastly into electricity in a conventional generator
bull Thermal storage (molten salt) or hybrid natural gas system
Nuclear Energy
bull How does a nuclear reactor work
bull Is it a major energy source worldwide
bull Problemsndash Waste Disposalndash Accidents
bull Futurendash Researchndash Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies
bull Large scale electricity plants in the Southwest US
bull CSP plants produce power by first converting the sunrsquos energy into heat next into mechanical power and lastly into electricity in a conventional generator
bull Thermal storage (molten salt) or hybrid natural gas system
Nuclear Energy
bull How does a nuclear reactor work
bull Is it a major energy source worldwide
bull Problemsndash Waste Disposalndash Accidents
bull Futurendash Researchndash Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Nuclear Energy
bull How does a nuclear reactor work
bull Is it a major energy source worldwide
bull Problemsndash Waste Disposalndash Accidents
bull Futurendash Researchndash Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Nuclear Energy Plant
bull Nuclear Fissionbull 235U + n rarr 236U rarr 92Kr + 141Ba + + 3n bull Chain Reactionbull Controlled by control (graphite) rods and water
coolantbull Heat from reactor is cooled by circulating
pressurized waterbull Heat exchange with secondary water loop
produces steambull Steam turns turbine generator to produce
electricity
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Present Nuclear Energy
bull 100 plant produce about 20 of the electricity in US
bull 431 plants worldwide in 31 countries produce about 17 of the worldrsquos electricity
bull Environmental Impactndash No Greenhouse gasesndash Completely contained in normal operationndash Spent fuel issue
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Waste Disposal
bull Waste kept at plant but running out of room
bull Site chosen in Nevada for nuclear waste
bull Research on safe transportation
bull Nuclear proliferation fuel is very dilute and not easily converted to weapons grade
bull Stored in very heavy casings (difficult to steal)
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Accidents
bull Nuclear Meltdown
bull Chernobyl
bull Three Mile Island
bull Environmentalist watch dogs note other near misses in recent years
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Chernobyl (1986)
bull A planned test gone horribly wrongbull The test
ndash See if turbine generator could power the water pumps that cool the reactor in the event of a loss of power
ndash Crew shut off power too rapidly producing a Xe isotopes that poisons the reactor
ndash In response the rods were lifted to stimulate reactionndash The lower cooling rate of the pumps during the experiment led to
steam buildup that increase reactor powerndash Temperature increased so rapidly that rod insertion could not be
performed in time to stop meltdownndash Roof blew off oxygen rushed in a caused fire that spread
radioactive material over a large area
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Blame
Management communicationA bizarre series of operator mistakesPlant design poor or no containment vesselsLarge positive void coefficient (steam bubbles in
coolant)Poor graphite control rod designPoorly trained operatorsShut off safety systemsHelicopter dropsCoverup
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Consequences
bull Deaths of plant and workers
bull Medical problems (short and large term)
bull Thyroid cancer
bull Contaminated soil as far as Great Britain
bull Billions of $
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Three Mile Island
bull Partial meltdownbull No radiation escapedbull Caused fear of nuclear power and cost $
in terms of clean upbull Operator error and lack of safety backups
in designbull In some ways the accident showed how
the kind of catastrophic disaster at Chernobyl is avoidable
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
types
bull Generation I ndash retired one of a kinds
bull In operation Gen II and Gen III
bull Gen II was a large design changes
bull Gen III and Gen II upgraded with many safety features along the way
bull Gen III plus (passive safety systems)
bull Gen IV 30 yrs away
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Gen IV
bull Very High Temperature Reactor
bull Advance Nuclear Safety
bull Address Nuclear Nonproliferation and Physical Protection Issues
bull Are Competitively Priced
bull Minimize Waste and Optimize Natural Resource Utilization
bull Compatible with Hydrogen Generation
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Gen IV Roadmap - 2002
bull Solicited design models
bull Chose six design models to base future research
bull Out of these six the DOE has relatively recently selected two for further investmentndash Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ndash Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR)
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Very-High Temperature Reactor
bull Reach temperatures gt 1000 Cbull Drive water splitting for hydrogen
production ndash 2 M m3
bull 50 efficiency for producing electricitybull Heat and power generationbull Fuel recyclingreprocessingbull Fuel coating requirements absorbers
ceramic rods vessel materials passive heat removal systems
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Show pic
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Actinide management
bull To support effective actinide management a fast reactor must have a compact core with a minimum of materials which absorb or moderate fast neutrons This places a significant heat transfer requirement on the coolant
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactorsbull Old technologybull Management of wastebull Low system pressure high thermal conductivity large
safety marginsbull Burns almost all of the energy in uranium as opposed to
1 in todayrsquos plantsbull Smaller core with higher power density lower
enrichment and lower heavy metal inventorybull Primary system operates at just above atmospheric
pressurebull Secondary sodium circulation that heats the water (if it
leaks no radiation release)bull Demonstrated capability for passive shutdown and decay
heat removal
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Show pic
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Wind Energy
bull Electricitybull In 2005 18 GW produced in US enough to
supply 16 million householdsbull By 2008 121 GW worldwide (15 )bull It has doubled in the last 35 yearsbull Largest farm in US in Texas
ndash 421 turbines 230000 homesbull Cape CodLong Island planbull Capacity in US
ndash 170 turbines 25 sq miles 500000 homes (2007)ndash 28635 MW 15 M homes (as of April 30 2009)
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9149 11603 16819 25170
2 Germany 18428 20622 22247 23903
3 Spain 10028 11630 15145 16740
4 China 1266 2599 5912 12210
5 India 4430 6270 7850 9587
6 Italy 1718 2123 2726 3736
7 France 779 1589 2477 3426
8 United Kingdom 1353 1963 2389 3288
9 Denmark 3132 3140 3129 3164
10 Portugal 1022 1716 2130 2862
11 Canada 683 1460 1846 2369
12 Netherlands 1236 1571 1759 2237
13 1040 1309 1528 1880
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
20 by 2030 initiative
bull 300 GW goal
bull The wind industry is on track to grow to a size capable of installing 16000 MWyear
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Politics and economics
bull Not in my backyard
bull The cost of the project grows (the big dig phenomenon
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Cape codbull 130 wind turbines
bull 420 megawatts
bull 34 of the Cape and Islands electricity needs
bull The late Senator Kennedy and the candidates for his seat
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Long Island Wind Farm
bull Each wind turbine will generate 36 megawatts bull The project will consist of 40 turbines producing
a total of 140 megawatts bull The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44000 homes bull Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft long bull The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mphbull Project called off in 2007 (voted down)bull But new project surfacing in 200809 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Rhode Island
bull State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $15-billion 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island The 100-turbine project could provide 13 terawatt-hours (TWmiddoth) of electricity per year - 15 percent of all electricity used in the state
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
2005 Report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
bull Estimates offshore US wind potential
bull Offshore has several advantages over onshorendash Land with greatest wind potentials are far from
populated centersndash Less of an eye sorendash Stronger more dependable windsndash Use of larger more economical turbines
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
US Offshore Wind Resource ExclusionsInside 5nm ndash100 exclusion104876667 -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian marine mammal view shed restricted habitats shipping routes amp other habitats 104876633 exclusionndash20 to 50 nm1048766
GW by Depth (m)
Region 5-30 30-60 60-900 gt 900
NE 103 435 1306 00
Mid-atlantic 643 1262 453 300
Great lakes 155 116 1936 00
California 00 03 478 1680
Pacific NW 00 16 1004 682
Total 901 1832 5177 2662
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Deep water
bull In June 2009 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware The leases authorize data gathering activities allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles offshore
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
US Potential
bull Over 1 TW which is about equal to the total capacity for electricity generation in US
bull Requires research into the construction of off(off)shore turbines
bull Research into potential environmental impactsbull Research into best sites (windwave action
whale migration ect)bull 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Hydro
bull 7 of US electricity
bull 70 of renewable electricity
bull Research ndash improving environmental impact of dammingndash Expand usendash Hydrokinetic (wave tidal current and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Potential of harnessing wave energy
bull Young technology
bull But maybe 7 of our total electricity
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Fusion
bull Rxnbull Nuclei confined by magnetic fieldbull Capture neutrons
ndash Extract heatndash Drive reaction (self-sustained)
bull Steam-turbine-electricitybull Physics of plasmabull Materialsbull Stability
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Research timeline
bull JET ndash 16 MW for 05 sndash 1983-2004
bull ITER ndash 500 MW for 1000 sndash 2018 start date
bull DEMO ndash 2000 MW continuouslyndash 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
bull Transportation 20
bull Industrial 38
bull Residential heating lighting and appliances 11
bull Commercial heating lighting sewer ect 5
bull 27 lost in generation and transmission
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Hydrogen Generation
bull Uses Solar energy to generate hydrogen
bull Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity that drives electrochemical splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen
bull Earlier studies estimate the maximum conversion efficiencies of 15
bull Conversion efficiencies of 30 have been demonstated
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
30 obtained by
bull Eliminating the linkage of photo to electrolysis surface area
bull Ideal matching of photo- and electrolysis potentials
bull Incorporating better electrolysis catalysts
bull Incorporating efficient multiple bandgap photosensitizers
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Hypothesis
bull Further improvements can be made by using the photons that are below the minimum band gap energy of the sensitizers to heat the water
bull Theory predicts that the potential needed to drive electrolysis decreases with increasing temperature and lowers the overpotential
bull This would increase the efficiency of electrolysis to about 40-50
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Attempt to put the idea into perspective
bull How much energy could be produced from this type of solar tower
bull From Figure 3 the potential power collected by the photosensitizer is about 80 mWcm2
bull This equates to 80middot108 Wkm2
bull Total Energy consumption (worldwide) is 15middot1013 W
bull Photosensitizers would have to take up an area of 18800 km2 (100 efficiency) 100000 km2 (18 ) 38000 km2 (50 )
bull 18 PA 50 Conn and MA
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Figures
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Electric Cars
bull Plug in to charger in garage
bull Limited mileage but ideal for most commuters
bull Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost basis
bull Pb NiCd NiMH Li ion Li ion polymer batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Toyota RAV4-EV
bull Only 328 leasedpurchased to individuals in 2003-04
bull Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal rebate $29000
bull Battery replacement $26000 (third party vendors)
bull About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full batterybull Top speed 78 mileshrbull 0-60 in 18 sbull Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Debate why have these electric cars not been successful
bull Cost
bull Performance
bull Conspiracy between oil companies and auto industry
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
2007 electric cars
bull Telsa Roadsterbull 100 vehicles to be sold 650 in 2008bull Lithium ion batteriesbull 0-60 in 4 sbull 135 mph equivbull 2 centsmilebull 245 mileschargebull Top speed 125 mphbull $90000bull Company Strategy
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Who killed the electric carbull Chris Payne 2007 Documentarybull Consumers
ndash Lots of ambivalence to new technology unwillingness to compromise on decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and reduction of dependence on foreign oil
bull Batteries ndash Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge
bull Oil companies ndash Fearful of losing business to a competing technology they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate They also bought patents to prevent modern batteries from being used in US electric cars
bull Car companies ndash Negative marketing sabotaging their own product program failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand unusual business practices with regards to leasing versus sales
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Continuedbull Government
ndash The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against California has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and require increased fuel economy has promoted the purchase of vehicles with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks and has redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen
bull California Air Resources Board ndash The CARB headed by Alan Lloyd caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate Lloyd was given the directorship of the new fuel cell institute creating an inherent conflict of interest
bull Hydrogen fuel cell ndash The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo
GM is bring back the EV this coming year It will be a hybrid that also plugs into the wall
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Li ion battery
bull Battery specificationsbull Energyweight160 Whkgbull Energysize270 WhLbull Powerweight1800 Wkgbull Chargedischarge efficiency999[1]bull Energyconsumer-price28-5 WhUS$[2]bull Self-discharge rate5-10monthbull Time durability(24-36) monthsbull Cycle durability1200 cyclesbull Nominal Cell Voltage36 37 V
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
electrochemistry
bull In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode with the transition metal Co in LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduced from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
Recent Advancesbull Nano-sized titanate electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Ibull three times the power output of existing batteries and can be fully
charged in six minutes bull 20000 recharging cycles so durability and battery life are much
longer estimated to be around 20 years bull The batteries can operate from -50 degC to over 75 degC and will not
explode or result in thermal runaway even under severe conditions because they do not contain graphite-coated-metal anode electrode material
bull The batteries are currently being tested in a new production car made by Phoenix Motorcars which was on display at the 2006 SEMA motorshow
bull In March 2005 Toshiba announced another fast charging lithium-ion battery based on new nano-material technology that provides even faster charge times greater capacity and a longer life cycle The battery may be used in commercial products in 2006 or early 2007 primarily in the industrial and automotive sectors
