Worst ingredients in dishwasher detergents · For dishwasher detergents almost all the products contained one or more of the worst ingredients. The 11 worst ingredients were found

Date June 28, 2011

EnviroPlanning AB Lilla Bommen 5 C, SE-411 04 Göteborg, Sweden

Visitor address Lilla Bommen 5 C Telephone +46 31 771 87 40 Telefax +46 31 771 87 41

Web site www.enviroplanning.se e-mail [email protected]

Report

Worst ingredients in dishwasher detergents Italian and Portuguese products

Deco Pro Teste

Worst ingredients in WC cleaners Date June 28, 2011

Italian and Portuguese products Version Final

Doc.no 4083-01\10\01\Report.doc

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About the report

Title Worst ingredients in dishwasher detergents

Italian and Portuguese products

Version 001

Date June 28, 2011

Client Deco Pro Teste

Avenida Eng. Arantes e Oliveira, nº13, 1ºB

1900-221 Lisbon

Portugal

Project number 4083-01

Document number 4083-01\10\01\Report.doc

Report written by Helena Norin and Maria Sjö

Report reviewed by Jenny Robinson

Report verified by Helena Norin




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Summary Deco Pro Teste is preparing a review of dishwasher detergents available on the Italian and Portuguese market. One part of this review is related to the ingredients in the chosen products. EnviroPlanning has been hired to assess the environmental and health properties of the ingredients in order to determine the most hazardous ingredients in the dishwasher detergents chosen.

The substances are chosen because of bad environmental or health properties. The concentration of the substances in the products has not been taken into account, only the hazards of the ingredients. The survey shows that it is possible to manufacture products without these substances.

For dishwasher detergents almost all the products contained one or more of the worst ingredients. The 11 worst ingredients were found in 21 out of 24 products, and consequently only 3 products contained none of the worst ingredients. The products with the highest number of worst substances were, from Portugal, Finish-Calgonit Quantum, Dia 5 em 1 and W5 All in 1 Detergente em Pastilhas and, from Italy, Finish Powerball Quantum Tabs. These products used all four of the worst ingredients.




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Table of contents

1 Introduction ...................................................................... 1

1.1 General information ........................................................... 1

2 Description of the survey ................................................... 1

2.1 Selection of products ......................................................... 1

2.2 Collection of ingredient lists on internet ............................. 2

2.3 Compilation of used ingredients ......................................... 3

2.4 Environmental and health hazards of selected

chemicals .......................................................................... 3

2.5 Sources of information ....................................................... 4

3 Ingredients in dishwasher detergents ................................ 5

4 Most hazardous substances in dishwasher detergents ......... 7

5 Data gaps ........................................................................ 10

6 Differences between Portugal, Italy and Belgium .............. 11

7 Conclusions ..................................................................... 11




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1 Introduction

1.1 General information

Deco Pro Teste is preparing a review of dishwasher detergents on the Italian and Portuguese market. One part of this review is related to the ingredients in the chosen products. EnviroPlanning has been hired to assess the environmental and health properties of the ingredients in order to determine about ten of the most un-wanted ingredients.

2 Description of the survey

2.1 Selection of products

A selection of representative brands was made by Deco Pro Teste in Portugal with colleagues in Italy. For Italy 12 different dishwasher detergents were chosen, see Table 1. For Portugal 12 different dishwasher detergents were chosen, see Table 2.

Table 1. Dishwasher detergents from Italy.

Brand Product EAN code

AUCHAN Tutto in uno - limone 8005476508847

CARREFOUR Tutto in 1 3560070319527

COOP Pastiglie lavastoviglie 3 in 1 8001120826046

ESSELUNGA Pastiglie Lavastoviglie 3:1 limone 8002330107147

FAIRY TUTTO IN 1 5413149852860

FINISH Powerball Classic 8002910022129

FINISH Powerball Quantum 8002910030438

FINISH Powerball Tutto in 1 8002910026424

PRIL 10 Ultra Brillante 8015100561971

PRIL 5 Ultra Brillante 8015100562008

PRIL Tabs Igiene con Bicarbonato 8015100562497

W5 All in 1 20174682




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Table 2. Dishwasher detergents from Portugal.

Brand Product EAN code

APTA Tout en 1 (Pastilhas Tudo em 1 para máquina de lavar loiça)

3250391046843

AUCHAN Tudo em 1 8410104080808

FINISH-CALGONIT Quantum 5011417548110

FINISH-CALGONIT Tudo em 1 5201347155315

CONTINENTE Tudo em 1 5601312036296

DIA 5 em 1 8480017608864

FAIRY Platinum 5413149873957

FAIRY Ultra Caps 5413149661691

SUN All in 1 - Extra Power 8718114473987

SUN All in 1 8718114461243

ULTRA PRO 5 em 1 Ultra 4 + Protecção do Aço Inoxidável 5601009943470

W5 All in 1 Detergente em Pastilhas 20234614

2.2 Collection of ingredient lists on internet

The ingredients in dishwasher detergents must, according to the European detergents legislation, be publicly accessible on internet pages.1 The manufacturers should use specific INCI2 names for the chemicals or names used in the European Pharmacopoeia3, if INCI names don’t exist.

The address of the website must be written on the package of a product. For Procter & Gamble brands, a production code is needed as well, to have access to the list of ingredients. The production code, also known as batch number, is printed on the package. The ingredients should be given in descending order based on the concentration in the product, but the concentrations of the individual ingredients don’t need to be stated.

1 Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 on detergents 2 CosIng is the European Commission database with information on cosmetic ingredients http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cosmetics/cosing/ INCI stands for International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient 3 http://www.edqm.eu/site/Background-amp-Legal-Framework-50.html




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The ingredient lists were collected for the selected products. All ingredient lists were collected and compiled by Deco Pro Teste.

2.3 Compilation of used ingredients

The ingredients were compiled in a database in MS Excel by Deco Pro Teste. If available, Deco Pro Teste also included CAS-numbers to the database. When available, the correct INCI nomenclature as well as the missing CAS-numbers were added and used. In total 182 ingredients were used in the examined dishwasher detergents. Some ingredient names could be identified as the same as another one, so that the actual number of different ingredients is 169. As some ingredients were identified as neither INCI or European Pharmacopoeia names, nor more general chemical names, the actual number of ingredients may be lower, if the ingredients with unknown names are identical with other known ingredients.

There was a wide range in how many ingredients the different products contained, varying from 6 to 44.

2.4 Environmental and health hazards of selected chemicals

A screening of the properties of the substances used was made using relevant sources of information (see “2.5 Sources of information”). The results were compiled in the MS Excel file mentioned above. This screening indicated which substances contain the most hazardous properties to the environment and human health.

The environmental properties used for determination of the worst ingredients were:

Toxicity to aquatic organisms

Biodegradability

Bioaccumulation

Health aspects include CMR substances (carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic to reproduction) and allergy.

Eutrophication

No substances have been chosen only because of poor biodegradability. For substances where data for different species are available, the most sensitive species




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has been used for the evaluation. The toxicity to aquatic organisms is an important property for dishwasher detergents, as all of them end up in the waste water and may harm aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation, substances entering the food chain without being excreted, is another property important for the environment. Many substances may accumulate in fat tissue and, especially if they are toxic, may cause harm. They may cause harm even if they are not so toxic if they take the place of other natural and important substances in the body.

The main human health effect found for the substances used in the products are sensitizing substances that may cause allergic reactions.

Eutrophication is chosen as phosphorous in detergents contribute to eutrophication of European waters. In more and more European countries phosphates are being phased out in washing powders and some countries are also phasing them out or restricting the use in dishwasher detergents. Italy accepts 6%, Phosphorous in a dish washer detergent, while Norway restricts it to 3,8% and Sweden to 0,5%. This has led to products formulated without phosphates in Norway and Sweden, but in Italy most products still contain phosphates (as will be seen in Table 4).

Out of the chosen products does 17 products contain phosphate, 14 phosphonates and one phopsphoric acid.

2.5 Sources of information

To identify the properties of the ingredients, different sources of information were used. The Nordic Swan and the European eco-label (the EU Flower) have developed a Detergent Ingredient Database4 of the ingredients in household chemical products which was used to identify the properties of the ingredients. As this database does not cover all ingredients used in products, but focuses mostly on those that may be used in eco-labeled products, other sources of information were used as well.

Toxicological and eco-toxicological information is the base for classification and labeling of chemical products. The database for classification from the former European Chemicals Bureau5 was also used as a source for checking properties. It is however important to know that all chemicals do not have an official classification, but the classification is made by the manufacturers and it can not be found in the

4 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/ecolabelled_products/categories/did_list_en.htm 5 http://tcsweb3.jrc.it/classification-labelling/clp/




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official databases. The Swedish database Chemical Substances6 from Prevent was also used to collect information on properties as well as the recently published OECD database e-chemportal7.

Official priority lists of chemicals with most hazardous characteristics that ideally should be substituted are published in Sweden8, Norway9 and Denmark10. These lists have their background in official classification system. The SIN list 2.011, an NGO initiative led by ChemSec, cover substances that fall within the definition of “substances of very high concern” according to the European chemicals legislation REACH. All these lists contain substances with severe potential effects on environment and health.

3 Ingredients in dishwasher detergents

The main purpose with dishwasher detergents is to clean the dishes in an automated dishwasher. This is done by surfactants that bind to fat and grease and make the lipids suspend in water. When the lipids are suspended in water they are possible to rinse away. Other important ingredients are builders and anti re-depositioning agents. Builders react with calcium and magnesium ions in the water to make the water softer. Soft water requires less amount of surfactant to clean the dishes. Anti re-depositioning agents prevent grease in the water from settling on the cleaned dishes. Table 3 shows the most common ingredients in dishwasher detergents.

Table 3. General dishwasher ingredients.

Function Used for Example

6 http://kemi.prevent.se/default_eng.asp 7 http://www.echemportal.org/echemportal/index?pageID=0&request_locale=en 8 PRIO – a tool for Risk Reduction of Chemicals http://www.kemi.se/templates/PRIOEngframes____4144.aspx 9 List of Priority Substances – State of the Environment Norway http://www.miljostatus.no/en/Topics/Hazardous-chemicals/Hazardous-chemical-lists/List-of-Priority-Substances/ 10 Listen over uønskede stoffer 2009(in Danish) Environmental Protection Agency-Danish Ministry of the Environment http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2010/978-87-92617-15-6/pdf/978-87-92617-16-3.pdf 11 http://www.sinlist.org/




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Surfactants Suspends grease in the water which then can be rinsed away.

Amino acids

Fatty alcohols

Builders React with ions like calcium and magnesium in hard waterto make the surfactants work more effectively.

Phosphates

Zeolites

Polycarboxylic acid

Oxidizing agent Bleaching stains by oxidation. Sodium carbonate peroxide

Enzymes Microbiological substances that react and dissolve specific stains like blood, egg and fat.

Amylase

Protease

Anti re-depositioning agents

Prevents dirt in suspension from resettling on the clean dishes.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

Color & fragrance Color and fragrance are used to make the product appear more attractive to the consumer and to enhance the difference between products.

Limonene




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4 Most hazardous substances in dishwasher detergents

The criteria used to rank the different products in the survey based on the ingredients environmental and health properties have been any or more of the following:

Substances

not being readily biodegradable

more toxic than 1mg/l

with bioaccumulation factor above 100 or log Kow above 3

sensitizing in contact with the skin

endocrine disrupting

releasing phosphorous to the environment

The ranking resulted in a selection of eleven most hazardous ingredients, based on the properties of the substances.

Several of the most hazardous ingredients are antimicrobials, which often are hazardous to the environment as well as sensitizing to humans. A wide use of antimicrobial substances may lead to increased resistance among bacteria. This may result in the usage of more powerful antibacterial substances needed to kill bacteria in the few cases where the bacteria need to be killed. Dishwasher detergents do not need antimicrobial substances to clean the dishes and more than 50% of the products did not contain antimicrobials.

A group of substances that is not biodegradable is colorants. They are widely used in dishwasher detergents. They are used in low amounts in the detergents and it was chosen not to include them in the list of worst ingredients. However, their use does not contribute to the function of the detergents.

Benzisothiazolinone

This substance is a preservative and an antimicrobial with a toxicity to algae of 0,15 mg/l. It is inherently biodegradable in an aerobic environment and not biodegradable in anaerobic conditions. It is officially classified as harmful if swallowed, irritating to skin, cause serious eye damage, may cause sensitization by skin contact and is very toxic to aquatic organisms. As the products assessed are solid, the use of preservatives is deemed unnecessary as preservatives are used to prevent mould in




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aqueous solutions during storage. Benzisothiazolinone is hence chosen as one of the most hazardous substances. Benzisothiazolinone is not a permitted preservative in cosmetics, according to the Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC.

Zinc acetate and zinc sulphate

Zinc acetate and zinc sulphate are antimicrobial substances which are very toxic to fish and algae. The use of antimicrobial substances in dishwasher detergents is not necessary to clean the dishes. Wide use of antimicrobial substances may lead to increased resistance among bacteria. This may result in the usage of more powerful antibacterial substances needed to kill bacteria in the few cases where the bacteria need to be killed. Zinc sulphate has toxicity to fresh water fish (LC50) as low as 0,084 mg/l. This value is far below 1 mg/l, the limit for “very toxic to aquatic organisms”.

Phosphates and Pentasodium triphosphate

Some of the studied dishwasher detergents used the substance name pentasodium triphosphate and some did not give a specific name, but only used the group name phosphates. Phosphates are used as builders or complexing agents in dishwasher detergents. The water is softened and less surfactant is needed to clean the goods. Phosphates contribute to the eutrophication and in some European countries such as Sweden, Norway and Italy, the presence of phosphates in dishwasher detergents is forbidden or heavily restricted. In Italy is maximum 6% phosphorus allowed, which correspond to 24% phosphate. According to a Swedish report most of the Italian dishwasher detergents uses phosphate at a level just below the limit.12 For laundry detergents a recent proposal for an EU wide ban has been presented.13 The environmental movement regretted that the proposed ban did not cover dishwasher detergents as well.14 Phosphates are considered as one of the most hazardous ingredients, since there are other builders, as well as phosphate free dishwasher detergents available on the market. Phosphates are chosen as one of the worst substances due to their eutrophication properties.

12 http://www.kemi.se/upload/Medier/Pressmeddelanden/2007/Fosfater_i_maskindiskmedel.pdf 13 Commission proposal COM (2010) 597 amending Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 as regards the use of phosphates and other phosphorous compounds in household laundry detergents 14 http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/about_freshwater/freshwater_news/?196405/Commissions-proposal-to-ban-phosphates-in-laundry-detergents




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Phosphonates, Tetrasodium etidronate & Ethylenediamine-tetra (methylene

phosphonic acid)-Ca-Na-salt

In this survey two different phosphonate substances were identified, as well as the group name phosphonates. The specified phosphonates are tetrasodium etidronate and ethylenediamine-tetra (methylene phosphonic acid)-Ca-Na-salt. Phosphonates is a large group of chemicals with many different substances. Little information is available about the characteristics of different phosphonates, but some sources indicate that the substances are not biodegradable and have low toxicity. Tetrasodium etidronate have been determined to to have similar properties as other phosphonates since data for this substance was not available. Ethylenediamine-tetra (methylene phosphonic acid)-Ca-Na-salt is readily biodegradable, unlike most phosphonates.

Limonene

This substance is used as a perfume and deodorant and is among the 26 most sensitizing substances in fragrances.15 Such substances have to be declared in the list of ingredients. The use of fragrances in dishwasher detergents can be questioned and especially the substances with known sensitizing properties. Limonene is readily biodegradable but it is also very toxic to aquatic organisms and it bioaccumulates. It is officially classified as flammable, irritating to skin, may cause sensitation by skin contact, very toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.

Petroleum distillates

This is a petroleum based substance that is used as a solvent or antifoaming. It may bioaccumulate and it is not readily biodegradable. Different sources indicate that petroleum distillates are toxic to aquatic organisms, but it varies from moderate to very toxic. It is officially classified as potentially carcinogenic. The classification is not valid if the substance contains less than 0,1% by weight of 1,3-butadiene. The manufacturer of the detergent is responsible to make sure that the substance is pure enough to avoid the risk of cancer. There are many solvents with better

15 Opinion SCCNFP/0017/98 and Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 on detergents




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ecotoxicological properties and is why this substance is one of the most hazardous solvents.

Sodium polynaphthalenesulfonate

This substance is persistent in the environment. It is a polymerization product of naphthalene sulfonic acid and formaldehyde it is one of the worst substances because formaldehyde is carcinogenic.

5 Data gaps

For some of the ingredients there were no, or very few, ecotoxicological data to be found. This could be because the name of the ingredient is not specific enough, for example “metal protection agents” or “oxygenated optical brightener”. It can also be that the substance is poorly investigated. For 9% of the substances surveyed, the information available was not enough to make a proper conclusion. These data gaps can lead to the fact that new substances might show up as unwanted substances in the future, since there is not enough information available to evaluate their properties. The same applies to many of the polymeric ingredients being both difficult to identify and to find any information about. Concerning optical brighteners, they do not have any cleaning properties, but makes the cleaned object appear whiter and are mostly used in laundry detergents. They are normally not used in dish washer detergents, which is why it may be assumed that the substance could be a bleaching agent, such as sodium percarbonate.

Ethylene/propylene oxide copolymer

Ethylene/propylene oxide copolymer with the CAS number 9003-11-6 corresponds with 73 different INCI names, and the ecotoxicological results also differ. The substance is persistent or only partially biodegradable. Some sources indicate that the substance is toxic to aquatic organisms, but there are others that show a low toxicity. This substance is not present in eco-labeled products from the same manufacturer of dishwasher detergents.




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6 Differences between Portugal, Italy and Belgium

An earlier survey of 12 dishwasher detergents in Belgium showed both similar and different results16. Five of the twelve dishwasher detergents in the aforementioned survey were also included in this survey for Portugal and Italy. Most of them had a similar recipe in the different countries. About 80% of the ingredients were the same in Finish, Sun and W5, but the products by Carrefour varied more. In Belgium 50% of the studied dishwasher detergents were phosphate-free but only about 40% in Portugal and 20% in Italy.

7 Conclusions

Of all the substances in this survey some remain unevaluated due to the lack of available data and correct naming. As mentioned earlier, the ingredient lists should use the CosIng nomenclature or the European Pharmacopeia. This is not followed by all manufacturers. Despite Deco Pro Teste’s efforts to make a list of INCI names, not all ingredients were possible to identify, this applies to about 6% of the ingredients.

In Tables 4 and 5 the most hazardous substances are presented together with the products containing them. The substances were chosen because of their effects on environment or human health. The concentration of the substances in the products has not been taken into account, only the hazards of the ingredients. The survey shows that it is possible to manufacture products without these substances.

For the dishwasher detergents 21 of 24 products contained one or more of the most hazardous ingredients. In Italy, there was only one product completely free of these substances, Coop Pastiglie lavastoviglie 3 in 1, and in Portugal there were two, Fairy Platinum and Fairy Ultra Caps. There were four products with four of the most hazardous substances. From Portugal: Finish-Calgonit Quantum, Dia 5 em 1 and W5 All in 1 Detergente em Pastilhas. From Italy: Finish Powerball Quantum Tabs.

The use of phosphorous is questionable due to their eutrophicating properties and the fact that all dishwasher detergents end up in the waste water system. Out of 24 dishwasher detergents 20 contained phosphate or phosphonate. Three of the four phosphorous free products were also free of the other hazardous ingredients. That

16 Détergents lave-vaisselle. Test-Achats 552 • avril 2011




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means that all but one phosphate/phosphonate using product also contains one or more of the other hazardous ingredients.

Table 4. Worst substances in dishwasher detergents in Italy

Name Function

Au

chan

Tu

tto

in

un

o -

lim

on

e

Carr

efo

ur

Tu

tto

in

1

Esselu

ng

a P

asti

gli

e L

avasto

vig

lie

3:1

lim

on

e

Fair

y T

utt

o in

1 (

Ori

gin

al)

Fin

ish

Po

we

rba

ll C

lassic

Fin

ish

Po

we

rba

ll Q

uan

tum

Tab

s

Fin

ish

Po

we

rba

ll t

ab

s T

utt

o in

1

Pri

l 1

0 U

ltra

-Bri

llan

te (

tab

s)

Peil

5 U

ltra

-Bri

llan

te (

Ta

bs)

Pri

l U

ltra

-Bri

llan

te i

gie

ne c

on

bic

arb

on

ato

(ta

bs)

W5

All

in

1

Benzisothiazolinone Antimicrobial x

Ethylene diamine-tetra (methylene phosphonic acid)-Ca-Na-salt Sequestrant x

Limonene Deodorant, Perfuming x x x x x

Pentasodium triphosphate Sequestrant x x x x x x x x x x

Petroleum distillates Solvent

Phosphates Sequestrant

Phosphonate okänd Sequestrant

Sodium polynaphtalenesulfonate Surfactant x

Tetrasodium etidronate Sequestrant x x x x

Zinc acetate Antimicrobial x

Zinc sulfate Antimicrobial x x x




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Table 5. Worst substances in dishwasher detergents in Portugal

Name Function

Ap

ta T

ou

t en

1 (

Pasti

lhas T

ud

o e

m 1

pa

ra

máq

uin

a d

e l

avar

loiç

a)

Au

chan

Tu

do

em

1

Fin

ish

-Calg

on

it Q

uan

tum

Fin

ish

-Calg

on

it T

ud

o e

m 1

Co

nti

nen

te T

ud

o e

m 1

Dia

5 e

m 1

Su

n A

ll in

1 -

Extr

a P

ow

er

Su

n A

ll in

1

Ult

ra P

ro 5

em

1

U

ltra

4 +

Pro

tecçã

o d

o A

ço I

no

xid

áve

l

W5

All

in

1 D

ete

rgen

te e

m P

asti

lhas

Benzisothiazolinone Antimicrobial x x

Ethylene diamine-tetra (methylene phosphonic acid)-Ca-Na-salt Sequestrant

Limonene Deodorant, Perfuming x x

Pentasodium triphosphate Sequestrant x x x x x x

Petroleum distillates Solvent x

Phosphates Sequestrant x

Phosphonate okänd Sequestrant x x x x

Sodium polynaphtalenesulfonate Surfactant

Tetrasodium etidronate Sequestrant x x x x x x

Zinc acetate Antimicrobial x

Zinc sulfate Antimicrobial x x x x




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References

See footnotes in the report.

Documents

Worst ingredients in dishwasher detergents · For dishwasher detergents almost all the products contained one or more of the worst ingredients. The 11 worst ingredients were found