Write What Symbol Indicates

8/13/2019 Write What Symbol Indicates

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Within each symbol, write down what the

symbol represents.

This could be the start or finish of the process,

the action to be taken, or the decision to be

made.

Symbols are connected one to the other by

arrows, showing the flow of the process.

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Points to note

Flow charts are simple diagrams that map out a process

so that it can easily be communicated to other people.

To draw a flowchart, brainstorm the tasks and decisions

made during a process, and write them down in order. Then map these out in flow chart format using

appropriate symbols for the start and end of a process,

for actions to be taken and for decisions to be made.

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Finally, challenge your flow chart to make sure

that its an accurate representation of the

process, and that that it represents the most

efficient way of doing the job

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3. Check sheets

The intent and purpose of collecting data is to either

control the production process, to see the relationship

between cause-and-effect, or for the continuous

improvement of those processes that produce any type

of defect or nonconforming product.

A Check Sheet is used for the purpose of collecting data

to compile in such a way as to be easily used, understood

and analyzed automatically.

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The Check Sheet, as it is being completed,

actually becomes a graphical representation

of the data you are collecting, thus you do

NOT need any computer software, or

spreadsheet to record the data.

It can be simply done with pencil and paper

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The main functions - Checks

Production process distribution checks -

where the distribution lies.

Defective item checks - to determine what

kind of defects exist in the process.

Defect location checks - to determine where

the common defects on a part are located.

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Defective cause checks - type of defect and

thus validate the cause thereof.

Check-up confirmation checks - final phase of

assembly to check the finished product or

work.

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4. Histograms

The common person believes that if a part is made in

mass production from a machine, all of the parts will be

exactly alike.

The truth is that even with the best of machines and processes, no

two parts are exactly the same.

The product will have a main or "mean" specification limit, with

plus/minus tolerance that states that as long as the part is

produced within this range, to that range, it is an acceptable part.

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The object is to hit the target specification, however, that

is not always totally possible.

The purpose of a Histogram is to take the data that is

collected from a process and then display it graphically toview how the distribution of the data, centers itself

around the mean, or main specification.

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The histogram will graphically show

The center of the data.

The spread of the data.

Any data skewness (slant, bias or run at anangle).

The presence of outliers (product outside the

specification range).

The presence of multiple modes (or peaks)

within the data.

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5. Scatter diagrams

The Scatter Diagram is another Quality Tool that can beused to show the relationship between "paired data",and can provide more useful information about aproduction process.

What is meant by "paired data"?

The term "cause-and-effect" relationship between twokinds of data may also refer to a relationship betweenone cause and another, or between one cause and

several others.

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For example, you could consider the relationshipbetween an ingredient and the product hardness;between the cutting speed of a blade and the variationsobserved in length of parts; or the relationship between

the illumination levels on the production floor and themistakes made in quality inspection of product produced.

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6. Control charts

Control charts are generally used in a

production or manufacturing environment

and are used to control, monitor and

IMPROVE a process.

Common causes are always present and

generally attributed to machines, material and

time vs. temperature.

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This normally takes a minor adjustment to the process to

make the correction and return the process to a normal

output.

However, when making a change to the process, it should always be

a MINOR change.

If a plot is observed that shows a slight deviation trend

upward or downward, the "tweaking" adjustment should

be a slight change, and then another observation should

be made.

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Too often people will over-correct by making

too big of an adjustment which then causes

the process to dramatically shift in the other

direction.

For that reason, all changes to the process

should be SLIGHT and GRADUAL!

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Control Lines

A control chart is a graph or chart with limit

lines, called control lines.

There are basically three kinds of control lines:

the upper control limit (UCL),

the central line (actual nominal size of

product),

the lower control limit (LCL).

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The Xbar & R Control Chart

An Xbar & R Control Chart is one that shows both

the mean value ( X ), and the range ( R ).

The Xbar portion of the chart mainly shows any

changes in the mean value of the process, while

the R portion shows any changes in the dispersion

of the process.

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This chart is particularly useful in that it shows

changes in mean value and dispersion of the

process at the same time, making it a very effective

method for checking abnormalities within theprocess; and if charted while in progress, also

points out a problem in the production flow in real

time mode.

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7. Fishbone diagram

Cause & Effect Diagrams

Identifying the Likely Causes of Problems

Also called Fish or Fishbone Diagram andIshikawa Diagrams

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Cause and Effect analysis helps you to think

through causes of a problem thoroughly.

Their major benefit is that they push you to

consider all possible causes of the problem,

rather than just the ones that are most

obvious

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Conclusion.

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Write What Symbol Indicates