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Writing and Local Identity: Literary Women of the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong, 18th and 19th Centuries
Grace S. FongProfessor of Chinese Literature
McGill University
Visiting ProfessorUniversity of Hong Kong
• Steven Miles. The Sea of Learning: Mobility and Identity in Nineteenth-Century Guangzhou. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2006.
• Xuehaitang Academy 學海堂書院, founded in 1820
• Ruan Yuan 阮元 (1764-1849): Governor-General ofGuangdong and Guangxi (1817-1826)
Pearl River Delta (清) 珠江三角洲
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Pearl River Delta
Hakka regionJiaying county
Ming Qing Women’s Writings (MQWW) Portal
http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/mingqing/
Guangdong women’s writing as part of the development and construction of scholar-gentry culture and identity in this region during the late imperial period:
• In what ways were literary women a part of the regional culture in Guangdong in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
• Did a regional or local culture inform these women’s textual production, if so, how?
• Do the hopes and desires, social and cultural activities, reflections and ambitions of these Pearl River Delta women show difference from or similarity to their contemporary counterparts, both those in the Yangzi River Delta, the well-studied center of women’s literary culture and those in neighboring coastal and inland provinces such as Fujian and Hunan?
Download Microsoft Access MQWW database
Analytical terms:
• TEXT – writings by the women authors contained in their own collections, consisting mainly of poetry but also include some prose genres
• PARATEXT – framing materials, such as title page, preface, postscript, endorsement verse, biography, etc., produced by other writers to accompany the publication of an author’s personal collection
Three types of sources for Guangdong Women Writers used in this study:
1) Anthologies 總集、選集:
• 溫汝能 (1748-1811) 編. 《粵東詩海》 1813 版 (not in MQWW)
• 惲珠 (1771-1833). 《國朝閨秀正始集、續集》 1831-1836 版.
2) Catalogues 書目:
• 冼玉清 (1895-1965). 《廣東女子藝文考》 商務印書館 1941.
• 胡文楷. 《歷代婦女著作考》商務印書館 1957; 上海古籍出版社 1985; 2008 增訂版 .
3) Digital Archive 數字檔案:
• 明清婦女著作 http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/mingqing/
溫汝能 (1748-1811). 《粵東詩海》 1813 版
1055 詩人： 78 女詩人
《易經》: Trigram Li 離卦
例言：…賢媛淑女不擇地而生。而粵位南離。離為中女而象文明。故女生其間。亦有才情絢爛而明照四方。
Virtuous ladies and gentle maidens do not choose the place where they are born. But Yue (Guangdong) is located in the southern Li, and Li is the “second daughter” signifying civilization. Therefore, when women are born in its midst, there would indeed be those whose natural endowments are brilliant and illuminate the four directions.
• 冼玉清. 《廣東女子藝文考》 商務印書館 1941.
Guangdong women authors: 2 (pre-Ming), 13 (Ming), 89 (Qing)
• 胡文楷.《歷代婦女著作考》上海古籍出版社 1985; 2008 增訂版 .
Guangdong women authors: 4 Ming, 95 Qing
惲珠 (1771-1833). 《國朝閨秀正始集》《～續集》1831-1836.
Women poets: Guangdong 33 Hunan 38Fujian 44 Jiangnan:Zhejiang 336 Jiangsu 463
明清婦女著作 (MQWW) http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/mingqing/
Women poets: Guangdong 78 (6 pre-Ming, 10 Ming, 62 Qing)
Hunan 105Fujian 224Jiangnan:Zhejiang 988Jiangsu 1082
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Produced by Dr. SHI Song
Geographical distribution of 78 Guangdong women writersin the Ming Qing Women’s Writings digital archive
Note concentration in the Pearl River Delta.
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REGION NAME DATES TITLE OF COLLECTION
PUB. YEAR
OWNING LIBRARY
1. 順德 Shunde 李晚芳 1691-1767 讀史管見: 三卷 女學言行纂﹕三卷
1787 Sun Yat-sen Library
2. 順德 Shunde 龍唫薌 1841-1905 蕉雨軒稿: 一卷 1908 Sun Yat-sen Library
3. 順德 Shunde 李佩珍 1843-1870 綠綺閣詩鈔：一卷 1900 Sun Yat-sen Library
4. 順德 Shunde 馬雅文 d. 1903 畫荻吟草: 一卷 1936 Sun Yat-sen Library
5. 順德 Shunde 黎春熙 d. 1870s 靜香閣詩存 1898 (跋) Harvard-Yenching Library
6. 番禺 Panyu 史印玉 d.1873 芙蓉館遺稿：一卷 1874 Sun Yat-sen Library
7. 番禺 Panyu 劉月娟 c. 1890-? 倚雲樓詩鈔：一卷 1912 Sun Yat-sen Library
8. 番禺 Panyu 周曜雲
c. 1853-c. 1912 幽蘭軒詩選：一卷
1910s National Library
9. 南海 (廣州) Nanhai
黃璇 fl.1851-1908 紫藤花館詩: 一卷 1878 National Library
10. 南海 (廣州) Nanhai 梁靄 1865-1890 飛素閣遺詩：一卷 1900 Sun Yat-sen Library
11. 香山 (中山) Xiangshan
李如蕙 fl. early 19C 茗香室詩略: 一卷 1835 National Library
12. 香山 (中山) Xiangshan
劉慧娟 1830-ca.1880 曇花閣詩鈔﹕三集 1890 Harvard-Yenching Library
13. 陽春 Yangchun 謝方端 1724-1813 小樓吟稿: 二卷 1900 National Library
14. 新會 Xinhui 黃芝臺 Late 18C-19C 凝香閣詩鈔: 一卷 1864 (1834 初版)
National Library
15. 嘉應 (梅州) Jiaying 葉璧華 1841-1915 古香閣全集: 四卷 1903 Sun Yat-sen Library
16. 博羅 Boluo 韓綺如 Late 19C 容韓女士詩鈔：一卷 1927 Sun Yat-sen Library
Literary collections by 16 Guangdong women authors in Ming Qing Women’s Writings
Visualization of “social networks” generated by paratext writers for Guangdong women’s collections
Produced by Dr. SHI Song
梁靄 (1865-1890) 潘飛聲 (1858-1934)
Noteworthy features in Guangdong women’s writings:
• strong self-presentation
• interest in writing didactic literature
• travel poetry in Guangdong and other provinces
• mutual awareness
• interest in reading and writing history
• valorization of Hakka woman’s writing in the discourse of Hakka identity
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邱掌珠 (1799-1844), <書嶺南閨秀詩後>
今錄嶺南詩 I now record the poems of Lingnan
明媛喜璀璨 Delighting in the famous ladies’ brilliance.
繕存几案旁 Transcribed and kept on the side table
時時一把玩 I pick them up to enjoy from time to time . . . . .
國朝閨秀正始集 18.21b
. . . . .
閨閣寡交遊
行不出里門
檻外聞嚶鳴
求友聲相喚
• Hakkas 客家 – an ethnic group with their own distinctive dialect and customs who had settled in southern Fujian and northern Guangdong
• Jiaying 嘉應, present-day Meizhou 梅州
• Huang Zunxian 黃遵憲 (1848-1905)
• Ye Bihua 葉璧華 (1841-1915)
葉璧華 《古香閣全集》 (1903):
黃遵憲序有中原之舊族。三代之遺民。過江入。沿海而至粵。遷來已八九百年。傳世已二十五六代。而嶺東之人。猶別而名之曰客民。其性溫文。其俗儉樸。其婦女之賢勞。竟甲於天下。
In the past, old lineages from the Central Plains and subjects from the three dynasties Xia, Shang, and Zhou crossed the Yangzi River and 。entered Min (Fujian). They continued along the seacoast and reached Yue (Guangdong). It has been eight to nine hundred years or twenty-five to twenty-six generations since they moved here. But the people east of the Ridges (the Cantonese) still call them “sojourners” 客民. Their nature is gentle, their customs frugal. The diligence of their womenfolk is unmatched in the world.
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葉璧華 《古香閣全集》 (1903)
• 懿德女學堂總教習葉璧華 潤生著
• 14 paratexts
• 丘逢甲 (1864-1912) 題詞
• 張煜南 (1851-1911): 光緒二十七年(1901)孟冬月榕軒氏張煜南題贈並刊印
