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WritingExercise-paraphrasingTopic:generalparaphrasingskills
Computers/phonesTime:60minutesLevel:*****[B1/B2/C1]
LessonPlan Aim:todevelopthestudents’abilitytoparaphraseeffectivelyusinginternettoolsandgoingthrougha3-stageprocess.1.Leadin-whatisaparaphrase
• GiveoutWorksheet#1andaskstudentstoidentify‘aquotation,aparaphrase,asummary’(explaindifferences-seeanswers)
• Section2:askstudentstodiscusswhichisthebetterparaphrasebetweena)orb)(lookatteacher’sanswerstoexplain)
2.Thetools
• Askstudentstoopen4windowsontheircomputerandexplainthe4websites(Worksheet#2)gohereformoreinfo:https://academic-englishuk.com/writing-websites
• GiveoutWorksheet#3Paraphrasing.Gothroughthefourrulesatthetopofthe
page.1)Highlightkeywords.2)Findsynonyms.3)RewriteGrammar.4)checkmeaning.
• Gothroughthefirstexampleasaclass.(Lookatanswersbeforetheclassandhighlight
eachstage).1-elicitkeywordsinthesentence.2)askthestudentstofindfoursynonymsforeachnon-keyword.Feedbackasaclassontheboard.Askthestudentstochooseasynonymforeachwordandrewritethesentenceusingthesesynonyms.3)askthestudentstochangethegrammarintothepassivebyusing‘Information’asthesubject.4)Addthereferenceandcheckmeaning.
• Practice1&2:Letthestudentsdothenextexerciseontheirown.Teachermonitors
andguides.Feedbackasclassforeachactivity-teacherprovidesamodelanswer.
• MorePracticeActivity-studentsworkontheirownpracticingparaphrasing.Teachermonitorsandguides.Feedbackasaclassorindividuallywiththeanswerkey
Disclaimer:thereisnotasetanswer-acceptstudents’paraphrasesifmeaninghasn’tchanged
Copyright:Thesematerialsarephotocopiablebutpleaseleavealllogosandwebaddressesonhandouts.Pleasedon’tpostthesematerialsontotheweb.Thankyou
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Paraphrasing#11.Whichisasummary/quotation/paraphrase?
A. Smith(2010)statesthat“ExeterCouncilspends£3.3millioneachyearonbiofuelheatingratherthan£7millionitwouldspendifitstillreliedonoilandgas”(p.221).
B. Smith(2010,p.221)highlightsthat£3.7millionissavedonheatingbyExeterCouncilfromchangingtobiofuelsustainableenergy.
C. Smith(2010)suggeststhatExeterCouncilcouldsavemillionsofpoundsonheating
fromchangingtosustainableenergy.2.StudentparaphrasingOriginalsource:
“ExeterCouncilspends£3.3millioneachyearonbiofuelheatingratherthan£7million
itwouldspendifitstillreliedonoilandgas”(Smith,2010,p.221).
Whichparaphraseisbetterandwhy?StudentparaphraseA
• Smith(2010)highlightsExeterCouncilpays£3.3millioneveryyearonbiofuelinstead
of£7millionitusedtospendonoilandgas”.
StudentparaphraseB
• Smith(2010)highlightsthat£3.7millionissavedonheatingbyExeterCouncilfrom
changingtobiofuelsustainableenergy.
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Paraphrasing#2
CambridgeOnlineDictionary(EnglishtoEnglish)dictionary.cambridge.org Thisdictionaryprovidesanin-depthexplanation,keypronunciationandexamplesentences.AtuniversitylevelEnglishlearningit'sagoodideatouseanEnglish-to-Englishdictionarytocheckunknownwordsandimproveyourlexicalrepertoire(knowledgeofwords). GoogleSynonymSearchUseGoogletosearchforkeysynonyms(similarwords).Thiscanbedonethroughtypingtheword'analysis'followedby'syn'='analysissyn'.Thisprovidesawiderangeofsynonyms.ThesaurusSynonymSearchwww.thesaurus.comisaversatilewebsitethatoffersagoodrangeofsynonyms(similarwords).Itdividesthelistsintotwokeygroupsofdarkorangeformostfrequenttolightorangenotsofrequent.OzdicCollocationSearchwww.ozdic.comisanexcellentwebsitethatofferskeycollocations(wordsandphrasesthatgotogether).Thiscollocationsearchwillhelpfluencyinwritingandusemoreacademicformalvocabulary.Belowisanexampleofacollocationsearchfor'analysis'.Itshowskeyadjectivesandverbsusedwithanalysis
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Paraphrasing#3
1.Highlightimportantwords/keyterms(wordsthatcannotbechanged)
2.Findsynonyms/alternativewordsforhighfrequencywords
3.Changegrammar:activetopassive,nounstoverbs,adjectivestoadverbs,wordorder
4.Checkmeaning
ClassExample1)“Memoryisthecapacityforstoringandretrievinginformation”(Smith,2016)2)“Memoryisthecapacityforstoringandretrievinginformation”(Smith,2016)3)Information_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________(Smith,2016)
Teacher’sexample:___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________(Smith,2016)
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Practice11)Jonesetal.(2016,p.23)statesthat“therearethoughttobeover4,000plantspeciesusedbyforestdwellersasfoodandmedicinealone”.
2)Jonesetal.(2016,p.23)statesthat“therearethoughttobeover4,000plantspecies
usedbyforestdwellersasfoodandmedicinealone”.
3)_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Teacher’sexample:___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Practice21)“PaulEkmanfromtheUniversityofCaliforniahasconductedalongseriesofexperimentsonhownonverbalbehaviourmayrevealrealinnerstates”.(TakenfromJohnWilson’sbookin2016onpage23).2)“PaulEkmanfromtheUniversityofCaliforniahasconductedalongseriesofexperiments
onhownonverbalbehaviourmayrevealrealinnerstates”(TakenfromJohnWilson’sbook
in2016onpage23).
3)_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Teacher’sexample:___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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MorePracticeActivityParaphrase1“Akeyfeaturewastowidenparticipationratesamongstyoungadultsfromdisadvantagedsocioeconomicbackgroundsandtoencourageparticipationofindividualsfromfamilieswithnopreviousparticipationinhighereducation”(Bachan,2014).1.Synonyms:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.Restructure:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paraphrase2“SeveralUKstudieshavefoundevidenceofsubstantialreturnstohighereducationqualifications,whichisconsistentwithinternationalevidence” (Psacharopoulos&Patrinos,2014).1.Synonyms:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.Restructure:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paraphrase3“StudiesintheUSAalsofindthatfinancialpressureispositivelyassociatedwithterm-timeworkingwhichcanhaveadetrimentaleffectonacademicperformanceandfuturecareerchoice”. (Bachan,2014)1.Synonyms:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.Restructure:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Adaptedfrom:Bachan,R.(2012)Students’expectationsofdebtinUKhighereducation.StudiesinHigherEducation,Vol.39(5)
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ParaphrasingAnswersWhichisasummary/quotation/paraphrase?Quotation:istheexactwordstakenfromthesource.Usespeechmarks/quotationmarks"....."
Smith(2010,p.221)statesthat“ExeterCouncilspends£3.3millioneachyearonbiofuelheatingratherthan£7millionitwouldspendifitstillreliedonoilandgas”.
Paraphrase:yourunderstandingofthesourceinyourwords(nopageinHarvardReferencing)
Smith(2010)highlightsthat£3.7millionissavedonheatingbyExeterCouncilfromchangingtobiofuelsustainableenergy.
Summary:theoverallunderstandingofthekeyidea.Apage,acoupleofpagesorachapter.
Smith(2010)suggeststhatExeterCouncilcouldsavemillionsofpoundsonheatingfromchangingtosustainableenergy.
StudentparaphrasingOriginalsentence
“ExeterCouncilspends£3.3millioneachyearonbiofuelheatingratherthan£7million
itwouldspendifitstillreliedonoilandgas”(Smith,2010,p.221).
Whichparaphraseisbetter?Studentparaphrase1
• Smith(2010)highlightsExeterCouncilpays£3.3millioneveryyearonbiofuelinstead
of£7millionitusedtospendonoilandgas”.
*thisisapoorparaphrasebecauseitisthesamestructureandonlyacoupleofwordshavebeenchangedStudentparaphrase2
• Smith(2010)highlightsthat£3.7millionissavedonheatingbyExeterCouncilfrom
changingtobiofuelsustainableenergy.
*thisisagoodparaphrasebecauseitisadifferentstructureandmostwordshavebeenchanged.
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ANSWERS1)“Memoryisthecapacityforstoringandretrievinginformation”(Smith,2016)KEYWORDS:“Memoryhasthecapacityforstoringandretrievinginformation”(Smith,2016,p.21).
SYNONYMS:Informationrecoveryandstoragearefacilitatedinthememory(Smith2016).REWRITE:Informationrecoveryandstoragearefacilitatedinthememory(Smith2016).___________________________________________________________________________1)Jonesetal.(2016,p.23)statesthat“therearethoughttobeover4,000plantspeciesusedbyforestdwellersasfoodandmedicinealone”.KEYWORDS:Jonesetal.(2016,p.23)statesthat“therearethoughttobeover4,000plantspeciesusedbyforestdwellersasfoodandmedicinealone.”
SYNONYMS:Jonesetal.(2016)statesthattherearecalculatedtobemorethan4,000plantspeciesutilisedbyforestinhabitantsforfoodandmedicinalpurposes.REWRITE:Jonesetal.(2016)statesthatForestinhabitantsutiliseapproximately4,000edibleandmedicinalplants.
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Practice2ANSWERS
1)“PaulEkmanfromtheUniversityofCaliforniahasconductedalongseriesofexperimentsonhownonverbalbehaviourmayrevealrealinnerstates”.(TakenfromJohnWilson’sbookin2016onpage23).KEYWORDS:“PaulEkmanfromtheUniversityofCaliforniahasconductedalongseriesofexperimentsonhownonverbalbehaviourmayrevealrealinnerstates”(Wilson,2016,p.23)
SYNOYNMS:PaulEkman,whoworksattheUniversityofCalifornia,hasperformedasequenceofexperimentsonthewaynonverbalbehaviourpossiblydiscoversrealinternalstates.REWRITE:ACalifornianuniversityprofessor,PaulEkman,investigatednon-verbalbehaviourtodiscoverapossibilityofrealinternalstates(Wilson2016).
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PracticeActivityANSWERS
Paraphrase1“Akeyfeaturewastowidenparticipationratesamongstyoungadultsfromdisadvantagedsocioeconomicbackgroundsandtoencourageparticipationofindividualsfromfamilieswithnopreviousexperienceinhighereducation”(Bachan,2014).SynonymsFeature:characteristic/attribute/qualityWiden:broaden/increase/boast/Participation:involvement/engagement/contributionRates:percentage/figures/numbers/proportionEncourage:support/promote/strengthenExperience:awareness/exposureof/understandingSYNONYMS:ThemainattributionwastoincreaseengagementnumberswithinyoungadultsfromdisadvantagedsocioeconomicbackgroundsandtopromoteparticipationoffamilieswithlittleexposureinHE.REWRITE:OneofthemainattributionswastopromotetheparticipationandexposuretoHigherEducationfromYoungadultsfromdisadvantagedsocioeconomicbackgrounds(Bachan,2014).Paraphrase2“SeveralUKstudieshavefoundevidenceofsubstantialreturnstohighereducationqualifications,whichisconsistentwithinternationalevidence” (Psacharopoulos&PatrinosascitedinBachan,2014).SynonymsSeveral:anumber/particular/specificStudies:research/work/Evidence:verification/confirmation/proof/authenticationSubstantial:considerable/significant/sizeable/Returns:revenue/financialgain/incomeConsistent:inagreement/homogenous/compatibleSYNONYMS:UKresearchhasconfirmedthatconsiderablerevenuetoHEqualifications,whichisinagreementwithinternationalevidence.REWRITE:
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AccordingtoInternationalevidenceandUKResearch,HigherEducationqualificationscanprovideconsiderablerevenuereturnstoinvestment(Psacharopoulos&PatrinosascitedinBachan,2014).Paraphrase3“StudiesintheUSAalsofindthatfinancialpressureispositivelyassociatedwithterm-timeworkingwhichcanhaveadetrimentaleffectonacademicperformanceandfuturecareerchoice”. (Bachan,2014)SynonymsStudies:research/investigations/academicexaminationsUSA:US/America/AmericanFind:discover/observe/learn/uncoverPressure:stress/force/duressPositively:affirmatively/constructively/beneficiallyAssociated:affiliated/incorporated/integrated/connectedWorking:employment/labour/occupationDetrimental:harmful/damaging/counterproductiveEffect:result/consequence/outcome/Performance:achievement/accomplishment/behaviourFuture:prospective/intended/destined/subsequentChoice:possibility/selection/decisionSYNONYMS:ResearchintheUShasdiscoveredthatfinancialstressisaffirmativelyconnectedwithterm-timeemploymentwhichpossiblyhasanegativeresultonacademicachievementandprospectivecareerdecisions.REWRITE:USResearchhasprovidedevidencethatpooracademicachievementanduniformedprospectivecareerchoicesareaffirmativelyconnectedwiththefinancialstressandhavingtofindterm-timeemployment(Bachan,2014).