Writing in the ancient Mediterranean

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    \XKTK@L K@ TOI B@FKI@T AIDKTIXXB@IB@

    CBVFBY_ FBWI ^BK@TK@L

    Ktv hii` vbkd tobt b ~kftyxi kv |exto 2>>> |exdv. Hyt a{ vji~tkfbc xiv~e`vi te tobt kv \oevi~kftyxi5 b`d \oevi |exdv5 Tokv ~bk`tk`l gxea toi Cbvfby fbwiv k` Gxb`fi kv 2>> {ibxvecd b`d kv y`bffea~b`kid h{ |exdv. \obt kv lek`l e`5 Fcibxc{ toixiv b hkve`. Toixiv b ab`. Kvoi dibd5 \ey`did5 B`d toi ce`l!cillid hkxd5 Kv kt b v{ahec# vb{# gex toi di~bxtk`l v~kxkt5 \ifb`t iwi` hi vyxi tokv vfi`i |bv ~bk`tid bcc bt e`fi ex kv toi xivyct eg vyhviryi`t bddktke`v h{ b`yahix eg ~bk`tixv. Toixi bxi etoix vyfo ~bk`tk`lv kv |okfo kt kv ka~evvkhci te ticc |oitoix toioyab` ~bxtkfk~b`tv bxi db`fk`l# gklotk`l# ex oy`tk`l. \i myvt de`t j`e| |obt lbai kv hik`l~cb{id ex |obt toi xyciv gex y`dixvtb`dk`l kt bxi. @e tktci. @e vtex{. @e cefbc lykdi te gbhxkfbti bvtex{.

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    Toihb` Wbvi /?to f. HF+

    ^kftyxiv xbxic{ vtb`d e` toikx e|` aixktv |ktoeyt veai |exdv# |ktoeyt veai `bxxbtkwi te vit toia k` bgxbai eg aib`k`l ex veai cbhic te ~ek`t yv te toi xklot vtex{. Tokv ?to f. HF Toihb` wbvi ~bk`tk`l obvhii` k`tix~xitid bv ^bxkv bhdyftk`l Oici` te vit toi Txemb` \bx k` aetke`. Ex kv kt Toiviyv cibdk`lBxkbd`i gxea Fxiti5 B`{ ab` |kto okv `i| |kgi5 B`{ ab` |kto veaihed{ icviv |kgi5 \ktoeyt bwixhbc tktci ex abxjix |i fb``et j`e|.

    Bxlkwi fxbtix wbvi /

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    Oi`xk Abtkvvi# F{fce~v /2;69+

    ex tokv dxb|k`l eg toi vbai vyhmift h{ Oi`xk Abtkvvi gex b 2;69 idktke` eg Mbaiv Me{fiv Yc{vviv.\okfo ~xea~tv b ryivtke`= Kg {ey obd te foeevi# |okfo |eycd {ey vbwi gxea b hyx`k`l hykcdk`l# toicbvt vyxwkwk`l tit eg toi Ed{vvi{ex toi Abtkvvi5 Ex toi Bxlkwi wbvi5 Ex Me{fiv Yc{vviv5

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    ^kfbvve# Lyix`kfb /2;6> fkwkckb`v |ixi jkccid.Kt teej toxii db{v gex toi gkxiv te vyhvkdi.

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    Mb` Hxiylic toi Icdix# Toi Hyx`k`l eg Txe{/fb. 2782+

    Kg {ey de`t j`e| toi vtex{ eg Txe{v cbvt `klot bv kt kv tecd k` Wkxlkcv i~kfBi`ikd# toi bffey`t eg toiTxemb` Oexvi b`d eg oe| Bi`ibv# toi gytyxi gey`dix eg Xeai# ivfb~iv gxea toi hyx`k`l fkt{ |kto okvblid gbtoix b`d okv {ey`l ve`# aevt eg |obt kv k`tixivtk`l bheyt tokv ~bk`tk`l |kcc hi cevt. B`d `etitoi hbfjlxey`d. Xifel`k}i toi fkt{5 Kv kt kxe`{ ex gexifbvt# feccb~vk`l toi i`d eg toi ecd Txe{ |kto toigey`dk`l eg toi `i| Txe{# Xeai5

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    \i feycd fkti vtkcc aexi fea~ckfbtid iba~civ= toi Vkvtk`i Fob~ic gxivfeiv# toi aevbkfv eg toi@exab` fbtoidxbc bt Ae`xibci k` Vkfkc{|obt vi`vi fb` hi abdi eg toia |ktoeyt toi hkhckfbc titvtobt k`v~kxid toikx fxibtke` b`d tobt vyvtbk` toikx vkl`kgkfb`fi. \bcj toxeylo b`{ lxibt ayviya k` toi|excd |ktoeyt j`e|k`l Lxiij a{to b`d toi Hkhci b`d {ey aklot bv |icc hi e` Abxv. Aevt ~bk`tk`lvbvvyai veai jk`d eg vtex{# b`d vtexkiv toiavicwiv cibd b ~xifbxkeyv ikvti`fi |ktoeyt |xktk`l.

    We{`kfo Ab`yvfxk~t

    Toi okvtex{ eg |xktk`l kv bfea~ckfbtid b`d gbvfk`btk`l e`i#egti` ~y`ftybtid |kto vtxb`liaeai`tv. E`i iba~ci= toi ve!fbccid We{`kfo Ab`yvfxk~t. Gkxvttyx`k`l y~ k` ^xblyi k` 2777# Kt kvewix 6>> ~bliv ce`l# |xktti` h{ btcibvt 8 ~ie~ci# ~xehbhc{ b fe~{hifbyvi kt kv ve `ibt# |ktoeyt toifxevv eytv e`i bvvefkbtiv |kto gkxvtfea~evktke . Ktv ~bliv fe`tbk`veai jk`d eg fedi abdi y~ eg 8;v{ahecv xifyxxk`l k` |obt b~~ibxte hi exdixid v{ccbhkf y`ktv. Toitit lkwiv iwix{ viahcb`fi egfeaae` `e`!bc~obhitkfvyhvtktytke`.Q Kt obv# y~ te toi~xivi`t tkai# xivkvtid iwix{tifo`kryi eg fx{~te!b`bc{vkvk`fcydk`l fea~ytix!vkaycbtke`. \ide `et iwi` j`e| |oitoix |i bxidibck`l |kto b tokxtii`to! ex# bv`e| viiav ~xehbhci# b cbti!vktii`to! ex viwi`tii`to!fi tyx{

    diwkfi. K obwi |e`dixid |oitoix|i bxi# k` gbft# ceejk`l bt b`icbhexbti e`vi`vi!vtxyftyxi# bt b`bvviahcbli eg v{vtiabtkf#xifyxxi`t# xyci!lewix`id fobxbftixvvkl`kg{k`l vtxkftc{ `etok`l.

    B`bc{vkv eg toi ,|exdv, obv xiwibcidtobt toi{ gecce| toi exabcdkvtxkhytke`v gex `btyxbc cb`lybliv#bctoeylo toi |exd ci`lto kv# e`bwixbli# voextix tob` gex I`lckvo#Gxi`fo# Lixab`# Ktbckb` b`d Cbtk`.

    Tokv feycd ~ek`t te b` bhhxiwkbtidcb`lybli# ex ~evvkhc{ b` ecdixcb`lybli.

    Oihxi|# oe|iwix# deiv obwi veai ~evvkhkcktkiv. \xktti` Oihxi| obv toi k`tixivtk`l gibtyxi tobtexklk`bcc{ toixi |ixi e we|icv xifexdid /veaitok`l tobt |kcc fe`fix` yv b hkt cbtix k` eyx dkvfyvvke`+.Tokv |eycd abji |exd ci`lto bheyt 8>!6>) voextix# lkwi` toi vbai vk}i ~oe`itkf v~bfi. Yvbli egOihxi| kv ~evvkhci kg toi bytoex |bv iktoix Mi|kvo# ex b vtydi`t eg toi Jbhbccb ex Texbo /heejv egMi|kvo a{vtkfkva+. ZBdb~tid gxea toi dkvfyvvke` k` Liexli Vtik`ix#Bgtix HbhicQ

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    Heyvtxe~oide` vtici /99>!94> HF# Vklike`=Ke`kf ' Bttkf vfxk~t b`d dkbcift+

    Ibxc{ Lxiij bcve ti`did te gecce| toi xklot te cigt exki`tbtke` egtoi oei`kfkb`v gxea |oea toi{ dixkwid toikx bc~obhit ex# k`

    veai fbviv# te hi ve k`dkggixi t te dkxiftke` tobt toi{ |xkti k`|obt kv fbccid heyvtxe~oide`= hetocigt te xklot b`d xklot te cigtk` toi vbai defyai`t# |xktk`l toi |b{ b gbxaix ~ce|v b gkicd"\okfo kv |obt heyvtxe~oide` aib`v.

    ^bxi`toitkfbcc{# toixi kv b`etoix tok`l tobt kv dkvtk`ftkwi bheyttokv ~bxtkfycbx k`vfxk~tke`= kt kv |xktti` t|kfi= e`fi k` toi Ke`kfvfxk~t b`d dkbcift b`d e`fi k` toi Bttkf vfxk~t b`d dkbcift.

    Ab`tkjcev B~ecce /> HF+

    B`etoix iba~ci= toi k`vfxk~tke`# 8 ck`iv eg wixvi /txb`vfxkhidte toi xklot eg toi gklyxi+ b~~ibxv e` toi cilv eg toi gklyxi#xy``k`l y~ toi eytvkdi eg okv xklot toklo# de|` toi eytvkdi egtoi cigt toklo# y~ toi k`vkdi eg toi cigt toklo b`d de|` toik`vkdi eg toi xklot toklo.

    Txb`vfxk~tke`= G

    GGZQ

    Txb`vcbtke`= Ab`tkjcev eggixid ai bv b tktoi te B~ecce eg toivkcwix he|: hyt {ey# ^oekhev# lkwi veai gbwex k` xityx`.

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    Fobcfkdkb` Wbvi /@e| cevt+

    K` gbft# |obt |i egti` vii kv b` k`dkggixi`fi te dkxiftke`bc exki`tbtke`# bv k` tokv Fobcfkdkb` wbvi~bk`tk`l= toi vfi`i gxea toi Txemb` |bx k` |okfo toi Lxiij oixe Bmb kv gklotk`l egg b` bttia~t h{Txemb`v te fb~tyxi toi fex~vi eg Bfokcciv. @eti a{ bddktke` eg `baiv k` toi vtb`dbxdk}id Lxiijbc~obhit b`d k` toikx irykwbci`tv k` eyx# |okfo kv te vb{ toi Xeab`# bc~obhit. @eti bcve toi wbx{k`ldkxiftke`bc exki`tbtke`. /Vii i`cbxlid vilai`tv hice|+

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    Ck`ibx H tbhcitToi ibxckivt gexa eg Lxiij |xktk`l |bv `et toi bc~obhit# hyt bv{ccbhbx{ fbccid Ck`ibx H. Tokv v{vtia |bv ba bdb~tbtke` egb Ak`eb` Fxitb` v{vtia |kto toi `bai Ck`ibx Btoi vbaiv{vtia# hyt diwice~id gex toi cb`lybli eg toi Ak`eb`

    k`obhktb`tv eg Fxitib `e`!Lxiij# `e`!K`de!Iyxe~ib`cb`lybli bv {it y`difk~oixid. K` etoix |exdv# t|e dkggixi`tcb`lybliv yvk`l toi vbai |xktk`l v{vtia# ayfo k` toi |b{tobt# vb{# cb`lybliv bv dkggixi`t bv I`lckvo b`d V~b`kvo yvitoi vbai |xktk`l v{vtia. Bxey`d 27>> HF e`!cktixbti Lxiij!v~ibjixv aklxbtid gxea toi `extoibvt te toi Lxiij abk`cb`db`d cbtix bde~tid toi Ak`eb` v{ccbhbx{# yvk`l kt abk`c{ gex|bxioeyvi xifexdv# eggkfkbc /abk`c{ ~xe~ixt{+ xifexdv# b`dxicklkeyv didkfbtke`v. Toixi bxi `e cktixbx{ titv# e cewicittixv# e lxbwivte`i k`vfxk~tke`v.

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    ^obkvtev Dkvj

    Etoix |xktk`l v{vtiav5 ^obkvtev Dkvj= y`difk~oixid. \xktk`l ex b lbai!hebxd5 /Ak`eb` Ae`e~ec{"+

    Bxey`d 249> HF Ak`eb` fkwkck}btke`# ~ixob~v |ibji`id h{ btyxbc dkvbvtixv# |bv divtxe{id#~xehbhc{ h{ abk`cb`d A{fi`bib`v |oe h{ `e| obd xibfoid toi ~ibj eg toikx ~e|ix. Toife`ryixexv abk` vktiv= A{fi`bi# Toihiv# Btoi`v# {cev# Tkx{`v# V~bxtb# b`d Ed{vviyv kvcb`d#Ktobfb# ~xehbhc{ b |ivtix` eyt~evt. Toi Oeaixkf ~eiav b~~ibx te di~kft toi Lxiij |excd dyxk`ltokv ~ixked.

    Gxea 28>>!?>> HF /toi ve!fbccid Dbxj Bli+# Ck`ibx H dkvb~~ibxv gxea yvi. Te|bxd toi i`d egtoi ~ixked toi Lxiijv bde~t b`d bdb~t toi oei`kfkb` bc~obhit.

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    Geyx |xktk`l t{~iv

    Bv |i vb|# toi ibxckivt Lxiij |xktk`l |bv Ck`ibx H. Kt kv fbccid b v{ccbhbx{. Te toi cigt# {ey vii |obtceej ckji gkwi# hyt bxi xibcc{ geyx |xktk`l v{vtiav.

    /2+ KDIELXBAV ex CELELXBAV= I.L.# [email protected] VKL@ 1 B \EXD.

    /8+ V[CCBHBX[= I.L.# CK@IBX H. IBFO VKL@ 1 BV[CCBHCI /K.I.# WE\IC * B@[ BFFEA^B@[K@LFE@VE@B@T/V+

    /6+ BC^OBHIT= IBFO VKL@ VTB@DK@L GEX B VK@LCI#KXXIDYFIBHCI ^OE@IAI EX V^IIFO VEY@D\OITOIX WE\IC EX FE@VE@B@T

    /b+ |%e I_^XIVVID WE\ICV= I.L.# OIHXI\/bcve vbai v{vtia |kto cbtix diwice~id dkbfxktkfv

    divkl`btk`l we|icv te bwekd bahklykt{aexi cbtix+

    /4+ BC^OBHIT /h+ \KTO I_^XIVVID WE\ICV= I.L.#

    LXIIJ /b`d Xeab`+ ZFea~bxi /9to

    ck`i+ |kto

    Ck`ibx H i~xivvke` eg toi vbai |exd /8`d

    ck`i+.Q

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    Vife`dbx{ Bc~obhitv

    Toixi bxi# eg feyxvi# ab`{ etoix feaay`kfbtke` v{vtiav tobt de et dkxiftc{ yvi toi bc~obhitkfcittix# hyt |okfo bxi `e`itoicivv hbvid e` toi bc~obhit# vyfo bv toi Hxbkcci v{vtia# toi viab~oexi#Aexvi fedi b`d Baixkfb` gk`lix v~icck`l. K` etoix |exdv# toi{ bxi vife`dbx{ bc~obhitv# xi~xivi`tk`l`et v~iifo vey`dv dkxiftc{# hyt toi bc~obhitkf vkl`v tobt xi~xivi`t toevi v~iifo vey`dv dkxiftc{.

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    Ck`ibx H tbhcit

    @e|# littk`l hbfj te Ck`ibx H ex# bv kt kv veaitkaivfbccid# toi A{fi`bib` v{ccbhbx{. Kt obd ktv ~xehciav . . .

    Ck`ibx H Wbcyiv

    Ckji b`{ v{ccbhbx{# kt |bv dkggkfyct te cibx`# |kto fcevi te ;> vkl`v te abvtix. K` bddktke` te tobt# kt |bv`et wix{ |icc divkl`id te i~xivv toi VEY@D eg v~eji` Lxiij.

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    2!?>> HF+# toixi b~~ibxid te hi `e |xktk`l v{vtia k`yvi y`tkc toi bde~tke` eg toi ^oei`kfkb` bc~obhit /ibftdbti wix{ fe`txewixvkbc# ~xeh. !> HF+.

    Aexi ife`eakfbc b`d ibvkix te cibx` tob` toi Ck`ibx H exb`{ v{ccbhbx{kt fe`tbk`id e`c{ 88 vkl`vkt vtkccobxhexid b abmex ~xehcia. Kt cbfjid vkl`v gex we|icv.Ibvkix te cibx`# {iv# hyt OBXDIX TE XIBD# hifbyvi egtoi bahklyktkiv. Kg ktv b tit {ey j`e| |icc ex xibdegti`vyfo bv toi Hkhcitoixiv `e ~xehcia gex {ey.Hyt |obt eg b` y`gbakckbx tit5 Vy~~evi eyx v{vtia

    cbfjid we|ic vkl`v. Vii iba~ci bt toi cigt.

    FCKFJ OIXI TE TIVT [EYXVICG E@ VEAI I@LCKVO

    TI_TV

    Oihxi| Li`ivkv |ktodkbfxktkfbc we|ic k`dkfbtexv

    Toi Oihxi| bc~obhit gex b ce`l tkaiabk`tbk`id toi we|ic!civv fobxbftix eg ktv^oei`kfkb` exklk v. Hyt ayfo cbtix /7>>BD+# ~cblyid h{ toi fe`vtb`t fe`fix` tebwekd bahklykt{ k` vbfxid vfxk~tyxi# bvixkiv eg ~ek`tv ex dkbfxktkfv |bvdiwice~id te abji toi we|icv bhvecytic{fcibx. B` k`tixivtk`l gbft= vk`fi kt |bv /b`dvtkcc kv+ gexhkddi` te i~xivv toi `bai eg

    Led# |oixiwix toi ve!fbccid titxb!lxbaabte` /toi `bai eg Led k` Oihxi|+

    b~~ibxid / +# toi |exd (Bde`bk( /

    1 (Cexd(+ |bv vyhvtktytid k` exbc xibdk`lex xifktbtke`. Fi`tyxkiv cbtix# |oi` toiwe|ic!dkbfxktkfv |ixi diwice~id# e e`ij`i| |obt te bdd te toi titxblxbaabte`.B`d ve toi toxii we|icv eg (Bde`bk( |ixik`vixtid# toyv {kicdk`l ([bo|io( b`d toiCbtk`k}id (Mioewbo(.

    http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/NoVowels.htmlhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/NoVowels.htmlhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/NoVowels.htmlhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/NoVowels.html
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    2;

    2;

    ^oei`kfkb` te Lxiij

    \obt dkd toi Lxiijv de5 Toi vfxii` voe|v yv. ZLxii`= aedix` ~xk`t ge`t: Lxb{= Xeab` bc~obhitkfirykwbci`tv: Xid= cittixv tobt dxe~~id eyt eg toi Bttkf /vtb`dbxd+ Lxiij bc~obhit.Q

    2. Gkxvt# b ak`ex bdmyvtai`t /xe| 8 bhewi+# lkwi` toi ibxc{ k`dkggixi`fi te dkxiftke`bc

    exki`tbtke` |i obwi vii` /i.l.# Fobcfkdkb` Wbvi+# toi{ bctixid toi exki`tbtke` eg fixtbk` cittixv=.

    8. @it# b`d gbx aexi ka~extb`t# toi{ i~xivvid we|icv/hcyi e` toi vckdi+ h{ /2+ fob`lk`l toiwbcyiv eg fixtbk` eg toi oei`kfkb` fe`ve`b`t cittixv /xe| 6 bhewi+# b`d /8+ k`wi`tk`l i|cittixv te gkcc k` toi lb~v /toi gkwi cittixv bt toi hettea k` xe| 7 bhewi+.

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    8>

    8>

    ^k`b /ex |xktk`l tbhcit+

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    82

    Del b`d Fbt /fea~bxk`l v{vtiav+

    ZFea~bxi v{vtiav gex ibvi k` cibx`k`l# y`bahklyeyv xibdk`l# xicbtke` te v~eji` vey`dv.Q

    Bc~obhit |ktoi~xivvid we|icv

    V{ccbhbx{

    Bc~obhit |ktoeyti~xivvid we|icv

    Kdielxbav excelelxbav

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    88

    ^b~{xyv gxblai`t eg Toyf{dkdivgbaeyv okvtex{ eg toi ^ice~e``ivkb`\bx fobxtk`l toi xkvi b`d gbcc eg toidiaefxbtkf vtbti eg Btoi`v.

    Kt kv `et bffkdi`tbc tobt toi Lxiij bdb~tbtke` eg toi^oei`kfkb` bc~obhit kv xeyloc{ fe`tia~exbx{ |kto toidiwice~ai`t eg diaefxbf{. Kt obv hii` vbkd tobt toiLxiijv dkd et vka~c{ k`wi`t b` bc~obhit. Toi{k`wi`tid cktixbf{ b`d toi cktixbti hbvkv eg aedix`toeylot. Kt diaefxbtk}id cktixbf{# ex xbtoix abdidiaefxbtk}btke` ~evvkhci. Toi Lxiij bc~obhit voe|idb vy~ixkex b`bc{vkv eg vey`d# gbx vy~ixkex te eyx e|`bxhktxbx{ v~icck`l eg I`lckvo |exdv# gex li`ixbcc{v~ibjk`l e cittix fe`tbk`id aexi tob` b vk`lci

    ~oe`itkf ex vey`d wbcyi. Tobt vy~ixkex b`bc{vkv~cbfid toi vjkcc eg xibdk`l toiexitkfbcc{ |ktok` toixibfo eg fokcdxi` bt toi vtbli |oixi toi{ bxi vtkcccibx`k`l toi vey`dv eg toikx exbc wefbhycbx{. /Bdb~tidgxea Ixkf Obwicefj# Exklk`v eg \ivtix` Cktixbf{+

    Lieaitx{ ~b~{xyv eg b lieaitxkf txibtkvi

    Iyfckdv |exj |bv b lxibt lkgt te cbtix bliv. Hyt gex |xktk`l#oe| |eycd kt obwi vyxwkwid5 Hivkdiv tobt# `et ab`{ eg yv

    yvi lieaitx{ wix{ ayfo. \i bxi# oe|iwix# bcc eg yv oikxveg toi xiwecytke` iggiftid h{ toi Lxiij bc~obhitkf v{vtia#bxlybhc{ aexi vkl`kgkfb`t tob` b`{ etoix eg toi ab`{fyctyxbc bfokiwiai`tv eg toi Lxiijv. Kt ~yt xibdk`l b`d|xktk`l |ktok` b`{e`iv lxbv~ . . .

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    86

    Hbjix b`d okv cktixbti |kgi /^ea~ikk gxivfe+

    . . . toi tok`l tobt abjiv tokv Xeab` cbd{ ve ~xeyd tobt voi foeeviv te dkv~cb{ kt k` oix ~extxbkt. Toitok`l tobt |i tbji ve ayfo gex lxb`tid.

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    84

    Ic Lxife# Vt. ^byc/2724. Ayvie dic Lxife# Tecide+

    @eti tobt k` Ic Lxifev ~bk`tk`l eg Vt. ^byc# oi kv oecdk`l b voiit eg |xktk`l k` okv cigt ob`d# ~xehbhc{e`i eg okv i~kvtciv. Tobt |xktk`l kv k` Lxiij# ckji bcc toi Foxkvtkb` vfxk~tyxiv. ^byc |bv b` idyfbtid Mi|b`d b Xeab` fktk}i` |oe |xeti k` Lxiij: `et Oihxi|# hyt Lxiijb`d rykti icilb`t Lxiij bt tobt.Toiecelkb v b`d vfxk~tyxbc vfoecbxv bxi ~xitt{ fe`wk`fid tobt byc |bv aexi xiv~e`vkhci gex toivob~i eg Foxkvtkb`kt{ tob` Mivyv okavicg. B`d kt viiav ~xitt{ fcibx tobt toi foekfi eg toi Lxiijcb`lybli b`d ktv |xktk`l v{vtia gex toi ~xe~blbtke` eg toi Foxkvtkb` vfxk~tyxiv |bv b abmex gbftex k`toi v~iid b`d ibvi eg Foxkvtkb`kt{v v~xibd. ^bxt eg toi xibve` gex tokv kv tobt Lxiij |bv toi feaae`cb`lybli eg toi Xeab` Ia~kxi# iv~ifkbcc{ gex dk~ceabtv b`d aixfob`tv. @et Cbtk`# hyt Lxiij.

  • 7/30/2019 Writing in the ancient Mediterranean

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    Wicbvryi}# ditbkc gxea Toi Fxyfkgkke` /fb. 276>+.

    Kt kv gex tokv xibve` tobt k` toi 2;to

    fob~tixeg Vt. Meo`v lev~ic# |oi` kcbti obv Mivyvfxyfkgkid# toi vkl`bli e` toi fxevv kv|xktti` `et e`c{ k` toi cb`lybliv eg toi

    Mi|v b`d eg toikx Xeab` effy~kixv# hytbcve k` Lxiij.

    K` toi Heej eg Xiwicbtke`v# Led t|kfi# b`dMivyv e`fi# xigixv te okavicg bv toi Bc~obb`d toi Eailbtoi gkxvt b`d toi cbvt# toihilk``k`l b`d toi i`d /2=2?# 82=7# 88=26+. Kvkt bffkdi`tbc tobt tokv xicklkeyv aewiai`t kv

    fbccid Foxkvtkb`kt{ gxea foxkvtev# toiLxiij txb`vcbtke` eg toi Oihxi| |exdAivvkbo# b`d `et Aivvkb`kva5 Kv ktbffkdi`tbc tobt |i xigix te ktv fi`txbc gklyxibv Mivyv# gxea Kveyv# toi Lxiijtxb`vfxk~tke eg okv Oihxi| `bai Mevoyb5Kt |eycd# K hickiwi# hi vbgi te vb{ tobt obdtoi Oihxi| cb`lybli b`d ktv |xktk`l v{vtiahii` yvid gex toi @i| Tivtbai`tvfxk~tyxiv k`vtibd eg Lxiij# kt |eycd obwi~xewkdid b gexakdbhci ehvtbfci te toiv~xibd eg Foxkvtkb`kt{.

    @ETI= Toixi kv ayfo k` tokv voext ciftyxi tobt kv fe`txewixvkbc b`d tobt xirykxiv rybckgkfbtke`. Gex toivtbti eg toi fe`txewixvkiv b`d toi xirykvkti rybckgkfbtke`# vii itix T. Db`kicv b`d \kcckba Hxklot/idd.+# Toi \excdv \xktk`l V{vtiav /Egexd 2;;7+# iv~. viftke`v 2 b`d 8# bv |icc bv ktv ba~cihkhckelxb~o{# b`d Xevbck`d Toeabv# Cktixbf{ b`d Exbckt{ k` B`fki`t Lxiifi /Fbahxkdli# I`l. 2;;8+.