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7/27/2019 Writing Primer
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7/27/2019 Writing Primer
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Parts of Speech
The main parts of speech explain the ways words can be used in dif ferent ways. Every word
functions as at least one part of speech; many words can serve as two or more parts of speech,
dependi ng on how they are used.
mnt m @v nqc nq ogq rd sg`s ml dr ` odqrnm+ok bd+sghmf 'Eqdc+Mdv Xnqj +s akd(-
` c idbshud @v nqc nq bnl ahm shnmne v nqcr sg`s l nchehdr ` mnt m'nkc+bdmsq k+rl nnsg(-
oqnmnt m @v nqc sg` s rt arshst sdr enq mnt m`mc qdedqr sn odqrnm+ok bd+sghmf sg`s v `r oqduhnt rkx l dmshnmdc
nq sg`s b`mad ehf t qdc nt s eqnl sgd l d`mhmf ne sgd rdmsdmbd 'gd+rgd+hs+sg` s(
udqa @v nqc nq ogq`r d sg` s dwoqdrrdr ` bshnm'sgqnv +eddk(-
` cudqa @v nqc sg` s l nchehdr udqa+`m`cidbshud+nq mnsgdq cudqa: sgdx nesdmdmc hmkx' rknv kx+narshm sdkx(-
bnmit mbshnm @v nqc sg` s bnmmdbsr nsgdq v nqcr+ogq rdr+nq rdmsdmbdr ' ` mc+at s+nq+adb`t rd(-
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Basic Elements of Every Sentence
SUBJECT PREDICATE
Mary plays tennis-
Simple Sentence
one subject one predicate
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&
Tom and Mary play tennis-
Simple Sentences
compound subject one predicate
Tom and Mary play tennis and swim-
compound subject compound predicate
&&
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Compound Sentence
with Coordinating Conjunctions
SUBJECT PREDICATE
SUBJECT PREDICATE
and
FORAND
NOR
BUT
OR
YET
SO
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Compound Sentence
with Coordinating Conjunctions
Tom swims,
Mary plays tennis.
and
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Compound Sentence
with Conjunctive Adverbs
Tom is atheletic;
he is successful.
moreover,
MOREOVER
OTHERWISE
THEREFORE
HOWEVER
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Tom has benefited from his exercise program; he is fast
and energetic.
Compound Sentence
Semicolon
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Complex Sentence
with Subordinating Conjunctions
SUBJECT PREDICATE
SUBJECT PREDICATE
even though
EVEN THOUGH
WHEN
BECAUSE
UNLESS
WHEREAS
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Complex Sentence
with Subordinating Conjunctions
Tom is overweight
he is athletic.
even though
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Even though Tom is athletic, he is overweight.
Complex Sentence
Subordinating Conjunctions
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Compound Complex
Sentence
Tom is overweight;
he is fast and energetic
however,
he is athletic.
because
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My fr iends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend.
Simple Sentence
REVIEW
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Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs;however,
some schools fail to distinguish between these groups.
Compound Sentence
Conjunctive Adverb
Compound Sentence
with Coordinating Conjunction
Men may exercise harder, but they may not exercise as
regularly as women do.
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When people had to hunt for food, they had continuous exercise.
People had continuous exercise when they had to hunt for food.
Complex Sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
(Adverb clause)
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Af ter learning to read, becoming a strong wri ter is probably the most important skil l you candevelop. L ike reading, the real -l if e applications of being a clear, effective wr iter are limitless.
Reading is a key ski l l to practice before being able to wri te eff ectively. Someone from England
would have a hard time playing a game of baseball without watching a few games first.
Simil arl y, your abil ity to wr ite wil l be improved tremendously by reading what others have to
say and, more importantly how they say it.
Writing Skills
Types of Writing
Knowing what kind of audience you are writing to, and for what purpose, is important when
deciding how to begin a piece. You wouldn't use the same language to sell a car in theclassifieds, tell a story about the time your car broke down in the desert, or to explain how to
jumpstart a car in the winter. Thus, you need to identify which of the following kinds of
writing is appropriate.
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7/27/2019 Writing Primer
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The five-paragraph essay is the most popular way to learn how to structure a longer piece. Its structure is constant and easily
assessable, so its easy to judge each essay against your prior work or the work of others.
A five-paragraph essay contains an introductory paragraph, three supporting paragraphs, and a conclusion that together discuss
a main point or thesis. It is a little like a sandwich, with two slices of bread keeping the meat of the sandwich together. The
first and last paragraphs hold together each piece of the essay neatly within.
The introduction discusses the subject generally, briefly touches on what the points will be in the next three paragraphs, and
contains the thesis. If the essay's argument is, "The BLT is the best sandwich ever," the introduction might start with a broad
statement about sandwiches, then talk about meat, lettuce, and tomato, and end with a statement about the BLT's superiority. It
should start with the general and move to the specific.
The three main paragraphs explain in detail a single idea, example, or argument that supports the main point or thesis. In the
BLT essay, the second paragraph might talk about the wonders of lettuce, the third about the crispiness of bacon, and the fourth
about the juicy complement of tomato.
The concluding paragraph summarizes, briefly, your main point and supporting ideas. After that, it should discuss more of why
this is important (i.e. because the BLT isn't served at fast food restaurants), what it means to you the author (i.e. my
grandmother and I ate BLTs every Saturday for lunch), or some other larger concept related to the thesis (i.e. if everyone ate
BLTs the world would be a better place). The conclusion is sort of the opposite of the introduction, in that it tends to start with
the specific and become more general.
The last thing to think about when writing a five-paragraph essay is the transitions between paragraphs. The final line of one
paragraph should flow logically into the first sentence of the next. For example, if the second paragraph ended with, "Lettuce
gives the sandwich the perfect crunch." The first line of the third paragraph might begin, "The crunchiest part, though, is the
bacon." Look for relationships that can be formed between the two ideas. Good transitions can be comparisons or contrasts,
using lead-ins like, "Others feel the bacon adds too much crunch" or "Although bacon is important, it's the tomato that makes
the meal."
This basic five-paragraph approach can be adapted to both shorter pieces and longer papers.
The Five Paragraph Essay