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Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about the parts
of
speech into your
English notebook.Please copy the
following info
about the parts
of
speech into your
English notebook.
Parts
of S
peec
h
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Parts of
SpeechParts of
Speech
• O.k., so what are they?
•Articles
•Nouns
•Adjectives
•Verbs
•Adverbs
•Conjunctio
ns•Pronouns
•Preposition
s•Interjection
s•Gerunds
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
That’s all I
got.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about the artic
les
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about the artic
les
into your English
notebook.
Arti
cles
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Articles
Artic
les introduce
nouns: “the” is the
definite artic
le, “a”
and “an” are indefinite
articles. T
ry using
them in a sentence to
understand the
distinctio
n between
definite and
indefinite.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
A ferret could
be any ferret, any-
where. The ferret
specifies definitely—
the f
erret in my
jacuzzi, for
example.
•Articles have a simple
function—to point out, or
introduce, a noun.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Step off,
aight?
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about nouns into
your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about nouns into
your English
notebook.
Nou
ns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
NounsNouns
Nouns, as we all
know, are “people, places,
and things” type of words.
It’s easy to see that objects
are nouns—things such as
pencils, uvulas, televisions,
yo’ momma. B
ut abstract
things such as qualities and
ideas can be nouns too—
love is a noun, and egotism,
and spoilage.
Nouns can be . . .
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
singular,
when you are talking about
one thing (m
oco) and nouns can
be plural, when you’re
talking
about more th
an one thing
(mocos). B
eing able to spot
nouns is importa
nt because th
e
subject of a sentence is always
a noun or a pronoun (w
e’ll
cover
pronouns in a
little
while).
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
That concludes
today’s
studies!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about adjectives
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about adjectives
into your English
notebook.
Adj
ectiv
es
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Adjective
sAdjective
s
Adjectives are
descriptive words.
Gorgeous, hideous,
smelly, crunk,
baggy, and pathetic
are all adjectives
because they
describe, or
modify, nouns.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Less obvi-
ously descrip-
tive are adjectiv
es
that show which one
or how many: t
hat
player, her b
raids,
enough chalupas,
every ferre
t. See how
the adjectives clarify
which noun (or h
ow
many of each noun) is
being talked
about?
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Slow your
roll!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about verbs into
your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about verbs into
your English
notebook.
Ver
bs
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Without a verb, you
have no sentence.
Verbs express either
action, like burping,
freaking, or touching, or
state-of-being, like am,
seems, will b
e. The first
kind of verb is called an
action verb, and the
second is called a
linking verb.
Verbs
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Put another
way, verbs tell
what the subject is
doing or what is
being
done to the subject,
even if the subject is
doing nothing more
than existing, just lik
e
some of us in this
class.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Thank you,
and goodbye!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about transitiv
e
verbs into your
English notebook.Please copy the
following info
about transitiv
e
verbs into your
English notebook.
Tran
sitiv
e V
erbs
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Transitive &
Transitive &
A transitiv
e
verb takes a
direct o
bject (She bit m
e)
as opposed to an
intransitiv
e verb, which
doesn’t (He swam home)
or (He swam in th
e pool).
In the dictio
nary, a
tran-sitiv
e verb is
indicated by vt, and
intransitiv
e verb by vi.
Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive Verbs
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
The direct object is not
the subject of the
sentence, it’s th
e noun
receiving the action. The
object isn’t d
oing anything,
it’s having something done
to it. A sentence doesn’t
need a direct object to be a
sentence.
Example: Jenny threw the
flowers.
Direct Objects
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
ExplanationExplanation
Jenny is the
subject; she’s the one
doing the throwing.
Flowers is the object;
they aren’t doing
anything, but
something is being
done to them—they
are being thrown. Ya
know what I’m sayin?
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
I’m
ghost!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about adverbs into
your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about adverbs into
your English
notebook.
Adv
erbs
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Adverbs
modify verbs (kiss
passionately),
adjectives (often
happy), or other
adverbs (too quickly).
Adverbs frequently end
in –ly, but th
e –ly isn’t a
requirement. A test fo
r
determining adverbs is
to think about function:
adverbs tend to tell
where,
when, or
how:
Adverbs
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Adverbs showing
where: “Oscar’s
over there.”
Adverbs showing
when: “Lyneal! C
ome
here, now!”
Adverbs showing how:
“Hillary flatulated
loudly.”
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
See ya!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about conjunctions
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about conjunctions
into your English
notebook.
Con
junc
tions
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Conjunctions
connect words or p
arts of
sentences—conjoin
means to join to
gether.
Coordinating
conjunctions (or
matchmaking
conjunctions): connect
equal parts of sentences.
In other words, th
ey
connect words to
words,
phrases to phrases,
clauses
to
clauses.
Conjunctions
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
A clause contains
a noun and a verb.
An independent
clause contains a
subject and a predicate
and can stand as a
sentence by itself. A
dependent clause
contains a verb and a
noun but cannot stand as
a sentence by itself. A
phrase is a group of
words that does not have
a subject and a verb.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Correlative
conjunctions
(or seesaw
conjunctions) also
connect equal parts
together (they are
really a subcategory of
match-making
conjunctions). The
difference is that
seesaw conjunctions
are really two
conjunctions in one.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Yes, we’re
done, now!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about
subordinating
conjunctions into
your English
notebook.
Please copy the
following info
about
subordinating
conjunctions into
your English
notebook. S
ubor
dina
ting
Con
junc
tions
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Subordinating
conjunctions (or
linking conjunctions)
connect dependent, or
subordinate, clauses
with the independent
or main, clause. T
he
subordinate clauses
act as nouns or as
adverbs.
Subordinating
Conjunctions
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Chill!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.Su
bord
inat
ing
Con
junc
tions
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Chill!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about prepositio
ns
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about prepositio
ns
into your English
notebook.
Prep
ositi
ons
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Prepositions
express relationships
between other words,
nouns usually, including
relation-ships of time or
space. In, of , t
o , and
with are all
prepositions. A
helpful
trick to determine
whether a word is a
preposition is to place it
before the phrase
“the fence.”
Prepositions
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Beyond
the fence, past
the fence,
over the
fence, under
the fence, of the fence,
across the fence—all of
these constructions make
some kind of sense, so all
the opening words are
prepositions, ju
st doing
their job: d
efining
relationships. “The
fence” is the object of
the
preposition.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Any
questions?
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about prepositio
nal
phrase into your
English notebook.Please copy the
following info
about prepositio
nal
phrase into your
English notebook.
Prep
ositi
onal
Phr
ases
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Prepositional PhrasesPrepositional Phrases
A prepositional
phrase begins with a
preposition and ends
with a noun. Look at th
e
following prepositional
phrase:
Because he was in a
bad mood (the Lakers
lost, again), J
oey walked
quickly with
a frown
to class.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
ExplanationExplanation
with a fro
wn
also describes Joey;
it, too, is
an adjective
phrase.
to class describes
where Joey walked. So it
is an adverb phrase
in a bad mood,
describes Joey; s
o in a
bad mood is
an
adjective phrase.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
ExplanationExplanation
All of th
ese
phrases are still
prepositional
phrases, and
prepositional
phrases usually act
either a
s adjectives
or adverbs. Makes
sense, doesn’t
it?
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Daaaang!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about prepositio
ns
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about prepositio
ns
into your English
notebook.
Prep
ositi
ons
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
PrepositionsPrepositions
As we know,
prepositional
phrases can act as
adjectives or
adverbs.Occasion-
ally prepositional
phrases act as a
noun.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Before dinner
is a good time to
do homework.
Identify the Subject
Identify the Subject
Before dinner is the
subject of the verb
“is”. Remember,
“Before dinner” is a
prepositional phrase.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Let’s
Bounce!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about interjections
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about interjections
into your English
notebook.
Inte
rject
ions
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Wow! Shut u
p!
Hijole! Interjections
are the most fu
n
part
of speech!
Curses—at least th
e ones
we can print h
ere—are in
this category: Damn!
Hey! are interjections that
function as filler, or as a
kind of intro
ductory word,
often to show emphasis.
And the good news is: n
o
rules apply, except
possibly good
taste. Cool!
Interjections
Interjections
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Fo’
Sheezy!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.
Pron
ouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Pronouns are a
subgroup of nouns
—they act as
stand-ins for
nouns. There are
eight categories of
pronouns, but a
few simple rules
govern their use.
First,
some terms:
Pronouns
Pronouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Case concerns the
function of the pronoun
in the sentence. T
he
three cases are
nominative, objective,
and possessive. It might
be easier, by specific-ally
describing function, to
think of these as subject
pronouns, object
pronouns, and ownership
pronouns.
Pronoun TermsPronoun Terms
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.
Pron
ouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Number—
makes a pronoun
either singular or
plural. Gender—
specifies whether the
person a pronoun refers
to is a man or woman. An
Antecedent—is the noun
(usually appearing
earlier in
the sentence)
that the pronoun stands
in for.
Pronouns
Pronouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Isn’t
learning
fun?
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.
Pron
ouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Subject Pronouns
(nominative case): I,
you, he, she, it, w
e, and
they. All o
f these will b
e
the subject of a verb.
Example: “It is alive!“
It is the subject of th
e
verb is. Example: Jenna
knew exactly what she
should do. She is the
subject of the
verb
“should do.”
Categorical PronounsCategorical Pronouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Chill,
dawg!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.
Pron
ouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Ownership Pronouns
(possessive case): my,
mine, your, yours, his, her,
hers, its, our, o
urs, their,
theirs. They are used to
show ownership and
answers the question
“Whose?” Example:
Amanda loved her iguana
like crazy. Ask yourself,
“Whose iguana?”
Answer: “Her
iguana.”
Ownershi
pOwnershi
pPronounsPronouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
We’ll that
was cogent!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.
Pron
ouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Object Pronouns
(objective case):
me,
you, him
, her, i
t, us, th
em.
These are always the
object of a
verb,
preposition, o
r infinitiv
e—
never the subject.
In other
words, object p
ronouns are
having something done to
them, rather t
han doing
the action th
em-
selves.
Categorical PronounsCategorical Pronouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
“Josh
showered him
with insults.” The him
isn’t doing
anything—he’s receiving
the insults, not showering
them.
Example: “He wanted her
to go to a movie with
him.”
He is the subject o
f
wanted; her is th
e object
of wanted; h
im is the
object of th
e preposition
with.
Whoa!
Example
sExample
s
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
So much
learning; so
little time.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.
Pron
ouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Rules for PronounsRules for Pronouns
Subject pronouns
follow the verb to
be.
Example: “It is I.”
Explanation: I f
ollows is.
Example: “It was th
ey
who ate all the cookies.”
Explanation: They
follows was.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Casually talking
to each other we
would naturally
say, “It’s me” or “
It was
them”—this ru
le applies
mostly to
formal
writing. A
gain, base
your choice
on the
situatio
n.
Audience is everything.
ExplanationExplanation
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
“He wanted her
to go to a
movie with
him.”
Explanation: H
e is the
subject of w
anted; her
is the object o
f
wanted; him is th
e
object of
the preposition with
.
ExamplesExamples
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
We done!
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.
Pron
ouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
If you are
having trouble
deciding whether to use
a subject o
r object
pronoun, ignore parts
of
the sentence that g
et in
the way.
Example: The website was
paid for by Jennifer a
nd (I,
me).
Read as: The website was
paid for by (I,
me).
Rules for Pronouns
Rules for Pronouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Now your
ear should help you
out: “The website
was paid
for by me.”
Therefore: “The website
was paid for by Jennifer
and me.” The main
difficultly
arises when
another person gets
between the prepositio
n
and the pronoun—so get
the other person out o
f
the way, and you will
choose
correctly.
Rules for Pronouns
Rules for Pronouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Fortuitous,
was it not?
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about pronouns
into your English
notebook.
Pron
ouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Rules for Relative Pronouns
Rules for Relative Pronouns
These pronouns link a
subordinate, or relative,
clause to the main clause
of the sentence. T
hey also
act as stand-ins for nouns,
just as all pronouns do.
The definite relative
pronouns are which, that,
and who (or whom, if
you’re using the objective
form of w
ho). The
indefinite
relative pronouns
are. . .
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
…what,
which, who,
whatever, whom,
and whomever. The
difference between
definite and indefinite
relative pronouns is th
at
indefinite pronouns
aren’t clearly
standing in
for a noun alre
ady in the
sentence—they have no
antecedent. This is not a
distinctio
n you need to
lose sleep over.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Don’t worry, the end is
near. I don’t m
ean that
in a cataclysmic sense,
I’m referring to our
review of the parts of
speech.
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Please copy the
following info
about gerunds into
your English
notebook.Please copy th
e
following info
about gerunds into
your English
notebook.
Pron
ouns
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Simple stuff,
really. A gerund
always—yes, always—
ends with -in
g. It may
seems verby, but it acts
like a noun.
Example: Valerie
’s smiling
unnerves me.
Example: Writi
ng is
difficult,
but so is grading.
GerundsGerunds
Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
This concludes our
rather lengthy but
informative study
regarding the parts of
speech. I thank you for
your time.
