Written Report in Central Europe

8/3/2019 Written Report in Central Europe

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Written reportModern and ContemporaryEurope

TheCentral

EuropePrepared by:Carl Marthy M. JavierBSE III-3 (HISTORY)

Presented to:

Dr.Anita Atienza


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Central Europe is a region of the Europeancontinent lying between the variously defined areas ofEasternandWesternEurope. The term and widespread interest in the region itself came back into fashion[1] by the end of theCold War, whichhad dividedEurope politically into East and West, splitting Central Europe in half.[2][3]

The concept of Central Europe, and that of a common identity, is somewhat elusive.[4][5][6]However, scholars assert that adistinct "Central European culture, as controversial and debated the notion may be, exists."[7][8]It is based on "similaritiesemanating from historical, social and culturalcharacteristics",[7][9] and it is identified as having been "one of the world'srichest sources of creative talent" between the 17th and 20th centuries.[10]Cross Currents: A Yearbook of Central

European Culture characterizes Central Europe "as an abandoned West or a place where East and West collide".[11]

Germany's Constant Committee for Geographical Names defines Central Europe both as a distinct cultural area and apolitical region. [12][13]

From the 2000's on, Central Europe is going through a phase of "strategic awakening",[14]with initiatives like the CEI,CentropeorV4. While the region's economy shows high disparities with regard to income,[15] all Central Europeancountries are listed by the Human Development Index as "very high development" countries.[16]

Regional data

Area : 1.036.370 km2 (2010)

Population: ( calculated data ) 163.414.068 ( July 2011 )

Population Density: ( calculated data ) 157.67 / km2 ( 2011 )

GDP (PPP) per capita : 35.739 $ ( 2010 )
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GDP (nominal) per capita : 41.415 $ ( 2010 )

Life expectancy: ( calculated data ) 78.31 year ( 2011 )

Human Development Index : 0.813 (2010) ( Very high )

Unemployment rate : 7.2% ( 2010 )

Fertility rate : 1.38 births/woman ( 2010 )

States

The comprehension of the concept ofCentral Europe is an ongoing source of controversy,[17] though the Visegrd Groupconstituents are generally included as de facto C.E. countries.[18] According to the majority of sources (see section Currentviews on Central Europe for some) the region includes:

Austria Czech Republic Germany Hungary Liechtenstein Poland Slovakia Slovenia

Switzerland

Some sources also add neighbouring countries (for historical, geographical and/or cultural reasons):

Croatia Romania (Transylvania and Bukovina, occasionally the entire country) Serbia[19] [20] (Vojvodina,Mava,northern Belgrade regions,[21][22]historically also Sandak-Raka)[23] )

The Baltic states, usually associated withNorthern Europe, have been considered part of Central Europe in the Germantradition, as were smaller parts of the following states:

Ukraine (Western Ukraine) Belarus (Western Belarus) Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) France(Alsace and portions ofLorraine) Italy(South Tyrol, Trentino,Trieste andGorizia,Friuli, occasionally all of Northern Italy)

Current views on Central Europe

Rather than a physical entity, Central Europe is a concept of shared history which contrasts with that of the surroundingregions. The issue how to name and define the Central European region is subject to debates. Very often, the definitiondepends on nationality and historical perspective of its author.

Main propositions, gathered by Jerzy Koczowski, include:[24]

West-Central and East-Central Europe this conception, presented in 1950,[25] distinguished two regions inCentral Europe: German West-Centre, with imperial tradition of theReich, and the East-Centre covered by varietyof nationsfromFinlandto Greece, placed between great empires ofScandinavia,Germany,Italy and the SovietUnion
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n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandzakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_(region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triestehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goriziahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friulihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_K%C5%82oczowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-Central_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union


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Central Europe as the area of cultural heritage of thePolish-Lithuanian CommonwealthUkrainian,Belarusianand Lithuanianhistorians, in cooperation (since 1990) with Polish historians, insist on the importance of thenotion

Central Europe as a region connected to the Western civilisationfor a very long time, including countries like thePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,Holy Roman Empire, laterGerman Empireand the Habsburg Monarchy, theKingdom of Hungary and Bohemia. Central Europe understood in this way borders on Russiaand the South-Eastern Europe, but the exact frontier of the region is difficult to determine.

Central Europe as the area of cultural heritage of theHabsburg Empire a concept which is popular in the regionofDanube River

A concept underlining the links connectingUkraine andBelarus with Russiaand treating theRussian Empiretogether with the whole SlavicOrthodoxpopulation as one entity this position is taken by the Russianhistoriography

A concept putting an accent on the links with the West, especially from the 19th century and the grand period ofliberation and formation of Nation-states this idea is represented by in the South-Eastern states, which prefer theenlarged concept of the East Centre expressing their links with theWestern culture

According toRonald Tiersky, the 1991 summit held in Visegrd, Hungary and attended by the Polish,HungarianandCzechoslovakpresidents was hailed at the time as a major breakthrough in Central European cooperation, but theVisegrd Group became a vehicle for coordinating Central Europe's road to the European Union, while development ofcloser ties within the region languished.[26]

Peter J. Katzenstein described Central Europe as a way station in a Europeanization process that marks the transformationprocess of the Visegrd Groupcountries in different, though comparable ways.[27]According to him in Germany'scontemporary public discourse "Central European identity" refers to the civilizational divide between Roman Catholicismand Eastern Orthodoxy.[27]He says there's no precise, uncontestable way to decide whether the Baltic states, Serbia,Croatia, Slovenia, Romania, and Bulgaria are parts of Central Europe or not.[28]

Lonnie R. Johnson points out criteria to distinguish Central Europe from Western, EasternandSoutheast Europe:[29]

one criterion for defining Central Europe is the frontiers of medieval empires and kingdoms that largelycorrespond to the religious frontiers between the Roman Catholic West and the Orthodox East.[30] The pagans ofCentral Europe were converted to Roman Catholicism while in Southeastern andEastern Europe they were

brought in the fold of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

[30]

Multinational empires were a characteristic of Central Europe.[31]Hungary and Poland, small and medium-sizestates today, were empires during their early histories.[31] The historical Kingdom of Hungary was until 1918 threetimes larger than Hungary is today,[31] while Poland was the largest state in Europe in the sixteenth century.[31]

Both these kingdoms housed a wide variety of different peoples.[31]

as a mode of self-perception, despite the debated nature of the concept Central Europeans generally agree onwhich peoples are to be excluded from this club: for example Serbs, Bulgarians,Romanians and Russians.[32]

He also thinks that Central Europe is a dynamical historical concept, not a static spatial one. For example,Lithuania, a fairshare ofBelarusand western Ukraineare inEastern Europe today, but 250 years ago they were in Poland.[31]

Johnson's study on Central Europe received acclaim and positive reviews[33][34]

in the scientific community.

The Columbia Encyclopedia defines Central Europe as: Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Poland, the CzechRepublic, Slovakia, and Hungary.[35]The World Factbook[36] Encyclopedia Britannica andBrockhaus Enzyklopdie use thesame definition adding Slovenia too.Encarta Encyclopedia does not clearly define the region, but places the samecountries into Central Europe in its individual articles on countries, adding Slovenia in "south central Europe".[37]

The German Encyclopaedia Meyers grosses Taschenlexikon (English: Meyers Big Pocket Encyclopedia), 1999, definesCentral Europe as the central part of Europe with no precise borders to the East and West. The term is mostly used todenominate the territory between the ScheldetoVistulaand from the Danubeto theMoravian Gate. Usually the countries
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ki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._4-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Columbia_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Columbia-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Fact-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Fact-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4diehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4diehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarta_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarta_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Encarta-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Encarta-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_Gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_Gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Tierskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Tiersky.2C_p._472-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Katzensteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Peter_J_p._6-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Peter_J_p._6-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Peter_J_p._4-27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lonnie_R._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p.4-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p.4-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._4-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._4-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._4-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._4-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._4-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._6-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._4-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Columbia_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Columbia-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Fact-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4diehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarta_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Encarta-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_Gate


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considered to be Central European are Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, inthe broader sense Romania too, occasionally also the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.

Central Europe according to Peter J. Katzenstein(1997)

The Visegrd Group countries are referred to as Central Europe in the book[27]

countries for which there's no precise, uncontestable way to decide whether they are parts of Central Europe ornot[28]

According toThe Economistand Ronald Tiersky a strict definition of Central Europe means the VisegrdGroup[18] [26]

Map of Central Europe, according to Lonnie R. Johnson (1996)[38]

Countries usually considered Central European (citing the World Bankand theOECD)

Easternmost Western European countries considered to be Central European only in the broader sense of theterm.

Central Europe according to The World Factbook(2009)[36]Encyclopedia Britannica and BrockhausEnzyklopdie(1998)
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Central Europe according to Columbia Encyclopedia (2009) andBBC[35]

Central European countries inEncarta Encyclopedia (2009)[37]

Central European countries

Slovenia in "south central Europe"

The Central European Countries according to Meyers grosses Taschenlexikon (1999):

Countries usually considered Central European

Central European countries in the broader sense of the term

Countries occasionally considered to be Central European

Central European states, according to the French Encyclopaedia Larousse (2009)[39]

History of the concept
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Middle Ages

As elements of unity for Western and Central Europe were considered the Roman Catholicism and Latin. Eastern Europethat remained Orthodox Christian, was the area of Byzantine cultural influence, and after the schism will develop culturalunity and protection against the Catholic and Protestant (Western) world, within the framework of Slavonic language andthe Cyrillic alphabet.[40]

In 1335 under the rule of the KingCharles I of Hungary, the castle ofVisegrd, the seat of theHungarian monarchswasthe scene of the royal summit of the Kings of Poland,Bohemiaand Hungary.[41] They agreed to cooperate closely in thefield of politics and commerce, inspiring their late successors to launch a successfulCentral European initiative.[41]

Before World War I

A view of Central Europe dating from the time before theFirst World War(1902):[42]Central European countries and regions: Germany and Austria-Hungary (without Bosnia-Herzegovina and Dalmatia)Regions located at the transition between Central Europe and Eastern Europe: Romania

The concept of Central Europe was already known at the beginning of the 19th century,[43]but its real life began in the20th century and immediately became an object of intensive interest. However, the very first concept mixed science,politics and economy it was strictly connected with intensively growing German economy and its aspirations todominate a part of European continent called Mitteleuropa. The German term denoting Central Europe was so fashionablethat other languages started referring to it when indicating territories from Rhineto Vistula, or even Dnieper, and from theBaltic Sea to the Balkans.[44] An example of that-time vision of Central Europe may be seen in J. Partschs book of 1903.[45]

On 21 January 1904 - Mitteleuropischer Wirtschaftsverein (Central European Economic Association) was established inBerlinwith economic integration of Germany and AustriaHungary (with eventual extension to Switzerland, Belgium andtheNetherlands) as its main aim. Another time, the term Central Europe became connected to the German plans ofpolitical, economic and cultural domination. The bible of the concept was Friedrich Naumanns bookMitteleuropa[46]inwhich he called for an economic federation to be established after the war. Naumann's idea was that the federation wouldhave at its centerGermany and theAustro-Hungarian Empire but would also include all European nations outside theAnglo-French alliance, on one side, and Russia, on the other.[47]The concept failed after the German defeat in the WorldWar Iand the dissolution of AustriaHungary. The revival of the idea may be observed during the Hitler era.

Interwar period

According toEmmanuel de Martonne, in 1927 the Central European countries included: Germany, Switzerland, Austria,Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania. Italy and Yugoslavia are not considered by the author to be CentralEuropean because they are located mostly outside Central Europe. The author use both Human and Physical Geographicalfeatures to define Central Europe.[48]

The interwar period(19181939) brought new geopolitical system and economic and political problems, and the conceptof Central Europe took a different character. The centre of interest was moved to its eastern part the countries that havereappeared on the map of Europe: Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Central Europe ceased to be the area of Germanaspiration to lead or dominate and became a territory of various integration movements aiming at resolving political,economic and national problems of "new" states, being a way to face German and Soviet pressures. However, the conflictof interests was too big and neitherLittle Entente norMidzymorzeideas succeeded.
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The interwar period brought new elements to the concept of Central Europe. Before World War I, it embraced mainlyGerman states (Germany,Austria), non-German territories being an area of intended German penetration and domination- German leadership position was to be the natural result of economic dominance.[43] After the war, the Eastern part ofCentral Europe was placed at the centre of the concept. At that time the scientists took interest in the idea: theInternational Historical Congress in Brusselsin 1923 was committed to Central Europe, and the 1933 Congress continuedthe discussions.

Magda Adam, in the Versailles System and Central Europe, published in the Oxford journals: "Today we know that thebane of Central Europe was the Little Entente, military alliance of Czechoslovakia, Romania and Kingdom of Serbs,Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), created in 1921 not for Central Europe's cooperation nor to fight Germanexpansion, but in a wrong perceived notion that a completely powerless Hungary must be kept down".[49]

The avant-garde movements of Central Europe were an essential part of modernisms evolution, reaching its peakthroughout the continent during the 1920s. The Sourcebook of Central European avantgards (Los Angeles CountyMuseum of Art) contains primary documents of the avant-gardes in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland,Romania, and Yugoslavia from 1910 to 1930.[50]The manifestos and magazines of Western European radical art circlesare well known to Western scholars and are being taught at primary universities of their kind in the western world.

Central Europe behind the Iron Curtain

Following World War II, large parts of Europe that were culturally and historically Western became part of theEasternbloc. Czech authorMilan Kundera(emigrant to France) thus wrote in 1984 about the "Tragedy of Central Europe" in theNew York Review of Books.[51] Consequently, the English term Central Europe was increasingly applied only to thewesternmost former Warsaw Pact countries (East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) to specify them ascommunist states that were culturally tied to Western Europe.[52]This usage continued after the end of the Warsaw Pactwhen these countries started to undergo transition.

The post-World War II period brought blocking of the research on Central Europe in the Eastern Bloccountries, as itsevery result proved the dissimilarity of Central Europe, which was inconsistent with theStalinistdoctrine. On the otherhand, the topic became popular in Western Europe and the United States, much of the research being carried out byimmigrants from Central Europe.[53]At the end of the communism, publicists and historians in Central Europe, especiallyanti-communist opposition, came back to their research.[54]

According to Meyers Enzyklopdisches Lexikon,[55] Central Europe is a part of Europe composed by the surface of theNetherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania,northern marginal regions of Italy and Yugoslavia (northern states- Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia) as well as northeasternFrance. Sometimes,[citation needed] the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg are not regarded as Central European.

Central Europe, as defined by E. Schenk (1950)[56]
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Central Europe, according to Alice F. A. Mutton in Central Europe. A Regional and Human Geography (1961)

Central Europe according to Meyers Enzyklopaedisches Lexikon (1980)

Mitteleuropa, the German term

German Mitteleuropa, covering Austria,Croatia,Czechia,Germany,Hungary,Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Balticstatesand parts ofUkraine,Russia,Romania,Serbia,Franceand Italy.

The Germanterm Mitteleuropa(or alternatively its literal translation into English, Middle Europe[57]) is an ambiguous

German concept.[57] It is sometimes used in English to refer to an area somewhat larger than most conceptions of 'CentralEurope'; it refers to territories under German(ic) cultural hegemony until World War I (encompassing AustriaHungaryand Germany in their pre-war formations but usually excluding theBaltic countries north ofEast Prussia).[citation needed]

According toFritz FischerMitteleuropa was a scheme in the era of theReich of 1871-1918by which the old imperialelites had allegedly sought to build a system of German economic, military and political domination from the northernseas to the Near East and from the Low Countries through the steppes of Russia to the Caucasus.[58] Professor FritzEpstein argued the threat of a Slavic "Drang nach Westen" (Western expansion) had been a major factor in the emergenceof a Mitteleuropa ideology before the Reich of 1871 ever came into being.[59]

In Germany the connotation is also sometimes linked to the pre-war German provinces east of the Oder-Neisse linewhichwere lost as the result of World War II, annexed byPeople's Republic of Polandand the Soviet Union, and ethnicallycleansed ofGermansby communist authorities and forces (seeexpulsion of Germans after World War II) due to Yalta

Conference and Potsdam Conferencedecisions. In this viewBohemia andMoravia, with its dualWestern SlavicandGermanicheritage, combined with the historic element of the "Sudetenland", is a core region illustrating the problems andfeatures of the entire Central European region.The term Mitteleuropa conjures up negative historical associations, although the Germans have not played an exclusivelynegative role in the region.[32] Most Central European Jews embraced the enlightened German humanistic culture of the19th century.[60] German-speaking Jews from turn-of-the-centuryVienna,Budapest andPrague became representatives ofwhat many consider to be Central European culture at its best, though the Nazi version of "Mitteleuropa" destroyed thiskind of culture.[60]Some German speakers are sensitive enough to the pejorative connotations of the term Mitteleuropa touseZentraleuropa instead.[57]Adolf Hitlerwas obsessed by the idea ofLebensraum and many non-German CentralEuropeans identify Mitteleuropa with the instruments he employed to acquire it: war, deportations, genocide.[61]
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ncehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteleuropahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._165-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._165-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Fischerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder-Neisse_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._6-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._7-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn-of-the-centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._7-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-Johnson.2C_p._165-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-60


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Physical geography

Between the Alps and the Baltics

Geography strongly defines Central Europe's borders with its neighbouring regions to the North and South, namelyNorthern Europe(orScandinavia) across the Baltic Sea, the Apennine peninsula(orItaly) across the Alps and the Balkanpeninsula across the Soa-Krka-Sava-Danube line. The borders to Western EuropeandEastern Europe are geographicallyless defined and for this reason theculturaland historical boundaries migrate more easily West-East than South-North.The Rhineriver which runs South-North through Western Germany is an exception.

Carpathiancountries (north to south):AT,CZ, PL,SK,HU,UA,RO,SRB

Pannonian Plain and Carpathian Mountains

The Pannonian Plain, between the Alps (west), theCarpathians (north and east), and the Sava/Danube (south)

Geographically speaking, theCarpathian mountainsdivide theEuropean Plain into two sections: the Central Europe'sPannonian Plain in the west,[62] and the East European Plain, which lie eastward of the Carpathians. Southwards, thePannonian Plain is bounded by the rivers Savaand Danube- and their respective floodplains.[63]This area mostlycorresponds to the borders of the formerAustria-Hungary. The Pannonian Plain extends into the following countries:Austria,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Croatia,Hungary,Romania,Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine.

Dinaric Alps

As southeastern division of the Eastern Alps,[64] the Dinaric Alpsextend for 650 kilometres along the coast of the Adriatic

Sea (northwest-southeast), from the Julian Alps in the northwest down to the ar-Korab massif, where the mountaindirection changes to north-south. According to the Freie Universitaet Berlin[65]this mountain chain is classified as SouthCentral European.
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nshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_European_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaric_Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaric_Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps


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The European floristic regions

Flora

The Central European Flora region stretches from Central France(Massif Central) to CentralRomania(Carpathians) andSouthernScandinavia.[66]

Central Europe subdivision

Sometimes, Central Europe is divided into Western-central and Eastern-Central Europe.

[citation needed]

Additional information:

Geographical midpoint of Europe

This map shows some of the locations of claimants to the title ofCentre of Europe

The location of the geographical centre of Europe depends on the definition of the borders ofEurope, mainly whetherremote islands are included to define the extreme points of Europe, and on the method of calculating the final result. Thusseveral places claim to host this hypothetical centre.

Some claimants

Locations currently vying for the distinction of being the centre ofEurope include:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centre_of_Europe.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centre_of_Europe.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe


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the small town ofRakhiv, or the village ofDilovenear Rakhiv, in westernUkraine; Bernotai, orPurnuks, nearVilnius, in Lithuania; a point on the island ofSaaremaa in Estonia; the village ofKrahule, nearKremnica, in centralSlovakia; Suchowola, north ofBiaystok, in northeastPoland; andToru, in north-central Poland; a point nearPolotskin Belarus. A memorial nearTllya,Hungary

As noted below,Guinness World Recordsrecognises Bernotai, 26 km. north ofVilnius,Lithuania, as the "official"geographical midpoint of Europe. But that does not preclude other centres, depending on the methodology used in makingthe determination.

Historical measurements

Austria-Hungary

Modern day Ukraine: In 1887, geographers from the Austro-Hungarian Empire set up a historical marker and alarge stone in what is today a part ofUkraine, believed to mark the geographic centre of Europe. Theinterpretation of the wornLatininscriptionon the monumentis debated, with some claiming that the marker is

merely one of a number of fixed triangulationpoints for surveying purposes established around the territory of theformer Empire. The external borders of Europe taken into account during the calculations are not known.According to the description, the methodology used for the calculation is that of the geometrical middle point ofthe extremelatitudes and longitudes of Europe, so the stone was located at 4830N 2323E. However, the

actual location of the monument seems rather 475746.47N 241114.4E and not the coordinates to whichthey relate. The village ofDilove located on the Tisza river, close to the Romanianborder, in the county ofRakhiv in the Transcarpathian region.

Modern day Czech Republic/Bavaria: Austrian geographers also marked the 939 metre high Tillenberg (Dyle)near the Bohemian city ofEger/Cheb with a copper plate as the centre of Europe. As the border toGermany/Bavaria runs 100m west of the mountaintop, the German village ofNeualbenreuthuses this forpromotional purposes. Bayerischer Rundfunkjournalists asked the Institut fr Geographie of theUniversity ofMunichto verify the claims. The institute concluded that the centre lies further to the south, in HildweinsreuthnearFlossenbrg.

German measurements

German Empire geographers did their own geographic analysis at the beginning of the 1900s and concluded that theAustrian measurements were incorrect. The German scientists stated that the true geographic centre of Europe was in theSaxoncapital city ofDresden, near theFrauenkirche.

Soviet measurements

Measurements done afterWorld War II bySovietscientists again proclaimed Rakhiv and Dilove (in Russian: Rakhov andDyelovoye) to be the geographical centre of Europe. The old marker in the small town was renewed, and a majorcampaign to convince everyone of its validity was undertaken.

Slovakia

Another possible centre of Europe is the Central Slovak town ofKrahule, near the mining town ofKremnica, now afamous centre for winter sports. There is now a stone commemorating the point at 4845N 1855E as well as a hoteland a recreation centre called "Centre of Europe".

Current measurements
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dilove&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dilove&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dilove&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernotai&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purnu%C5%A1k%C4%97s&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purnu%C5%A1k%C4%97s&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saaremaahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krahulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krahulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremnicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremnicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchowolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1llyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1llyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1llyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernotai&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=48_30_N_23_23_E_type:landmarkhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=48_30_N_23_23_E_type:landmarkhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=47_57_46.47_N_24_11_14.4_E_type:landmark&title=Dilove%2C+Ukraine+(monument)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dilove&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiszahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Rutheniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyle%C5%88http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neualbenreuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neualbenreuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neualbenreuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hildweinsreuth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Frauenkirchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Frauenkirchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krahulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krahulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremnicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremnicahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=48_45_N_18_55_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dilove&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernotai&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purnu%C5%A1k%C4%97s&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saaremaahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krahulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremnicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchowolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1llyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernotai&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=48_30_N_23_23_E_type:landmarkhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=47_57_46.47_N_24_11_14.4_E_type:landmark&title=Dilove%2C+Ukraine+(monument)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dilove&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiszahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Rutheniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyle%C5%88http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neualbenreuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hildweinsreuth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Frauenkirchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krahulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremnicahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=48_45_N_18_55_E_


13/14

Lithuania

After a re-estimation of the boundaries of the continent ofEurope in 1989,Jean-George Affholder, a scientist at theInstitut Gographique National (French National Geographic Institute) determined that the Geographic Centre of Europeis located at 5454N 2519E.[1]The method used for calculating this point was that of thecentre of gravity of thegeometrical figure of Europe. This point is located inLithuania, specifically 26 kilometres (16 mi) north of its capital city,Vilnius, near the village of Purnuks. A monument, composed by the sculptor Gediminas Jokbonis and consisting of acolumn of white granite surmounted by a crown of stars, was erected at the location in 2004. An area of woods and fields

surrounding the geographic centre point and including Lake Girija, Bernotai Hill, and an old burial ground, was set asideas a reserve in 1992. The State Tourism Department at the Ministry of Economy of Lithuania has classified theGeographic Centre monument and its reserve as a tourist attraction. This location is the only one listed in theGuinnessBook of World Records as the geographical centre of Europe. 17 km away lies Europos Parkas,Open Air Museum of theCentre of Europe, a sculpture park containing the world's largest sculpture made of TV sets.[2]

Hungary

It is claimed that a 1992 survey found that the geometric centre of Europe is in the village ofTllya, Hungary48.23610N 21.22574E.[3][4]In 2000, a sculpture was erected in the village, with a table on it declaring the place the"Geometric Centre of Europe".[5]

Estonia

If all the islands of Europe, from Azores to the Franz Joseph Landand from Crete toIceland, are taken into consideration,it is claimed that the centre of Europe lies on the island ofSaaremaa in western Estonia, in Mnnuste village, at581814N 221644E. Again, no author and no method of calculation was disclosed. The local Krla Parish is lookingto verify the location and turn it into a tourist location.[6]

Belarus

Recently a new claim has been made thatVitebsk 55110N 30100E in northeastern Belarus, or alternativelyBabruysk 533401N 292352E in the western part of the province ofMahilyowof the eastern Belarus, is the centre

of Europe.[citation needed]

In 2000 Belarusian scientists Alexey Solomonov and Valery Anoshko published a report that stated the geographic centreof Europe was located near Lake Sho ( 551055N 281530E;Belarusian: ) in Vitsebsk Voblast.[7]

Scientists from Russian Central Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Survey and Cartography (Russian: )confirmed calculations of Belarusian geodesists that the geographical centre of Europe is located in Polotsk 55300N28480E. A small monument to the Geographical Centre of Europe was set up in Polotsk on May 31, 2008.[8]

Possibly mistaken claims

Certain people

[who?]

mistakenly take two notions: "geographical centre of Europe" and "geographical centre of a countrylying (approximately) in the centre of Europe" to besynonymous. Such seems the genesis of the claims that the centre ofEurope lies in the following places.

ho nearLede nad Szavou,Czech Republic - place of the geometrical centre of the Czech Republic.[9]

Although the Czech Republic considers itself a "country in the heart of Europe", this point does not claim to be acentre of the whole Europe.

Pitekin the centre of Poland.[10]

Braunau am Inn in Austria, in the province ofUpper Austria (Obersterreich), on the border with Germany - wasdeclared the centre of Europe supposedly byNapoleon Bonaparte himselfcertainly not for purely geographicalbut for political reasons. [citation needed]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-George_Affholder&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-George_Affholder&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-George_Affholder&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_g%C3%A9ographique_national_(France)http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=54_54_N_25_19_E_type:landmark&title=Purnu%C5%A1k%C4%97s+(centre+of+gravity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_centre_of_Europe#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_centre_of_Europe#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europos_Parkashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europos_Parkashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_centre_of_Europe#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1llyahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=48.23610_N_21.22574_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_centre_of_Europe#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_centre_of_Europe#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_centre_of_Europe#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_centre_of_Europe#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_centre_of_Europe#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saaremaahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=58_18_14_N_22_16_44_E_type:landmark&title=North+of+Torguhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=58_18_14_N_22_16_44_E_type:landmark&title=North+of+Torguhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rla_Parishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_centre_of_Europe#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebskhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=55_11_0_N_30_10_0_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babruyskhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=53_34_01_N_29_23_52_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahilyowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahilyowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=55_10_55_N_28_15_30_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitsebsk_Voblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitsebsk_Voblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_centre_of_Europe#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotskhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=55_30_0_N_28_48_0_E_http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe&params=55_30_0_N_28_48_0_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_centre_of_Europe#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADho%C5%A1%C5%A5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lede%C4%8D_nad_S%C3%A1zavouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lede%C4%8D_nad_S%C3%A1zavouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.

Documents

Written Report in Central Europe