Age of Exploration

W’s

What: Search for spices and trade routes for wealth.

When: 1300s – 1700s

Who: Portuguese(1), Spanish (2), English(3)

Why: Adventures spirit, desire for a direct route to random places Increased Knowledge/Education New Inventions

Faster and more efficient ships Accurate maps

New and Improved Sailing Navigational

Technology Astrolabe: measure latitude by finding a point on

the horizon and using sun, stars, and/or moon.

Compass: Magnetic pull used on a device to tell the direction on Nth, Sth, Est, or Wst.

Caravel Ship: Light and fast Rudder System – faster and easier turns Lateen Sail – catch wind from any direction

Cartography Map making (new and more accurate map)

Reasons for European Exploration

Money - $$

Land New land = tax Land could be used for agricultural purposes

(farming)

Wealth Exploit new lands and resources

3G’s – GOD, GOLD, GLORY

Portuguese Explorers

Prince Henry: wanted to find a route around Africa. Wanted to spread Christianity He re-designed ships Open school to teach navigation to people Died in 1460

Left behind multiple maps

Bartolomeu Diaz

Student of Prince Henry

Found the bottom of Africa.

His works weren’t finished when he

died

Vasco da Gama

1479, led 4 ships around Cape of Good Hope

After 10 months, he finally found the end of India. Many people died with a lack of vitamins

3,000% profit from whatever was recovered from where you sailed to

They lived off of salted meat and tack Meat – salted to allow it to be preserved Tack – looked like dog biscuits

Ferdinand Magellan

1519 – sailed five ships from Spain

Rounded around South America

It took 4 months to get to the Philippines even thought they predicted only 3 weeks.

Only 17 people survived the trip there and back

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who sailed for Spain. (He thought the Earth was round.)

No one supported him except Spain. Spain and the Queen financed his journey

There were three ships Pinta Nina Santa Maria

Found the Caribbean Islands

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistadors landed in Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses, and a few canons.

Natives thought that him and his warriors were Gods.

Natives didn't make any metals Spears were made out of Stone.

Used rivalry to get Aztecs to fight with each other

Cortes moved to Tenochtitlan

Natives disliked Aztecs

Fighting broke out

Conquistadors

Spanish people followed the 3G’s

People settled.

Role of Disease in Exploration and

Conquest Deadly Diseases were brought to the new

world (mumps, small pox, flu, etc.)

Disease spread fast 90% of population died

Dr. Edward Jener – small pox vaccine

Columbian Exchange

Global transfer of plants, animals, foods, and etcetera.

Encomienda System

Conquistadors granted encomiendas (tracts of land and rights to demand labor or tribute from Native Americas)

By 1500s Spain's empire – California to South America

Viceroy – representative of the King that ruled each province

Castas

Spanish colonial caste system.

Peninsulares

Creoles

Mestizos

Mullatos

Castas - continured

Peninsulares – Spanish born

Creoles – Spanish descent born in Americas

Mestizos – Indian and Spanish descent

Mullatos – African and Spanish descent

Slave Trade

Natives died and they needed slaves

Slaves came from Africa – Stolen from their home

Introduction of sugar cane

Triangle Trade

Exchange of Goods and slaves from Europe, Africa, and The New World 1st – Manufactured goods to Africa to be traded

for slaves 2nd – Slaves transported to West Indies

Slave exchanged for goods (Africa New world)

3rd – Sold raw goods (materials) for profit (New World Europe)

Middle Passage

Brought slaves to Americas Emslaved sometimes walked hundreds of miles to coast

city. There were horrific conditions on the ships that brought

the slaves. 100’s of people were crammed on one ship.

Once they arrived at the New World slaves were branded multiple times by different owners

More slaves = more profit Slaves were shackled by their neck. Their was little to no

space to move; they could also be shackled to the wall.

Amistad – Middle Passage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nePOpkYwjY

Colonization

Mother country took control, set up economy and government

You could only export raw good to Spain and only by Spanish manufacturers

Laws forbid trade in other countries

Mercantilism

Nations strength depended on its wealth

Goal: strong military; expand influence

Export more than you buy… Important increases reserved of gold and silver

through (1) mining and (2) sell more goods

Tudors

Henry VIII Act of Supremacy – 1534

Edward VI – son of Henry VIII 1547-1553

Queen Jane Grey Only in power for 9 days

Queen Mary Wanted a child

Queen Elizabeth Great Compromiser Known as Virgin Queen Evolved England and eventually took out Spain

Puritans – sought to “purify” Anglican church practices, and simplify church authority. (Presbyterians, Congregationalists

Stuarts

James I (son of Mary Queen of Scots) succeeded Elizabeth Believed divine right (wanted minimum

consultation) Parliament was only summoned by the

monarch (king.) Began to raise taxes Called for a translation of the Bible and the

King James version

RELIGIOUS TENTION: Puritans wanted to end elaborate ceremonies at

churches Dissenters began to leave to the Americas 1620 – separatists found Plymouth Colony

TENSION IN THE ROYAL COURT: Corruption began in the Royal Court Ruled by favorites, and sold titles to the highest

bidder 1604 – made peace with Spain 1624 – England goes to war with Spain

Charles I War with Spain, Parliament supported the war

but would not fund it Extra Parliamentary – “higher taxes” (tariffs

and duties) and forced loans 1628 – Charles call Parliament and asks for

money They agree only if Charles recognizes (signs)

“Petition of Right”

Petition of Right

You cant force loans or raise taxes

No imprisonment because of these

Troops can’t be housed in private homes

Charles agrees to the terms 1629 – Charles takes down Parliament

Years of Personal Rule

Charles made peace with Spain and France

Raised taxes and enforced economic raises on people

Imposed Anglican Book of Common Prayer

1640 – Charles forced Parliament back

Parliament’s Reaction

Parliament was angry for not being called for 11 years

Parliament tries to order Charles what to do and argues about what he says

Charles dissolved Parliament again

Scots defeat England that summer

Long Parliament

Active from November 1640 – 1660

Abolished courts that enforced royal policy

Prohibited raising taxes

Tension Intensifies

October 1641 – Parliament asked to raise taxes

Some thought Parliament should be to commander and chief

January 1642 – Charles invades Parliament and arrested all that opposed him

Civil War

Charles left London and raised an army

Parliament passed “Militia Ordinance” which allowed them the right to raise an army

1642 – 1646 (Civil Car

Cavaliers – King supporters

Roundheads – Parliamentary Supporters

Oliver Cromwell

Roundheads allied with Scotland

Oliver – led Parliamentary army

June 1645 – Charles was defeated

Charles was put on trial and was found guilty of treason

Executed on January 30th

Parliament abolished monarchy, House of Lords, and Anglican Church

Puritan Republic

Attacked Scotland and Ireland,

1653 – House of Common wanted Cromwell to disband his army

Charles II

Son of Charles I returns as monarch

Parliament reinstates House of Lords & Commons, Anglican Church, Bishops and Prayer Book

Favored religious toleration

Converts to Catholicism on his death bed

James II

Increased Catholic presence at all levels

Some people wanted the daughter of James, Mary to agree to sign and abide by Bill of Rights

1688 – William and Mary arrived with an army but James fled

Glorious Revolution

Shift of power to limit monarchy.

English Bill of Rights - 1685

Limited power to monarch, guaranteed civil liberty, privilege, and classes

Freedom of speech, right to petition

No one is above the law

Influenced creation of American Bill of Rights

France Under Louis XIV

Become king at the age of 9, but his advisors ruled France while Louis was young

Believed in divine right, ruled as absolute monarch

Took sun as his symbol. Mythology – France revolved around him

“I am the State”

Gave positions in the government to nobles and wealthy business men.

Versailles

Spent decades to build a fortress of buildings in the palace

Thousands lived at Versailles

Levee – nobles competed for the honor to help him get ready when he woke

Peter the Great - Russia

Absolute monarch at age 10

Brother was mentally ill

Sister is Sophia and she tried to have both brothers killed Peter escaped and came back and forced her

into a convent. She became a nun.

1696 – Peter’s mother died and he become the complete ruler

He travels for 18 months to gather an army and to prepare for an attack on the Ottman Empire During his travels he studied new ideas and technologies He took what he knew back to Russia to reform

Westernize – adopted western ideas, technologies, and culture Western style of dress – forced men to shave their beards

He would have lavish/extravagant parties with upper class women and men, they were expected to dance with each other.

Strengthened military and expanded borders Brought all institutions under his control

Pushed social/economic reforms and improved education

Conscripted – forced people into army/military (draft)

Anyone who resisted he would torture and kill them and put their bodies on display around the city. (Gov. buildings)

Warm Water-Port – an area used for import/export and navy uses that would never freeze during the year. It was always accessible

Catherine the Great (1729-96)

Continued Peter’s reforms. She embraced western ideas, education for boys and girls and attacked the Ottman Empire, this allowed her to win a warm water-port

Inspired by Enlightenment theories

She divided Poland

Revolutions – about to begin, people’s rights and place in the eyes of the government

Absolute Monarch

Power that is not limited to having to consult nobles, or common people Absolute power

Divine Right – belief right to rule received from God, must not be challenged

Spain Dominates

During the Golden Age (1550s – 1650s)

Vast amount of gold and silver

Agriculture (sugar cane) produced huge profit

England Emerges

England began to assert their presence in Americas

Ships sailed by English captains (Sea Dogs) attacking Spanish ships

Spanish Armada

Religious wars waging in Europe. Reformation ideas spread

Spain was angry that their ships are being attacked and ordered the Spanish Armada 130 ships, 25,000 soldiers

Fire ships – ships set on fir that were aimed and rammed into another ship

A storm came and destroyed a high amount of Spanish Armada

Spanish ships were slow while English was fast

Queen Elizabeth