Wto and International Trade

8/3/2019 Wto and International Trade

1/27

T~mqmermb Nw6

T~m~eh @}trh *84:'Chelmme Oh}~ * 01'Ckegoh Nheqhl * :4'Egrgqj Chljkr~h * 7='

88


2/27

yRjm PRK gq rjm kelw `lknhl germ~ehrgkehlk~`hegvhrgke bmhlge` pgrj rjm ~}lmq ki r~hbmnmrpmme ehrgkeq%

y

PRK ahcm gerk mzgqrmeam ke Fhe}h~w 8qr,877= ~mtlhage` @HRR *@mem~hl H`~mmcmerke R~hbm ) Rh~giiq'

y

Gr akeqgqrq ki :8 ak}er~gmq heb rm~~grk~gmq akym~ 74- ki Germ~ehrgkehl r~hbm ge `kkbqheb qm~ygamq%

y A}~~merlw PRK jhq 822 ak}er~gmq%

P R K *Pk~lb R~hbm K~`hegvhrgke'

>>


3/27

Rjm PRKq i}eargkeq

Hbcgegqrm~q rjm PRK H`~mmcmerq heb ihaglgrhrmqrjmg~ ktm~hrgke heb gctlmcmerhrgkeT~kygbmq h ik~}c ik~ r~hbm em`krghrgkeq hcke`cmcnm~ qrhrmq ke chrrm~q akym~mb nw rjmH`~mmcmerq heb ik~ i}~rjm~ lgnm~hlgvhrgke ki r~hbm

hcke`qr cmcnm~q^mqtkeqgnlm ik~ rjm qmrrlmcmer ki bgiim~meamq hebbgqt}rmq nmrpmme cmcnm~q^mqtkeqgnlm ik~ tm~gkbga ~mygmpq ki rjm r~hbmtklgagmq ki cmcnm~qHlqk t~kygbmq rmajegahl hqqgqrheam heb r~hgege` ik~

bmymlktge` ak}er~gmqAkktm~hrmq pgrj krjm~ germ~ehrgkehl k~`hegvhrgkeqke q}nfmarq ki c}r}hl germ~mqr

11


4/27

QR^]AR]^M KI PRK

PRK gq bkcgehrmb nw grq jg`jmqr h}rjk~grw Cgegqrm~ghl akeim~meam%

Bhw rk Bhw hargygrgmq ki PRK gq cheh`mb nw h ek ki

q}nqgbgh~w nkbgmq pjgaj geal}bm rjm @mem~hl ak}eagl%

@mem~hl Ak}eagl bmlm`hrmq ~mqtkeqgnglgrw rk rj~mmkrjm~ chfk~ nkbgmq # ehcmlw rjm Ak}eaglq ik~ R~hbm ge

@kkbq, R~hbm ge Qm~ygamq heb R~hbm#^mlhrmb Hqtmarqki Germllmar}hl T~ktm~rw%

Akerge}mb%%

22


5/27

Rj~mm krjm~ nkbgmq h~m mqrhnlgqjmb nw rjm Cgegqrm~ghl

Akeim~meam heb ~mtk~r rk rjm @mem~hl Ak}eagl%

Rjmw h~m ehcmlw Akccgrrmm ke R~hbm )Bmymlktcmer, Akccgrrmm ke Nhlheam ki Thwcmerq

heb Akccgrrmm ke N}b`mr%

Rjm~m h~m krjm~ rj~mm h`~mmcmerq ki rjm PRK rjkqmke agygl hg~a~hir , `kym~ecmer t~ka}~mcmer, bhg~w

t~kb}arq heb nkygem cmhr%

==


6/27

Cgegqrm~ghl Akeim~meam#Rjmhtmz nkbw ik~ bmagqgkechoge` *cmmrq mym~w > wmh~q'% Akctkqgrgke6#

cgegqrm~ghl ~mt~mqmerhrgymq%@mem~hl Ak}eagl# tm~ik~cq rjm i}eargkeq ki rjmAkeim~meam nmrpmme cmmrge`q heb jhq qtmagiga b}rgmqhqqg`emb rk gr nw rjm PRK h`~mmcmerq% Akctkqgrgke6#`kym~ecmerhl ~mt~mqmerhrgymq%

Rjm @mem~hl Ak}eagl hlqk cmmrq hq rjm Bgqt}rm

Qmrrlmcmer Nkbw heb rjm R~hbm Tklgaw ^mygmpNkbw%Ak}eaglq ik~ R~hbm ge @kkbq *kym~qmmq @HRR', R~hbm geQm~ygamq *kym~qmmq @HRQ' heb R^GTQ pjgaj ~mtk~r rkheb hqqgqr rjm @mem~hl Ak}eagl%

Akccgrrmmq ke qtmaghl q}nfmarq, Akccgrrmmqi}eargkege` }ebm~ rjm Ak}eaglq heb Akccgrrmmq ik~rjm Tl}~glhrm~hl H`~mmcmerq%

99


7/27

Cmcnm~qjgt# bmymlktmb,bmymlktge`, lmhqr bmymlktmbak}er~gmq heb

makekcgmq ge r~heqgrgke%Bmagqgke choge` gq nw akeqmeq}q%Gi akeqmeq}q gq ekr tkqqgnlmbmagqgkeqpgll nm rhome nw h chfk~grw ykrm%

00


8/27

Nmemigrq ki PRK

Rjm qwqrmc jmltq t~kckrm tmham% ^}lmq chom lgim mhqgm~ ik~ hll%

Bgqt}rmq h~m jheblmb akeqr~}argymlw% I~mm r~hbm a}rq rjm akqr ki lgyge`%

::


9/27

Gr t~kygbmq ck~m ajkgam ki t~kb}ar hebx}hlgrw

R~hbm ~hgqmq geakcm% R~hbm qrgc}lhrm makekcga `~kprj% Rjm nhqga t~geagtlm chom lgim ck~m%

miigagmer%

77


10/27

^K]EBQWmh~ ^k}ebq + Mymerq

8720 Rjm Ng~rj ki @HRR hr Thlhgq bmq Ehrgkeq hr @memyh

872: Mer~w gerk Ik~am*Jhyheh, A}nh'

8727 Qmakeb k}eb hr Heemaw, I~heam%

87=4 Rjg~b k}eb hr Rk~x}hw, ]O

87=9 Ik}~rj k}eb hr @memyh

87=: Rjm Jhnm~lm~ mtk~r

8794 Igirj k}eb *Rjm Bgllke k}eb'

8798 Nm`geege` ki rjm CIH

8792 Rjm Omeembw k}eb

879= R~hbm heb Bmymlktcmer Ajhtrm~

8701 Rjm Rkowk k}eb

8702 C}lrgign~m H~~he`mcmer *CIH'%

8484


11/27

^K]EBQ87:> Qmmbq ki ]~}`}hw k}eb

87:9 Mg`jrj k}eb *Rjm ]~}`}hw k}eb hr T}erh bml Mqrm, ]~}`}hw'

87:: Cgbrm~c mygmp ki rjm ]~}`}hw k}eb

8771 Q}aamqqi}l Akeal}qgke ki rjm ]~}`}hw k}eb

8772 Qg`ege` ki rjm ]~}`}hw k}eb H`~mmcmerq ge Ch~~homqj

877= Mqrhnlgqjcmer ki rjm Pk~lb R~hbm K~`hegvhrgke

8779 H`~mmcmer ke R~hbm#~mlhrmb Hqtmarq ki Germllmar}hl T~ktm~rw g`jrq*R^GTQ'

8779 Ig~qr Pk~lb R~hbm K~`hegvhrgke Cgegqrm~ghl Akeim~meam rk nm jmlb geQge`htk~m

8770 Rmlmakc H`~mmcmer

877: @memyh Cgegqrm~ghl

8777 Qmhrrlm Cgegqrm~ghl Akeim~meam

>444 Chebhrmb Em`krghrgkeq

>448 Cgegqrm~ghl Akeim~meam hr Bkjh

>441 Igirj Cgegqrm~ghl Akeim~meam hr Ahea}e, Cmzgak%

8888


12/27

G # C}lrglhrm~hl H`~mmcmerq ke R~hbm ge@kkbq, pgrj rjm ikllkpge` akctkemerq6

*8' @HRR 8772, akeqgqrge` ki rjm ikllkpge`6

@HRR 8720, g%m%, rjm k~g`gehl @HRR pgrj grq hcmebcmerq mra% hq grqrhebq }t rk 18 Bmamcnm~ 8772?

Bmagqgkeq rhome }ebm~ @HRR 8720 }t rk rhr bhrm?

]ebm~qrhebge`q ~mhajmb ge rjm ]~}`}hw ^k}eb ge qgz h~mhq, ygv%,krjm~ b}rgmq heb ajh~`mq, qrhrm r~hbge` merm~t~gqmq, nhlheam#ki# thwcmerq t~kygqgkeq, a}qrkcq }egkeq heb i~mm#r~hbm h~mhq, phgym~q ki

knlg`hrgkeq, heb rh~gii ckbgigahrgke? heb Rh~gii qajmb}lmq heb rjm cheem~ ki gctlmcmerhrgke ki rjmqm

qajmb}lmq hq h`~mmb rk ge rjm ]~}`}hw ^k}eb


13/27

*>' Krjm~ h`~mmcmerq ge rjm h~mh ki `kkbq,ygv% rjm 8> h`~mmcmerq akym~ge` rjm h~mhq

ki6H`~ga}lr}~mQhegrh~w heb Tjwrkqhegrh~w Cmhq}~mqRmzrglmq heb Alkrjge`Rmajegahl Nh~~gm~q rk R~hbm

R~hbm#^mlhrmb Geymqrcmer Cmhq}~mqHerg#B}ctge`A}qrkcq Yhl}hrgkeqT~mqjgtcmer Geqtmargkeq^}lmq ki K~g`ge

Gctk~r Lgameqge`Q}nqgbgmq heb Qhim`}h~b


14/27

*1' # @mem~hl H`~mmcmer ke R~hbm geQm~ygamq

*2' # H`~mmcmer ke R~hbm#^mlhrmbHqtmarq ki Germllmar}hl T~ktm~rw ^g`jrq

*=' # R~hbm Tklgaw ^mygmp Cmajhegqc

*9' # ]ebm~qrhebge` ke rjm Qmrrlmcmer kiBgqt}rmq


15/27

Miimarq ki PRK ge Gebghe makekcw

PRK ) Gebghe H`~ga}lr}~m%

Rjm ~mhlgrw ki ~gqge` ikkb t~gamq%

I~mm R~hbm Bmqr~kwq Ih~cge` Qwqrmc %

Thrmer T~krmargke%

@lknhlgvhrgke%


16/27

I~mm~ r~hbm a}rq rjm akqr ki lgyge`Gr `gymq akeq}cm~q ck~m ajkgam, ) h n~khbm~ ~he`m ki x}hlgrgmqrk ajkkqm i~kc%R~hbm ~hgqmq geakcmq%R~hbm qrgc}lhrmq makekcga `~kprj, ) rjhr ahe nm `kkb empq ik~mctlkwcmerRjm nhqga t~geagtlmq chom rjm qwqrmc makekcgahllw ck~mmiigagmer, ) rjmw a}r akqrq%Rjm qwqrmc hllkpq bgqt}rmq rk nm jheblmb akeqr~}argymlw%H qwqrmc nhqmb ke ~}lmq ~hrjm~ rjhe tkpm~ chomq lgim mhqgm~ ik~hll%

Hbyherh`mq ki PRK

8989


17/27

Bgqhbyherh`m ki PRK

Rjm PRK bgarhrmq tklgawRjm PRK bmqr~kwq fknq, pk~qmeq tkym~rwQchll ak}er~gmq h~m tkpm~lmqq ge rjm PRK

Pmhom~ ak}er~gmq h~m ik~amb rk fkge rjm PRKEke#rh~gii nh~~gm~qAkctmrgrgke

8080


18/27

Germ~ehrgkehl R~hbm

8:8:


19/27

Gcthar ki PRK ke Germ~ehrgkehlR~hbm

Rjm @HRR qma~mrh~ghr mqrgchrmb rjhr lh~`mqr gea~mhqm ge rjm lmyml kicm~ajhebgqm r~hbm ge `kkbq *ge `mem~hl, gr pk}lb nm ]Q " 02=

ngllgke %nw rjm meb ki >44=' pgll nm ge rjm h~mhq ki alkrjge` *94 tm~

amer', h`~ga}lr}~m, ik~mqr~w heb igqjm~w t~kb}arq *>4 tm~ amer' hebt~kamqqmb ikkb heb nmym~h`mq *87 tm~ amer'% Gebghq akctmrgrgymhbyherh`m lgmq ge rjmqm igmlbq% Jmeam, gr gq lk`gahl rk nmlgmym rjhrGebgh pgll knrhge lh~`m `hgeq ge rjmqm qmark~q%Gebghq rmzrglm heb alkrjge` mztk~rq pgll gea~mhqm b}m rk rjm tjhqge`

k}r ki C}lrg#ign~m Hehe`mcmer *CIH' nw >44= %

8787


20/27

Rjm ~mb}argke ge h`~ga}lr}~hl q}nqgbgmq heb nh~~gm~q rk mztk~r kih`~ga}lr}~hl t~kb}arq, h`~ga}lr}~hl mztk~rq i~kc Gebgh pgll gea~mhqm Rjm c}lrglhrm~hl ~}lmq heb bgqagtlgemq ~mlhrge` rk herg#b}ctge`,

q}nqgbgmq heb ak}erm~yhglge` cmhq}~mq, qhim`}h~bq heb bgqt}rmqqmrrlmcmer chajgem~w pgll meq}~m `~mhrm~ qma}~grw heb t~mbgarhnglgrwki germ~ehrgkehl r~hbm% Rjgq pk}lb nm ihyk~hnlm meyg~kecmer ik~Gebghq germ~ehrgkehl n}qgemqq% Gebgh hlke` pgrj krjm~ bmymlktge` ak}er~gmq jhq rjm ch~omr haamqqrk h e}cnm~ ki hbyheamb ak}er~gmq b}m rk rjm gctkqgrgke ki rjmalh}qmq akeam~ege` rk r~hbm pgrjk}r bgqa~gcgehrgke%

>4>4


21/27

Bgqhbyherh`mq ki PRK ke Germ~ehrgkehl R~hbm

R~hbm ^mlhrmb Germllmar}hl T~ktm~rw ^g`jrq *R^GTq'

T~krmargke ki germllmar}hl t~ktm~rw ~g`jrq *thrmerq,aktw~g`jrq, r~hbmch~oq mra%' jhq nmme chbm qr~ge`mer% Gr

gq h~`}mb rjhr rjm R^GTq h`~mmcmer `kmq h`hgeqr rjmGebghe Thrmerq Har, 8704% Kelw t~kamqq thrmerq ahe nm`~hermb ge ikkb, ajmcgahlq heb cmbgagemq }ebm~ rjmGebghe Thrmerq Har% R^GTq h`~mmcmer t~kygbmq ik~

`~herge` t~kb}ar thrmerq hlqk% ]ebm~ R^GTq thrmerq ahe nm `~hermb rk cmrjkbq ki h`~ga}lr}~m heb jk~rga}lr}~m,ngk#rmajeklk`gahl t~kamqq geal}bge` lgyge` k~`hegqc lgomtlherq heb hegchlq% Rjm b}~hrgke ki thrmerq }ebm~ R^GTq

gq >4 wmh~q %

>8>8


22/27

Ger~kb}argke ki t~kb}ar thrmerq ge Gebgh pgll lmhb rkjgom ge b~}` t~gamq nw rjm CEAq pjk jhym rjmt~kb}ar thrmer% Rjgq pgll jgr rjm tkk~ tmktlm pjk pgll

ekr jhym rjm `mem~ga ktrgke ktmeThrmerge` jhq hlqk nmme mzrmebmb rk h lh~`m h~mh kicga~k#k~`hegqcq %Httlgahrgke ki R^GCq h`~mmcmer }ebm~cgemq hew tlhe

k~ qr~hrm`w ki qmli#~mlgher `~kprj nhqmb ke lkahlrmajeklk`w heb ~mqk}~amq %

>>>>


23/27

Qm~ygamq 6Qm~ygam qmark~ lgom geq}~heam, nheoge`, rmlmakcc}egahrgkeq,

r~heqtk~rhrgke gq nhaoph~b ge Gebgh akcth~mb rk rjhr ki bmymlktmb

ak}er~gmq% Rjm~mik~m, geal}qgke ki r~hbm ge qm~ygamq gq bmr~gcmerhl rkrjm germ~mqr ki Gebgh% Lgnm~hlgvhrgke ki qm~ygam qmark~ pk}lb nm}ebm~ r~mcmebk}q t~mqq}~m%

>1>1


24/27

Mzrmeqgke ki germllmar}hl t~ktm~rw ~g`jr rk h`~ga}lr}~m6

T~mqmerlw, tlher n~mmbge` heb qmmb t~kb}argke h~m lh~`mlw, ge

rjm t}nlga bkchge% Gebghe qagmergqrq jhym }ebm~rhome tlhern~mmbge` heb c}lrgtlgahrgke gq ge rjm jhebq ki Ehrgkehl hebQrhrm Qmmb Ak~tk~hrgkeq% @kym~ecmer, rj~k}`j rjgqchajgem~w, t~kygbmq qmmb rk Gebghe ih~cm~q hr ym~w lkp

t~gamq% Gebghe qagmergqrq, ge i}r}~m pgll igeb gr mzr~mcmlwbgiiga}lr rk n~mmb emp yh~gmrgmq heb Gebghe ~mqmh~ajgeqrgr}rgkeq pgll nm }ehnlm rk akctmrm igeheaghllw pgrj CEAqheb pgll nm bmegmb haamqq rk thrmermb `memrga chrm~ghl% CEAqpgll `mr rjm aker~kl kym~ k}~ `memrga ~mqk}~amq heb hq q}aj rjm

aker~kl kym~ ikkb t~kb}argke pk}lb nm fmkth~bgqmb %

>2>2


25/27

Akeal}qgke

Gebgh gq t~k}b rk jhym nmme hik}ebm~ Cmcnm~ nkrj ki @HRR heb

ki PRK% Kym~ rjm wmh~q, k}~em`krghrk~q jhym tlhwmb ht~kcgemer ~klm ge qjhtge` rjmakerk}~q ki rjm c}lrglhrm~hl

r~hbge` qwqrmc, hq gr mzgqrq rkbhw %


26/27

Akeal}qgke

Hq h cmcnm~ ki rjm Pk~lb R~hbm K~`hegvhrgke, Gebgh pgll

akerge}m rk germ~har pgrj krjm~ ehrgkeq rk i}~rjm~ t~krmarheb t~kckrm k}~ ehrgkehl germ~mqrq%


27/27

Rjheo Wk}

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