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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx7/29/2019 WtW TV1 Berita Nasional Final
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for TV1 BERITA NASIONAL...................................................................... 3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
2 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
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Executive Summary of Key Results for TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by TV1 Berita Nasional, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was very much skewedtowards coverage of BN (65.7%).
PR were covered negatively (51.55%) more then BN (21.12%), with BN receiving more
positive coverage (94.25%).
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (39%), followed by the positive category (36%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewed
heavily towards BN (75%). Najib Razak was the most mentioned individual. Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the
positive category was used the most often (46%), followed by the neutral category (41%).
However, of the non-neutral material, more attacks were given to PR, while BN was given themost positive and negative coverage.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
Najib Razak and Election Commission Spokespeople were used as sources most often.
Independent and other political figures were used as sources most often (62%), andpoliticians from BN were used as sources more often (35%) than PR politicians (2%).
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Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were first and second most commonly engaged in attackpolitics.
Overall, Independent and Other politicians engaged in attack politics more often than BNpoliticians. Opposition politicians did not engage in attack politics at all.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Non-Policy Issue of Electioneering was the most covered issue overall.
4 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received very much the most coverage (58.46%), followed by Others, then PKR, PAS, thenUMNO.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
5 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
BN
Other
PKR
PAS
UMNO
DAP
MCA
Gerakan
SUPP
MIC
SAPP
PBS
PR
PBB
PRS
PRM
PSM
SPDP
UPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
58.46
12.55
9.32
8.27
4.47
4.18
1.14
0.67
0.38
0.19
0.19
0.10
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was very much skewed towards coverage of BN (65.7%).
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
6 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
65.40
21.86
0.19
12.55
Volume
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (39%), followed by the positive category (36%).
7 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
9%
16%
39%
36% Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
Other parties were the most negatively covered (27.33%) and second most attacked(37.5%), while BN was the most attacked (42.05%).
PAS and PKR were second and third most negatively covered (24.22% and 19.88%respectively), followed by BN (14.91%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
8 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
Other
PAS
PKR
BN
DAP
UMNOMCA
Gerakan
MIC
PBB
PBS
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (89.37%) coverage by a very significant margin, as well as thebulk of the neutral coverage (53.68%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
Other
PAS
PKR
UMNO
DAPMCA
SUPP
Gerakan
SAPP
MIC
PBS
PR
PBB
PRS
PRM
PSM
SPDP
UPKO
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Positive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were covered negatively (51.55%) more then BN (21.12%), with BN receivingmore positive coverage (94.25%).
BN and Independents and Others were attacked at similar rates.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
Coverage
TypeBN : PR
Tonal
WeightingPositive 1 : 0.04 36%
Neutral 1 : 0.36 39%
Negative 1 : 2.4 16%
Attacked 1 : 0.49 9%
10 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
42.05
21.12
64.47
94.25
20.46
51.55
23.16
4.02
37.50
27.33
12.37
1.72
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a very significant margin(50.58%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin then Anwar Ibrahim.
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Muhyiddin YassinAnwar Ibrahim
Mahathir Mohamad
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Hadi Awang
Lim Guan Eng
Rosmah Mansur
Hassan Ali
Liow Tiong Lai
Nik Aziz
Nurul Izzah
Chua Soi LekAmbiga Sreenevasan
Hishamuddin Hussein
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
G. Palanivel
Ibrahim Ali
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
50.58
15.376.23
4.47
2.72
2.14
1.75
1.75
1.56
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.170.97
0.97
0.78
0.78
0.39
0.39
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed heavily towards BN (75%).
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
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75%
20%
4%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(26.3%), followed by Election Commission Spokespeople (9.33%) then Muhyiddin Yassin(7.34%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
13 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
Najib Razak
Election Commission Spokesperson
Muhyiddin Yassin
Mahathir Mohamad
Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Guan Eng
Hassan Ali
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Chua Soi Lek
Jeffrey Kitingan
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
26.30
9.33
7.34
1.53
1.22
0.61
0.46
0.15
0.15
0.15
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Independent and other political figures were used as sources most often (62%).
Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (35%) than PR politicians (2%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
14 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
35%
2%
62%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, thepositive category was used the most often (46%), followed by the neutral category (41%).
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46%
41%
10%4%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Muhyiddin Yassin receivedthe most negative coverage (28.89%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim and Najib Razak (both17.78%).
Anwar Ibrahim was attacked the most often (27.78%), followed by Najib Razak (16.67%)then Muhyiddin Yassin (11.11%).
Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Muhyiddin Yassin
Anwar Ibrahim
Najib Razak
Hadi Awang
Lim Guan Eng
Mahathir Mohamad
Bernard Dompok
Hassan Ali
Ibrahim Ali
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nurul Izzah
Hishamuddin Hussein
Karpal Singh
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Alfred Jabu
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Azmin AliBaru Bian
Chong Chieng Jen
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (68.06%) and neutral coverage (48.44%%).
Muhyiddin Yassin received the second most positive coverage (15.28%), followed byMahathir Mohamad (3.7%).
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
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Najib RazakMuhyiddin Yassin
Mahathir Mohamad
Anwar Ibrahim
Chua Soi Lek
Lim Guan Eng
Rosmah Mansur
Nik Aziz
Liow Tiong Lai
Lim Kit Siang
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Tian Chua
William Mawan
Azmin Ali
Khalid Ibrahim
Musa AmanNizar Jamaluddin
Nurul Izzah
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Positive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, more attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the most positive and negativecoverage.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.05 42%
Neutral 1 : 0.27 37%
Negative 1 : 0.79 9%
Attacked 1 : 2 4%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
33.33
53.33
74.48
91.20
66.67
42.22
20.31
4.17
0.00
4.44
5.21
4.63
Coverage Volume
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Najib Razak (20.46%) and Muyhiddin Yassin (18.18%) were first and second most commonlyengaged in attack politics, followed by Ambiga Sreenevasan (2.27%).
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
19 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
Najib Razak
Muhyiddin Yassin
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Anwar Ibrahim
Baru Bian
Chua Soi Lek
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Mahathir Mohamad
Musa Aman
Nazri Aziz
0 5 10 15 20 25
20.46
18.18
2.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, Independent and Other politicians engaged in attack politics more often than BNpoliticians. Opposition politicians did not engage in attack politics at all.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
20 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
39%
61%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
21 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
44%
56%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy & Development.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
22 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
49%
4%
30%
3%2%
6%
2%1%3%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Electioneering was given the most coverage, followed bySocioeconomic Status, then Democracy & Human Rights
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
23 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
9%
2%
15%
23%
2%1%
49%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 5751
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 411
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 13.3
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
24 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/7/29/2019 WtW TV1 Berita Nasional Final
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
25 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 58.46
DAP 4.1825
Gerakan 0.6654
MCA 1.1407
MIC 0.19011
PAS 8.27
PBB 0
PBS 0.095057
PKR 9.3156
PR 0.095057
PRS 0
PRM 0PSM 0
SAPP 0.19011
SPDP 0
SUPP 0.38023
UMNO 4.4677
UPKO 0
Other 12.548
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 58.46
BN 65.399197
Gerakan 0.6654
MCA 1.1407
MIC 0.19011
PBB 0
PBS 0.095057
PRS 0
SPDP 0
SUPP 0.38023
UMNO 4.4677
UPKO 0
PR 0.095057
PR 21.863157DAP 4.1825
PAS 8.27
PKR 9.3156
PRM 0
Independent 0.19011PSM 0
SAPP 0.19011
Other 12.548 Other 12.548
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 42.045 14.907 53.684 89.368 200.004
DAP 4.5455 7.4534 5 1.4368 18.4357
Gerakan 0 0 0.52632 0.57471 1.10103
MCA 0 2.4845 1.3158 0.86207 4.66237
MIC 0 0 0.26316 0.28736 0.55052
PAS 4.5455 24.224 9.2105 0.57471 38.55471
PBB 0 0 0 0 0
PBS 0 0 0.26316 0 0.26316
PKR 11.364 19.876 8.9474 1.7241 41.9115
PR 0 0 0 0.28736 0.28736
PRS 0 0 0 0 0
PRM 0 0 0 0 0
PSM 0 0 0 0 0
SAPP 0 0 0.52632 0 0.52632
SPDP 0 0 0 0 0
SUPP 0 0 1.0526 0 1.0526
UMNO 0 3.7267 7.3684 3.1609 14.256
UPKO 0 0 0 0 0
Other 37.5 27.329 11.842 1.7241 78.3951
Parties &Coalitions
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26 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
TABLE 4
BN
A ttacked 42.045
Negative 21.1182
Neutral 64.47344
Posit ive 94.25304
PR
A ttacked 20.455
Negative 51.5534
Neutral 23.1579
Positive 4.02297
Attacked 37.5
Negative 27.329
Neutral 12.36832
Positive 1.7241
Independent &
Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0
Alfred Jabu 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.97276Anwar Ibrahim 6.2257
Azmin Ali 0.19455
Baru Bian 0
Bernard Dompok 0.19455
Chong Chieng Jen 0.19455
Chua Soi Lek 1.1673
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0
Elizabeth Wong 0
G. Palanivel 0.38911
Hadi Awang 1.751
Hassan Ali 1.3619
Hishamuddin Hussein 0.97276
Ibrahim Ali 0.38911
James Masing 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Karpal Singh 0.38911
Khalid Ibrahim 2.7237
Khalid Samad 0.77821
Lim Guan Eng 1.751
Lim Kit Siang 2.1401
Liow Tiong Lai 1.3619
Mahathir Mohamad 4.4747
Maximus Ongkili 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.77821
Muhyiddin Yassin 15.37
Musa Aman 0.19455
Najib Razak 50.584
Ng Yen Yen 0.19455
Nik Aziz 1.3619
Nizar Jamaluddin 0.19455
Nurul Izzah 1.3619Rafizi Ramli 0.19455
Rosmah Mansur 1.5564
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 0
Teresa Kok 0
Tian Chua 0.38911
Tony Pua 0
William Mawan 0.38911
Wong Ho Leng 0
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 0
Percentage(mention)
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27 TV1 BERITA NASIONAL
TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 2.72375
BN 75.29253
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0.38911Alfred Jabu
PBB 0Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0
James Masing PRS 0
William Mawan SPDP 0.38911
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 71.59601
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Najib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0.19455
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 4.47476
PR 20.42814
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 4.86387
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 11.08951
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth WongJeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.97276
4.28017
Hassan Ali Independent 1.3619
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.38911
Rosmah Mansur 1.5564
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0
Independent/Other
'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0.15291
BN 35.47432
Mahathir Mohamad 1.5291
Muhyiddin Yassin 7.3394
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 26.3
Nazri Aziz 0.15291
Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 1.2232
PR 2.14064
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.15291
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 0.61162
Lim Kit Siang 0.15291
Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.15291
Independent 62.38523
Hassan Ali 0.45872
Vox Pop Male 22.477
Vox Pop Female 27.37
2.5994
9.3272
Percentage(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 1.5625 0.92593
Anwar Ibrahim 27.778 17.778 6.25 0.92593
Azmin Ali 0 0 0.52083 0
Baru Bian 0 0 0 0
Bernard Dompok 0 2.2222 0 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 0 0 3.125 0
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0 0.92593
Hadi Awang 0 13.333 1.5625 0
Hassan Ali 0 2.2222 1.0417 1.8519
Hishamuddin Hussein 5.5556 0 0 0.92593Ibrahim Ali 0 2.2222 0 0.46296
James Masing 0 0 0 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0 0
Karpal Singh 5.5556 0 0 0.46296
Khalid Ibrahim 0 2.2222 0.52083 0
Khalid Samad 0 0 1.0417 0.92593
Lim Guan Eng 0 4.4444 3.125 0
Lim Kit Siang 0 2.2222 1.5625 1.3889
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 1.5625 1.8519
Mahathir Mohamad 0 4.4444 6.7708 3.7037Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 2.2222 1.0417 0.46296
Muhyiddin Yassin 11.111 28.889 13.021 15.278
Musa Aman 0 0 0.52083 0
Najib Razak 16.667 17.778 48.438 68.056
Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0 0.46296
Nik Aziz 16.667 0 2.0833 0
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0.52083 0
Nurul Izzah 16.667 0 0.52083 0
Rafizi Ramli 0 0 0.52083 0
Rosmah Mansur 0 0 2.6042 1.3889
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Teresa Kok 0 0 0 0
Tian Chua 0 0 1.0417 0
Tony Pua 0 0 0 0
William Mawan 0 0 1.0417 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 33.3336
Negative 53.3336
Neutral 74.47983
Positive 91.20442
PR
Attacked 66.6676
Negative 42.222
Neutral 20.31255
Positive 4.16668
Attacked 0
Negative 4.4444
Neutral 5.2084
Positive 4.62969
Independent/Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0
BN 38.637
Mahathir Mohamad 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 18.182
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 20.455
Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 0
PR 0
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 0
Lim Kit Siang 0
Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 2.2727
Independent 61.3637
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 20.455
Vox Pop Female 38.636
0
0
Percentage(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 14.841
Policy Issues 30.50269
Environment 1.1773Economy/Development 9.1687
Education 1.0346
Foreign Policy 0.46379
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 1.8908
Oppressive Legislation 0.57082
Health 0.32108
Religion 1.0346
Ethnicity 3.4249
39.20769
Religion 0.7492
Democracy & Human Rights 5.8509
Socioeconomic Status 8.8477
Mudslinging 0.85623
Gender 0.35676
Electioneering 19.122
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other